第七章-着陆性能课件

飞飞飞飞 机机机机 性性性性 能能能能 工工工工 程程程程airplane performance engineeringairplane performance engineeringDepartment of Flight Operation,Air Traffic Management College,CAUCDepartment of Flight Operation,Air Traffic Management College,CAUC 进近着陆是非常重要的飞行阶段，因为在该段对飞机的操纵要求多且高，限制和影响因素也多。世界定期航班喷气客机的事故统计也表明，该段是事故率最高的飞行阶段，约占总事故率的一半以上（图71）。飞飞飞飞 机机机机 性性性性 能能能能 工工工工 程程程程airplane performance engineeringairplane performance engineeringDepartment of Flight Operation,Air Traffic Management College,CAUCDepartment of Flight Operation,Air Traffic Management College,CAUC 飞飞飞飞 机机机机 性性性性 能能能能 工工工工 程程程程airplane performance engineeringairplane performance engineeringDepartment of Flight Operation,Air Traffic Management College,CAUCDepartment of Flight Operation,Air Traffic Management College,CAUC 飞飞飞飞 机机机机 性性性性 能能能能 工工工工 程程程程airplane performance engineeringairplane performance engineeringDepartment of Flight Operation,Air Traffic Management College,CAUCDepartment of Flight Operation,Air Traffic Management College,CAUC 推力襟翼起落架速度高度距离方向（对准跑道）进场：飞机由下降状态转为着陆状态的过程，其间要经历飞机构型、高度、航迹、姿态以及速度等的改变；着着陆：从机场入口处离地50ft高度开始，经过直线下滑、接地、减速滑跑到完全停下的过程。飞飞飞飞 机机机机 性性性性 能能能能 工工工工 程程程程airplane performance engineeringairplane performance engineeringDepartment of Flight Operation,Air Traffic Management College,CAUCDepartment of Flight Operation,Air Traffic Management College,CAUC 1 1、着、着陆限制重量限制重量 1、进近爬升限制近爬升限制 进近近爬爬升升限限制制的的最最大大着着陆机机重重：按FAR25.122规定，为保证飞机在进近状态遇到紧急情况时的复飞安全，要求复飞时具有一定的爬升梯度。计算算条条件件：进近襟翼位置；起落架收上；一台关键发动机停车；进近重量；爬升速度不超过1.5VSFAR；不小于1.3VSFAR。飞飞飞飞 机机机机 性性性性 能能能能 工工工工 程程程程airplane performance engineeringairplane performance engineeringDepartment of Flight Operation,Air Traffic Management College,CAUCDepartment of Flight Operation,Air Traffic Management College,CAUC 1 1、着、着陆限制重量限制重量 1、进近爬升限制近爬升限制 飞飞飞飞 机机机机 性性性性 能能能能 工工工工 程程程程airplane performance engineeringairplane performance engineeringDepartment of Flight Operation,Air Traffic Management College,CAUCDepartment of Flight Operation,Air Traffic Management College,CAUC 飞飞飞飞 机机机机 性性性性 能能能能 工工工工 程程程程airplane performance engineeringairplane performance engineeringDepartment of Flight Operation,Air Traffic Management College,CAUCDepartment of Flight Operation,Air Traffic Management College,CAUC 1 1、着、着陆限制重量限制重量 2、着、着陆爬升限制爬升限制 着着陆爬爬升升限限制制的的最最大大着着陆机机重重：按FAR25.122规定，为保证飞机在着陆状态时复飞的安全，要求复飞时具有3.2%的爬升梯度。计算算条条件件：着陆襟翼位置，起落架放下，全发正常工作，8秒之内加速到最大起飞推力，爬升速度不大于1.3VSFAR。按取得最大爬升梯度确定着陆爬升速度，约为1.2VSFAR。