骨骼肌医学知识讲座培训ppt课件

文档仅供参考，不能作为科学依据，请勿模仿；如有不当之处，请联系网站或本人删除。Types of muscle:Skeletal muscle骨骼肌Cardiac muscle 心肌Smooth muscle平滑肌Striated muscle横纹肌MuscleTypes of muscle:Striated musc1文档仅供参考，不能作为科学依据，请勿模仿；如有不当之处，请联系网站或本人删除。骨骼肌医学知骨骼肌医学知识讲识讲座培座培训训ppt课课件件2文档仅供参考，不能作为科学依据，请勿模仿；如有不当之处，请联系网站或本人删除。Muscle(cont.)The sliding filament mechanism（肌丝滑行机制）（肌丝滑行机制）,in which myosin（肌凝蛋白）（肌凝蛋白）filaments bind to and move actin（肌纤（肌纤蛋白）蛋白）filaments,is the basis for shortening of stimulated skeletal,smooth,and cardiac muscles.In all three types of muscle,myosin and actin interactions are regulated by the availability of calcium ions.Changes in the membrane potential of muscles are linked to internal changes in calcium release(and contraction).Muscle(cont.)The sliding fila3文档仅供参考，不能作为科学依据，请勿模仿；如有不当之处，请联系网站或本人删除。Neuronal influences on the contraction of muscles is affected when neural activity causes changes in themembrane potential of muscles.Smooth muscles operate in a wide variety of involuntaryfunctions such as regulation of blood pressure andmovement of materials in the gut.Muscle(cont.)Neuronal influences on the con4文档仅供参考，不能作为科学依据，请勿模仿；如有不当之处，请联系网站或本人删除。Structure of skeletal muscleStructure of skeletal muscle文档仅供参考，不能作为科学依据，请勿模仿；如有不当之处，请联系网站或本人删除。Skeletal muscles are attached to the skeleton by tendons.Skeletal muscles typically contain many,many muscle fibers.Skeletal muscles Skeletal musc文档仅供参考，不能作为科学依据，请勿模仿；如有不当之处，请联系网站或本人删除。The sarcomere（肌小节）（肌小节）is composed of:thick filaments called myosin,anchored in place by titin fibers,and thin filaments called actin,anchored to Z-lines.The sarcomere（肌小（肌小节节）is composed文档仅供参考，不能作为科学依据，请勿模仿；如有不当之处，请联系网站或本人删除。A cross section through a sarcomere shows that:each myosin can interact with 6 actin filaments,andeach actin can interact with 3 myosin filaments.A cross section through a sarc8文档仅供参考，不能作为科学依据，请勿模仿；如有不当之处，请联系网站或本人删除。Sarcomere structures in an electron micrograph.Sarcomere structures in an el9文档仅供参考，不能作为科学依据，请勿模仿；如有不当之处，请联系网站或本人删除。FilamentsFilaments10文档仅供参考，不能作为科学依据，请勿模仿；如有不当之处，请联系网站或本人删除。Myosin肌凝蛋白 Myosin filament(thick filament)粗肌丝粗肌丝Myosin肌凝蛋白肌凝蛋白 Myosin filament(th文档仅供参考，不能作为科学依据，请勿模仿；如有不当之处，请联系网站或本人删除。Actin肌纤蛋白Tropomyosin原肌凝蛋白Troponin肌钙蛋白Actin filament(thin filament)细肌丝细肌丝Actin肌肌纤纤蛋白蛋白Actin filament(thin 文档仅供参考，不能作为科学依据，请勿模仿；如有不当之处，请联系网站或本人删除。Titin肌联蛋白Titin肌肌联联蛋白蛋白13文档仅供参考，不能作为科学依据，请勿模仿；如有不当之处，请联系网站或本人删除。Sarcotubular system(1)Transverse Tubule横管(2)Longitudinal Tubule纵管Sarcoplasmic reticulum肌浆网Sarcotubular system(1)Transve文档仅供参考，不能作为科学依据，请勿模仿；如有不当之处，请联系网站或本人删除。Molecular mechanisms of contractionSliding-filament mechanismMolecular mechanisms of contra文档仅供参考，不能作为科学依据，请勿模仿；如有不当之处，请联系网站或本人删除。Contraction(shortening):myosin binds to actin,and slides it,pulling the Z-lines closer together,and reducing the width of the I-bands.Note that filament lengths have not changed.Contraction(shortening):16文档仅供参考，不能作为科学依据，请勿模仿；如有不当之处，请联系网站或本人删除。Contraction:myosins cross-bridges（横桥）（横桥）bind to actin;the crossbridges then flex to slide actin.Contraction:17文档仅供参考，不能作为科学依据，请勿模仿；如有不当之处，请联系网站或本人删除。Click here to play theSarcomere ShorteningFlash AnimationClick here to play the18文档仅供参考，不能作为科学依据，请勿模仿；如有不当之处，请联系网站或本人删除。The thick filament called myosin is actually a polymer of myosin molecules,each of which has a flexible cross-bridge that binds ATP and actin.The thick filament called myos19文档仅供参考，不能作为科学依据，请勿模仿；如有不当之处，请联系网站或本人删除。