环境与人类健康课件

Environmental HealthUa Mau ke Ea o ka ina i ka Pono The life of the land is perpetuated in righteousness.Air QualityWater and Land PollutionBiological HazardsToxic ChemicalsSmog Deaths Led To Clean Air Laws1966 NY Cityair pollution killed 4,00024 smog-related deaths per day1948 Donora,Pa(noon)Londonair pollution killed 50(10%of pop)Beijing Olympics,2008The atmospheres four layersThe EPA sets standardsStates monitor air quality and develop,implement,and enforce regulations.If a states plans are not adequate,the EPA can take over enforcement.3 Criteria pollutants judged to pose great threats to human healthNO2Air pollution has decreased since 1970Air pollution has decreased since 1970Reasons for the decline in U.S.pollutionCleaner burning fuelsScrubbersPhase out lead gasHow would you rate these products?Toxicity Rating Highly Toxic Moderately Toxic Slightly Toxic Not Toxic10Toxicity Rating Highly Toxic Moderately Toxic Slightly Toxic Not ToxicCommon Hazardous Waste ProductsBug sprayFloor care productsFurniture polishMetal polish with solventSwimming pool acidGlue(solvent based)Paint,oil based Paint,auto Paint,model Paint thinner FertilizerFungicide Herbicide(weed killer)Insecticide Rat poison Artists paints,mediums Ammunition Dry cleaning solvents Lighter fluid Mercury batteries Moth-balls Old fire alarms Photographic chemicals(unmixed)AntifreezeAutomatic transmission fluid Battery acid(or batteries)Brake fluid Car wax with solvent Diesel fuel Gasoline Kerosene Motor oil Kapaa QuarryMust supply 70%clean energy by 2030.40%from renewable30%from efficiency Hawaii Clean Energy InitiativeLandfill gas(Kapaa)Waste to energyHarmful Natural ChemicalsHABciguateraHarmful Natural ChemicalsVOGmetals(Al,Mg,Na,K,Cu,Zn,Cd,HG,Pb)gases:H2O,H2S,HCl,HBr,SO4,NO2,CO2 Cultural environmental hazardsCultural(lifestyle)hazards:result from the place we live,our socioeconomic status,our occupation,our behavioral choicesSmoking,drug use,diet and nutrition,crime,mode of transportationThere are over 4,000 chemicals found in tobacco smoke and over 400 toxins.There are over 60 carcinogens proven to cause cancer in humans.Causes 1 in 5 deaths in U.S.Leading cause of cancer deathsTobaccoSmokingObesity(2010)-22.7%HI(5th lowest)Diabetes-28.5 million U.S.(8.7%)-100,000 in HI(8.3%)Hawaii StatsHI%US%White12.717.4BlackNSD19.1HispanicNSD14.1Asian/Pacific Islander10.28.1American Indian/Native AlaskanNSD32.8Other21.121.2%of Adults who smoke by race/ethnicity 2010Infectious diseases kill millionsInfectious diseases kill 15 million people per year.Half of all deaths in developing countriesDeveloped countries have better hygiene,access to medicine,and money.Vector:an organism that transfers pathogens to a hostBiological hazardsResult from ecological interactionsViruses,bacteria,and other pathogensInfectious(communicable,or transmissible)diseaseE.coliHIVTBMalariaDengue feverApr 20114 confirmed casesLeptospirosisEnvironmental health hazards exist indoorsRadon:a highly toxic,colorless,undetectable radioactive gas Builds up in basementsCan cause lung cancerLead poisoning:from lead pipes,paintDamages organs,learning problems,behavior abnormalities,deathAsbestos:insulates against heat,cold,sounds,and fireAsbestosis:scarred lungs dont functionAlso causes a type of lung cancerAsbestos removal can also be dangerousNot a problem in Hawaiiproblem in Hawaii(1978)Renovation issuesEndocrine DisruptorsLake Apopka alligatorsIn 1985,alligators had bizarre reproductive problemsNon-viable eggs,depressed or elevated hormone levelsThe lake had high levels of agricultural chemicals and fertilizers that were disrupting the endocrine systems of alligators during development in the egg.Evidence for hormone disruptionFrogs also have gonadal abnormalities.Male frogs exposed to very low levels of atrazine became feminized.Levels were below EPA standards for human health.Tyrone HayesU.C.BerkleyPoint and non-point source water pollutionAla waiTurtle BayMaui6/13/06 Alawai48 million gallons raw sewagePCBs DDTBioaccumulation biomagnificationPesticides,Herbicides&other organochlorinesCommon pesticidesBiomagnificationToxicants can accumulate and biomagnifyHeavy metals resist biodegredationNatural occurrence-volcanoesMercury(Hg)Copper(Cu)Lead(Pb)Cadmium(Cd)Toxic MetalsMinamata Disease(1953-1960)JapanIndustrial pollution from plastic plant;dumped mercuric chloride into bayIngestion of Hg tainted shellfish 43 dead and 700 permanently disabledHeavy MetalsCu:Tributyl tin(antifouling paint for boats)Banned in U.S.1980sActs as an immunosuppressorAccumulations unusually high in small whalesMay be associated with strandingsToxic chemicalsPb:Leaded gasoline invented 1920sEnters water from automobile exhaust,runoff and atmospheric fallout of industrial waste and landfills,mines,dumpsLeaded gas banned in US in 1980s has reduced pollution in oceanBioaccumulation biomagnificationToxic chemicalsInquiry1.What is an endocrine disruptor?2.What effect does lead have on the body?3.What is bioaccumulation and biomagnification?4.What is an HAB and what is it caused by?5.Distinguish between point source and nonpoint source pollution?6.How is leptospirosis transmitted?7.What heavy metal was involved with the Minamata disease?