飞飞飞飞 机机机机 性性性性 能能能能 工工工工 程程程程airplane performance engineeringairplane performance engineeringDepartment of Flight Operation,Air Traffic Management College,CAUCDepartment of Flight Operation,Air Traffic Management College,CAUC 飞飞飞飞 机机机机 性性性性 能能能能 工工工工 程程程程airplane performance engineeringairplane performance engineeringDepartment of Flight Operation,Air Traffic Management College,CAUCDepartment of Flight Operation,Air Traffic Management College,CAUC 飞飞飞飞 机机机机 性性性性 能能能能 工工工工 程程程程airplane performance engineeringairplane performance engineeringDepartment of Flight Operation,Air Traffic Management College,CAUCDepartment of Flight Operation,Air Traffic Management College,CAUC 飞飞飞飞 机机机机 性性性性 能能能能 工工工工 程程程程airplane performance engineeringairplane performance engineeringDepartment of Flight Operation,Air Traffic Management College,CAUCDepartment of Flight Operation,Air Traffic Management College,CAUC 飞飞飞飞 机机机机 性性性性 能能能能 工工工工 程程程程airplane performance engineeringairplane performance engineeringDepartment of Flight Operation,Air Traffic Management College,CAUCDepartment of Flight Operation,Air Traffic Management College,CAUC 飞飞飞飞 机机机机 性性性性 能能能能 工工工工 程程程程airplane performance engineeringairplane performance engineeringDepartment of Flight Operation,Air Traffic Management College,CAUCDepartment of Flight Operation,Air Traffic Management College,CAUC 1 1、着、着陆限制重量限制重量 3、场地地长度限制度限制 1、着、着陆过程程着陆是从跑道入口处高15米（50英尺）处开始以1.3VS下滑进场，接地后减速，直到在跑道上完全停下为止的过程叫着陆，其水平距离叫着陆距离。1.31.3 飞飞飞飞 机机机机 性性性性 能能能能 工工工工 程程程程airplane performance engineeringairplane performance engineeringDepartment of Flight Operation,Air Traffic Management College,CAUCDepartment of Flight Operation,Air Traffic Management College,CAUC 1 1、着、着陆限制重量限制重量 3、场地地长度限制度限制4、着陆距离的要求几个概念几个概念实际着陆距离（ALD）需要的着陆距离（RLD）可用的着陆距离（LDA）；停止道；入口内移 飞飞飞飞 机机机机 性性性性 能能能能 工工工工 程程程程airplane performance engineeringairplane performance engineeringDepartment of Flight Operation,Air Traffic Management College,CAUCDepartment of Flight Operation,Air Traffic Management College,CAUC 飞飞飞飞 机机机机 性性性性 能能能能 工工工工 程程程程airplane performance engineeringairplane performance engineeringDepartment of Flight Operation,Air Traffic Management College,CAUCDepartment of Flight Operation,Air Traffic Management College,CAUC 1 1、着、着陆限制重量限制重量 3、场地地长度限制度限制 2、着、着陆要求要求着陆构型：起落架放下、着陆襟翼；着陆速度：MAX（VREF，VMCL）；其中VREF=1.3VSFAR=1.23VS1g；驾驶技巧：打开扰流板；高速时使用反推；但在着但在着陆距离距离计算中不考算中不考虑反推反推；低速时时用刹车；合理地使用机轮刹车，不能造成刹车和轮胎过度磨损；接地时避免过大垂直加速度，不能出现弹跳、前翻、地面打滚等。ISA，无坡度;飞飞飞飞 机机机机 性性性性 能能能能 工工工工 程程程程airplane performance engineeringairplane performance engineeringDepartment of Flight Operation,Air Traffic Management College,CAUCDepartment of Flight Operation,Air Traffic Management College,CAUC 飞飞飞飞 机机机机 性性性性 能能能能 工工工工 程程程程airplane performance engineeringairplane performance engineeringDepartment of Flight Operation,Air Traffic Management College,CAUCDepartment of Flight Operation,Air Traffic Management College,CAUC 1 1、着、着陆限制重量限制重量 3、场地地长度限制度限制3、着陆距离的计算实际着陆距离由三段组成：空中段、过渡段、地面减速滑跑段。