The cross-bridge cyclerequires ATPThe myosin-binding site on actin becomes available,so the energized cross-bridge binds.1.The full hydrolysis and departure of ADP+Pi causes the flexing of the bound cross-bridge.2.Binding of a“new”ATPto the cross-bridge uncouples the bridge.3.Partial hydrolysis of the bound ATP energizesor“re-cocks”the bridge.4.The cross-bridge cycleThe myos20文档仅供参考，不能作为科学依据，请勿模仿；如有不当之处，请联系网站或本人删除。The myosin-binding site on actin becomes available,so the energized cross-bridge binds.1.The myosin-binding site on act21文档仅供参考，不能作为科学依据，请勿模仿；如有不当之处，请联系网站或本人删除。The full hydrolysis and departure of ADP+Pi causes the flexing of the bound cross-bridge.2.The full hydrolysis 2.22文档仅供参考，不能作为科学依据，请勿模仿；如有不当之处，请联系网站或本人删除。Binding of a“new”ATPto the cross-bridge uncouples the bridge.3.Binding of a“new”ATP3.23文档仅供参考，不能作为科学依据，请勿模仿；如有不当之处，请联系网站或本人删除。Partial hydrolysis of the bound ATP energizesor“re-cocks”the bridge.4.Partial 4.24文档仅供参考，不能作为科学依据，请勿模仿；如有不当之处，请联系网站或本人删除。The cross-bridge cyclerequires ATPThe myosin-binding site on actin becomes available,so the energized cross-bridge binds.1.The full hydrolysis and departure of ADP+Pi causes the flexing of the bound cross-bridge.2.Binding of a“new”ATPto the cross-bridge uncouples the bridge.3.Partial hydrolysis of the bound ATP energizesor“re-cocks”the bridge.4.The cross-bridge cycleThe myos25文档仅供参考，不能作为科学依据，请勿模仿；如有不当之处，请联系网站或本人删除。Click here to play theCross-bridge cycleFlash AnimationClick here to play the26文档仅供参考，不能作为科学依据，请勿模仿；如有不当之处，请联系网站或本人删除。In relaxed skeletal muscle,tropomyosin blocksthe cross-bridge binding site on actin.Contraction occurs when calcium ions bind to troponin;this complex then pulls tropomyosin away from the cross-bridge binding site.Roles of troponin,tropomyosin,and calcium in contractionIn relaxed skeletal muscle,tr27文档仅供参考，不能作为科学依据，请勿模仿；如有不当之处，请联系网站或本人删除。Interaction of myosin and actinInteraction of myosin and acti28文档仅供参考，不能作为科学依据，请勿模仿；如有不当之处，请联系网站或本人删除。Transmission of action potential(AP)along T tubulesCalcium release caused by T tubule APContraction initiated by calcium ionsExcitation-contraction coupling兴奋兴奋-收缩偶联收缩偶联Transmission of action potenti29文档仅供参考，不能作为科学依据，请勿模仿；如有不当之处，请联系网站或本人删除。The latent period between excitation and developmentof tension in a skeletal muscle includes the time needed to release Ca+from sarcoplasmic reticulum,move tropomyosin,and cycle the cross-bridges.The latent period between exci30文档仅供参考，不能作为科学依据，请勿模仿；如有不当之处，请联系网站或本人删除。The transverse tubules bringaction potentials into the interior of the skeletal muscle fibers,so that the wave of depolarization passes closeto the sarcoplasmic reticulum,stimulating the release of calcium ions.The extensive meshworkof sarcoplasmic reticulum assures that when it releases calcium ions they can readily diffuseto all of the troponin sites.The transverse tubules bringTh31文档仅供参考，不能作为科学依据，请勿模仿；如有不当之处，请联系网站或本人删除。Passage of an action potential along the transverse tubule opens nearby voltage-gated calcium channels,the“ryanodine receptor,”located on the sarcoplasmic reticulum,andcalcium ions released into the cytosol bind to troponin.The calcium-troponin complex“pulls”tropomyosin off the myosin-binding site of actin,thus allowing the binding of the cross-bridge,followed by its flexing to slide the actin filament.Passage of an action potential32文档仅供参考，不能作为科学依据，请勿模仿；如有不当之处，请联系网站或本人删除。骨骼肌医学知骨骼肌医学知识讲识讲座培座培训训ppt课课件件33文档仅供参考，不能作为科学依据，请勿模仿；如有不当之处，请联系网站或本人删除。Neuromuscular transmissionExcitation-contraction couplingMuscle contractionGeneral process of excitation and contraction in skeletal muscleNeuromuscular transmissionGene34文档仅供参考，不能作为科学依据，请勿模仿；如有不当之处，请联系网站或本人删除。A single motor unit（运动单位）（运动单位）consists of a motor neuron and all of the muscle fibers it controls.A single motor unit（运（运动单动单位）位）cons35文档仅供参考，不能作为科学依据，请勿模仿；如有不当之处，请联系网站或本人删除。The neuromuscular junction（神经肌接头）（神经肌接头）is the point of synaptic contact between the axon terminal of a motor neuron and the muscle fiber it controls.Action potentials in themotor neuron cause Acetylcholine（乙酰胆碱）（乙酰胆碱）release into the neuromuscular junction.Muscle contraction follows the delivery of acetylcholine to the muscle fiber.The neuromuscular junction（神（神经经肌肌36文档仅供参考，不能作为科学依据，请勿模仿；如有不当之处，请联系网站或本人删除。1.The exocytosis of acetylcholine from the axon terminaloccurs when the acetylcholine vesicles merge into themembrane covering the terminal.2.On the membrane of the muscle fiber,the receptors for acetylcholine respond to its binding by increasing Na+entry into the fiber,causing a graded depolarization.3.The graded depolarization typically exceeds threshold for the nearby voltage-gate Na+and K+channels,so an action potential occurs on the muscle fiber.1.The exocytosis of acetylcho37文档仅供参考，不能作为科学依据，请勿模仿；如有不当之处，请联系网站或本人删除。Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor烟碱型乙酰胆碱受体烟碱型乙酰胆碱受体Acetylcholinesterase 乙酰胆碱酯酶乙酰胆碱酯酶Nicotinic acetylcholine recept38文档仅供参考，不能作为科学依据，请勿模仿；如有不当之处，请联系网站或本人删除。End plate potential(EPP)终板电位终板电位End plate potential(EPP)39文档仅供参考，不能作为科学依据，请勿模仿；如有不当之处，请联系网站或本人删除。Miniature end plate potential微终板电位Small fluctuations(typically 0.5 mV)in the resting potential of postsynaptic cells.They are the same shape as,but much smaller than,the end plate potentials caused by stimulation of the presynaptic cell.Miniature end plate potentials are considered as evidence for the quantal release of neurotransmitters at chemical synapses,a single miniature end plate potential resulting from the release of the contents of a single synaptic vesicle.Miniature end plate potential40文档仅供参考，不能作为科学依据，请勿模仿；如有不当之处，请联系网站或本人删除。Click here to play theNeuromuscular JunctionFlash AnimationClick here to play the41文档仅供参考，不能作为科学依据，请勿模仿；如有不当之处，请联系网站或本人删除。Click here to play theAction Potentials andMuscle ContractionFlash AnimationClick here to play the42文档仅供参考，不能作为科学依据，请勿模仿；如有不当之处，请联系网站或本人删除。骨骼肌医学知骨骼肌医学知识讲识讲座培座培训训ppt课课件件43文档仅供参考，不能作为科学依据，请勿模仿；如有不当之处，请联系网站或本人删除。Muscle tension 肌张力 the force exerted on an object by a contracting muscleLoad 负荷 the force exerted on the muscle by an object(usually its weight)Isometric contraction 等长收缩 a muscle develops tension but does not shorten(or lengthen)(constant length)Isotonic contraction 等张收缩 the muscle shortens while the load on the muscle remains constant(constant tension)Mechanics of single-fiber contractionMuscle tension 肌肌张张力力 the force44文档仅供参考，不能作为科学依据，请勿模仿；如有不当之处，请联系网站或本人删除。The mechanical response of a single muscle fiber to a single action potential is know as a TWITCHTwitch contraction 单收缩单收缩The mechanical response of a s45文档仅供参考，不能作为科学依据，请勿模仿；如有不当之处，请联系网站或本人删除。Tension increases rapidly and dissipates slowlyShortening occurs slowly,only after taking up elastic tension;the relaxing muscle quickly returns to its resting length.iso=same tonic=tension metric=lengthTension increases rapidly and 46文档仅供参考，不能作为科学依据，请勿模仿；如有不当之处，请联系网站或本人删除。