飞飞飞飞 机机机机 性性性性 能能能能 工工工工 程程程程airplane performance engineeringairplane performance engineeringDepartment of Flight Operation,Air Traffic Management College,CAUCDepartment of Flight Operation,Air Traffic Management College,CAUC 干跑道干跑道实际着着陆距离距离D D是按人工是按人工驾驶着着陆、人工最大刹、人工最大刹车、以、以V VREFREF速度、速度、50ft50ft高高进跑道、水平跑道、跑道、水平跑道、标准大气温度准大气温度计算的从跑算的从跑道入口到全停道入口到全停时用的距离用的距离。干跑道的所需着干跑道的所需着陆距离距离D DRDRDD/0.6D/0.6D D1.671.67，6767的裕量的裕量用于考用于考虑进跑道入口跑道入口时的高度、速度的的高度、速度的误差、差、驾驶技技术的差异的差异以及机以及机场的气温高于的气温高于ISAISA、跑道坡度等因素的影响。、跑道坡度等因素的影响。湿跑道所需着湿跑道所需着陆距离距离D DRWRWD DRDRD1.151.15湿跑道湿跑道实际着着陆距离距离/0.6/0.6。飞飞飞飞 机机机机 性性性性 能能能能 工工工工 程程程程airplane performance engineeringairplane performance engineeringDepartment of Flight Operation,Air Traffic Management College,CAUCDepartment of Flight Operation,Air Traffic Management College,CAUC 1 1、着、着陆限制重量限制重量 3、场地地长度限制度限制4、着陆距离的要求关系：关系：干跑道RLD干=ALD/0.6=1.67ALD湿跑道RLD湿=1.15RLD干污染跑道RLD污=MAX（ALD1.671.15，ALD污1.15）要求RLDLDA 飞飞飞飞 机机机机 性性性性 能能能能 工工工工 程程程程airplane performance engineeringairplane performance engineeringDepartment of Flight Operation,Air Traffic Management College,CAUCDepartment of Flight Operation,Air Traffic Management College,CAUC 飞飞飞飞 机机机机 性性性性 能能能能 工工工工 程程程程airplane performance engineeringairplane performance engineeringDepartment of Flight Operation,Air Traffic Management College,CAUCDepartment of Flight Operation,Air Traffic Management College,CAUC 飞飞飞飞 机机机机 性性性性 能能能能 工工工工 程程程程airplane performance engineeringairplane performance engineeringDepartment of Flight Operation,Air Traffic Management College,CAUCDepartment of Flight Operation,Air Traffic Management College,CAUC 1 1、着、着陆限制重量限制重量 3、场地地长度限制度限制 5、自、自动刹刹车系系统目的目的为了得到一个恒定的减速度，使飞机能平缓地减速，提高旅客的舒适性，并使飞行机组人员专注于方向控制而采用自动刹车系统。影响影响 飞飞飞飞 机机机机 性性性性 能能能能 工工工工 程程程程airplane performance engineeringairplane performance engineeringDepartment of Flight Operation,Air Traffic Management College,CAUCDepartment of Flight Operation,Air Traffic Management College,CAUC 刹车压力(PSI)自动刹车的等级接地后的时间(秒)自动刹车的等级接地后的时间(秒)飞机减速度(英尺/秒2)过渡段的平均减速度 飞飞飞飞 机机机机 性性性性 能能能能 工工工工 程程程程airplane performance engineeringairplane performance engineeringDepartment of Flight Operation,Air Traffic Management College,CAUCDepartment of Flight Operation,Air Traffic Management College,CAUC 1 1、着、着陆限制重量限制重量 3、场地地长度限制度限制 6、自、自动着着陆系系统（III类盲降）盲降）当气象条件比较差时，只能采取盲降。为保证安全，飞机的进跑道头速度比正常着陆要大5节左右，导致空中段距离增长约1000英尺。导致着陆距离增加。在软件计算时，取人工着陆距离的115%作为自动着陆距离。实施施III类盲降的条件盲降的条件飞机具有自动着陆能力，反推和防滞系统正常；飞行员经过III类盲降训练并取得有关资格证书；机场具有III类盲降设施。飞飞飞飞 机机机机 性性性性 能能能能 工工工工 程程程程airplane performance engineeringairplane performance engineeringDepartment of Flight Operation,Air Traffic Management College,CAUCDepartment of Flight Operation,Air Traffic Management College,CAUC 1 1、着、着陆限制重量限制重量 4、快速、快速过站站背背景景：对于连续进行短航程飞行，中停时间较短的飞机，有时在中停后开始起飞过程中，可能会出现轮胎爆炸，碎片击伤机体，停飞修理等事故。原原因因：刹车温度过高。有大量热能存留在机轮中，导致保险塞熔化并使轮胎泄压以致爆炸。热能的能的产生和生和积累：累：正常着陆、中断起飞和滑行。飞飞飞飞 机机机机 性性性性 能能能能 工工工工 程程程程airplane performance engineeringairplane performance engineeringDepartment of Flight Operation,Air Traffic Management College,CAUCDepartment of Flight Operation,Air Traffic Management College,CAUC 1 1、着、着陆限制重量限制重量 4、快速、快速过站站解决解决办法：法：1.快速过站最大重量（飞行手册）该图由试验确定,试验时和正常操作情况略有不同,使用最大刹车,完全不用反推力装置,所以有一定安全裕度。但是该图中并未计入刹车中原有的残余热能。飞飞飞飞 机机机机 性性性性 能能能能 工工工工 程程程程airplane performance engineeringairplane performance engineeringDepartment of Flight Operation,Air Traffic Management College,CAUCDepartment of Flight Operation,Air Traffic Management College,CAUC 飞飞飞飞 机机机机 性性性性 能能能能 工工工工 程程程程airplane performance engineeringairplane performance engineeringDepartment of Flight Operation,Air Traffic Management College,CAUCDepartment of Flight Operation,Air Traffic Management College,CAUC 飞飞飞飞 机机机机 性性性性 能能能能 工工工工 程程程程airplane performance engineeringairplane performance engineeringDepartment of Flight Operation,Air Traffic Management College,CAUCDepartment of Flight Operation,Air Traffic Management College,CAUC 1 1、着、着陆限制重量限制重量 4、快速、快速过站站解决解决办法：法：2.刹车冷却时间表（使用手册推荐）刹车冷却时间表最初是为了解决在训练飞行中，不断发生保险塞熔化轮胎泄压事件而研究制定的。使用该表可以协助驾驶员制定在中断起飞或者着陆后的刹车动能并查出适当的冷却时间。为了计算可靠的总刹车能量必须知道余热值，对于装有刹车温度传感器及显示器的机型可以直接得到每一个刹车现存的热能，并根据热能的多少，确定需不需要额外的过站停留冷却时间。但对于没有这种装置的机型，可按下述规定进行估计。飞飞飞飞 机机机机 性性性性 能能能能 工工工工 程程程程airplane performance engineeringairplane performance engineeringDepartment of Flight Operation,Air Traffic Management College,CAUCDepartment of Flight Operation,Air Traffic Management College,CAUC 飞飞飞飞 机机机机 性性性性 能能能能 工工工工 程程程程airplane performance engineeringairplane performance engineeringDepartment of Flight Operation,Air Traffic Management College,CAUCDepartment of Flight Operation,Air Traffic Management College,CAUC 1 1、着、着陆限制重量限制重量 4、快速、快速过站站解决解决办法：法：3提高飞行员驾驶技术；4在安全允许的范围内，延缓收上起落架或进场提早放下起落架。5可选用装有刹车风扇装置的飞机。飞飞飞飞 机机机机 性性性性 能能能能 工工工工 程程程程airplane performance engineeringairplane performance engineeringDepartment of Flight Operation,Air Traffic Management College,CAUCDepartment of Flight Operation,Air Traffic Management College,CAUC 1 1、着、着陆限制重量限制重量 5、超重着、超重着陆在特殊情况下，如系统出现故障空中返航或转场时，允许以超过最大着陆机重的机重立即着陆，但为了保证飞机结构不受损伤，要求下降率不得大于1.83米/秒。飞飞飞飞 机机机机 性性性性 能能能能 工工工工 程程程程airplane performance engineeringairplane performance engineeringDepartment of Flight Operation,Air Traffic Management College,CAUCDepartment of Flight Operation,Air Traffic Management College,CAUC 1 1、着、着陆限制重量限制重量 6、空中放油、空中放油有的飞机装有放油系统，可以通过放油使机重达到要求的机重。有的飞机没有安装放油系统，这类飞机从最大起飞机重经过15分钟飞行耗去燃油后，在进近着陆复飞时必须能达到规定的爬升梯度要求。否则必须安装放油系统。飞飞飞飞 机机机机 性性性性 能能能能 工工工工 程程程程airplane performance engineeringairplane performance engineeringDepartment of Flight Operation,Air Traffic Management College,CAUCDepartment of Flight Operation,Air Traffic Management College,CAUC 2 2、影响着、影响着陆性能的因素性能的因素 1、机、机场气气压高度高度气压高度增高，一方面使发动机推力减小，另一方面由于空气密度减小，使真空速（以及地速）增大，结果：进近爬升和着陆爬升梯度减小，这两种限制的最大着陆机重减小。着陆距离加长，场长限制的最大着陆机重减小；飞飞飞飞 机机机机 性性性性 能能能能 工工工工 程程程程airplane performance engineeringairplane performance engineeringDepartment of Flight Operation,Air Traffic Management College,CAUCDepartment of Flight Operation,Air Traffic Management College,CAUC 2 2、影响着、影响着陆性能的因素性能的因素 2、机、机场温度温度当温度超过发动机的平台温度时，推力减小，若复飞，则爬升梯度减小。结果：进近爬升和着陆爬升限制的最大着陆机重减小。飞飞飞飞 机机机机 性性性性 能能能能 工工工工 程程程程airplane performance engineeringairplane performance engineeringDepartment of Flight Operation,Air Traffic Management College,CAUCDepartment of Flight Operation,Air Traffic Management College,CAUC 2 2、影响着、影响着陆性能的因素性能的因素 3、跑道坡度、跑道坡度上坡增加了使飞机停止的能力，缩短着陆距离；下坡则相反。结果：上坡增大了场长限制的最大着陆机重，下坡则减小了机重。飞飞飞飞 机机机机 性性性性 能能能能 工工工工 程程程程airplane performance engineeringairplane performance engineeringDepartment of Flight Operation,Air Traffic Management College,CAUCDepartment of Flight Operation,Air Traffic Management College,CAUC 2 2、影响着、影响着陆性能的因素性能的因素 4、道面状况、道面状况积水、污染道面对着陆距离的影响污染使摩擦系数降低，着陆距离加长；飞飞飞飞 机机机机 性性性性 能能能能 工工工工 程程程程airplane performance engineeringairplane performance engineeringDepartment of Flight Operation,Air Traffic Management College,CAUCDepartment of Flight Operation,Air Traffic Management College,CAUC 2 2、影响着、影响着陆性能的因素性能的因素 5、飞机状况机状况发动机引气机引气显然，减小复飞时的爬升梯度，使进近和着陆爬升限制的最大着陆机重减小。襟翼偏度襟翼偏度襟翼偏度越大，场长限制的最大着陆机重增大，而进近和着陆爬升梯度限制的最大着陆机重减小。防滞系防滞系统 飞飞飞飞 机机机机 性性性性 能能能能 工工工工 程程程程airplane performance engineeringairplane performance engineeringDepartment of Flight Operation,Air Traffic Management College,CAUCDepartment of Flight Operation,Air Traffic Management College,CAUC 飞飞飞飞 机机机机 性性性性 能能能能 工工工工 程程程程airplane performance engineeringairplane performance engineeringDepartment of Flight Operation,Air Traffic Management College,CAUCDepartment of Flight Operation,Air Traffic Management College,CAUC 2 2、影响着、影响着陆性能的因素性能的因素 6、跑道、跑道头速度大小速度大小如进场速度大于规定的速度，则接地后速度也相应增大，因而要求更长的跑道距离使飞机停下，使实际着陆距离增长。速度过大会导致飘飞，空中距离是地面的20倍；飞飞飞飞 机机机机 性性性性 能能能能 工工工工 程程程程airplane performance engineeringairplane performance engineeringDepartment of Flight Operation,Air Traffic Management College,CAUCDepartment of Flight Operation,Air Traffic Management College,CAUC 2 2、影响着、影响着陆性能的因素性能的因素 飞飞飞飞 机机机机 性性性性 能能能能 工工工工 程程程程airplane performance engineeringairplane performance engineeringDepartment of Flight Operation,Air Traffic Management College,CAUCDepartment of Flight Operation,Air Traffic Management College,CAUC 飞飞飞飞 机机机机 性性性性 能能能能 工工工工 程程程程airplane performance engineeringairplane performance engineeringDepartment of Flight Operation,Air Traffic Management College,CAUCDepartment of Flight Operation,Air Traffic Management College,CAUC 2 2、影响着、影响着陆性能的因素性能的因素 7、跑道、跑道头高度高度正常着陆入口高度为距地面50英尺，如高度增高，从而使着陆距离增长，对于3下滑角时，每增高1米，着陆距离要增长20米；对于下滑角为2.5时，每增高1米，着陆距离增长23米。飞飞飞飞 机机机机 性性性性 能能能能 工工工工 程程程程airplane performance engineeringairplane performance engineeringDepartment of Flight Operation,Air Traffic Management College,CAUCDepartment of Flight Operation,Air Traffic Management College,CAUC 飞飞飞飞 机机机机 性性性性 能能能能 工工工工 程程程程airplane performance engineeringairplane performance engineeringDepartment of Flight Operation,Air Traffic Management College,CAUCDepartment of Flight Operation,Air Traffic Management College,CAUC 飞飞飞飞 机机机机 性性性性 能能能能 工工工工 程程程程airplane performance engineeringairplane performance engineeringDepartment of Flight Operation,Air Traffic Management College,CAUCDepartment of Flight Operation,Air Traffic Management College,CAUC 2 2、影响着、影响着陆性能的因素性能的因素 8、减速措施、减速措施刹刹车高速时，刹车作用小，低速时，刹车作用大；干道面，刹车作用大，湿或污染道面时作用小。反推和反推和扰流板：流板：速度大时，反推和扰流板的减速作用比较大，速度小时，作用小；干道面时，反推和扰流板的减速作用小，湿、污染道面，作用大。一般当飞机减速到低于70海里/小时就不允许再用反推，除了作用不大外，低速时使用还可能吸入外物，损伤发动机。飞飞飞飞 机机机机 性性性性 能能能能 工工工工 程程程程airplane performance engineeringairplane performance engineeringDepartment of Flight Operation,Air Traffic Management College,CAUCDepartment of Flight Operation,Air Traffic Management College,CAUC 2 2、影响着、影响着陆性能的因素性能的因素 8、减速措施、减速措施 飞飞飞飞 机机机机 性性性性 能能能能 工工工工 程程程程airplane performance engineeringairplane performance engineeringDepartment of Flight Operation,Air Traffic Management College,CAUCDepartment of Flight Operation,Air Traffic Management College,CAUC 4 4、着、着陆限制重量的限制重量的计算算1 计算算题结构强度限制的最大着陆机重；场地长度限制的最大着陆机重；进近爬升限制的最大着陆机重；着陆爬升限制的最大着陆机重；飞飞飞飞 机机机机 性性性性 能能能能 工工工工 程程程程airplane performance engineeringairplane performance engineeringDepartment of Flight Operation,Air Traffic Management College,CAUCDepartment of Flight Operation,Air Traffic Management College,CAUC 1、三种常用的下降方式？、三种常用的下降方式？2、低速下降与高速下降的区、低速下降与高速下降的区别？3、下降的要求？、下降的要求？4、为什么要二次增什么要二次增压？5、下滑角的特点？、下滑角的特点？6、下降率与重量、速度的关系？、下降率与重量、速度的关系？7、增大下降率的措施？、增大下降率的措施？作作业：95 飞飞飞飞 机机机机 性性性性 能能能能 工工工工 程程程程airplane performance engineeringairplane performance engineeringDepartment of Flight Operation,Air Traffic Management College,CAUCDepartment of Flight Operation,Air Traffic Management College,CAUC 4 4、着、着陆限制重量的限制重量的计算算1、着、着陆爬升和爬升和进近爬升的要求？近爬升的要求？2、着、着陆距离要求？距离要求？3、着、着陆重量的四个限制？重量的四个限制？4、刹、刹车、减速板的作用？、减速板的作用？5、影响因素？、影响因素？6、自、自动刹刹车的影响？的影响？7、自、自动着着陆的影响？的影响？8、快速、快速过站的影响站的影响?作作业：97 98 99