All three are isotonic contractions.1.Latent period潜伏期潜伏期2.Velocity of shortening3.Duration of the twitch4.Distance shortened All three are isotonic contrac47文档仅供参考，不能作为科学依据，请勿模仿；如有不当之处，请联系网站或本人删除。Load-velocity relation 长度长度-速度关系速度关系Load-velocity relation 长长度度-速度关系速度关系48文档仅供参考，不能作为科学依据，请勿模仿；如有不当之处，请联系网站或本人删除。Click here to play theMechanisms ofSingle Fiber ContractionFlash AnimationClick here to play the49文档仅供参考，不能作为科学依据，请勿模仿；如有不当之处，请联系网站或本人删除。Complete dissipation of elastic tension between subsequent stimuli.S3 occurred prior tothe complete dissipation of elastic tension from S2.S3 occurred prior tothe dissipation of ANYelastic tension from S2.Frequency-tension relation频率频率-张力关系张力关系T e m p o r a l s u m m a t i o n.Complete dissipation of elasti50文档仅供参考，不能作为科学依据，请勿模仿；如有不当之处，请联系网站或本人删除。Unfused tetanus非融合性强直收缩非融合性强直收缩:partial dissipation of elastic tension between subsequent stimuli.Fused tetanus融合性强直收缩融合性强直收缩:no time for dissipation of elastic tension between rapidly recurring stimuli.Frequency-tension relationUnfused tetanus非融合性非融合性强强直收直收缩缩:Fused51文档仅供参考，不能作为科学依据，请勿模仿；如有不当之处，请联系网站或本人删除。Mechanism for greater tetanic tensionSuccessive action potentials result in a persistent elevation of cytosolic calcium concentrationMechanism for greater tetanic 52文档仅供参考，不能作为科学依据，请勿模仿；如有不当之处，请联系网站或本人删除。Long sarcomere:actin and myosin do not overlap much,so little tension can be developed.Length-tension relationShort sarcomere:actin filaments lack room to slide,so little tension can be developed.Optimal-length sarcomere:lots of actin-myosin overlap and plenty of room to slide.Optimal lengthLong sarcomere:Length-tension 53文档仅供参考，不能作为科学依据，请勿模仿；如有不当之处，请联系网站或本人删除。Click here to play theLength-Tension Relationin Skeletal MusclesFlash AnimationClick here to play the54文档仅供参考，不能作为科学依据，请勿模仿；如有不当之处，请联系网站或本人删除。Skeletal muscles capacity to produce ATP via oxidative phosphorylation is further supplemented by the availability of molecular oxygen bound to intracellular myoglobin.In skeletal muscle,ATP production via substrate phosphorylation is supplemented by the availability of creatine phosphate磷酸肌酸磷酸肌酸.Skeletal muscles capacity to 55文档仅供参考，不能作为科学依据，请勿模仿；如有不当之处，请联系网站或本人删除。In skeletal muscle,repetitive stimulation leads to fatigue疲劳疲劳,evident as reduced tension.Rest overcomesfatigue,but fatigue will reoccur soonerif inadequate recoverytime passes.In skeletal muscle,Rest overc56文档仅供参考，不能作为科学依据，请勿模仿；如有不当之处，请联系网站或本人删除。On the basis of maximal velocities of shorteningFast fibers快肌纤维 containing myosin with high ATPase activity(type II fibers)Slow fibers慢肌纤维-containing myosin with low ATPase activity(type I fibers)On the basis of major pathway to form ATPOxidative fibers氧化型肌纤维 containing numerous mitochondria and having a high capacity for oxidative phosphorylation,also containing large amounts of myoglobin(red muscle fibers)Glycolytic fibers糖酵解型肌纤维-containing few mitochondria but possessing a high concentration of glycolytic enzymes and a large store of glycogen,and containing little myoglobin(white muscle fibers)Types of skeletal muscle fibersOn the basis of maximal veloci57文档仅供参考，不能作为科学依据，请勿模仿；如有不当之处，请联系网站或本人删除。Slow-oxidative fibers combine low myosin-ATPase activity with high oxidative capacityFast-oxidative fibers-combine high myosin-ATPase activity with high oxidative capacity and intermediate glycolytic capacityFast-glycolytic fibers-combine high myosin-ATPase activity with high glycolytic capacityTypes of skeletal muscle fibersSlow-oxidative fibers combin58文档仅供参考，不能作为科学依据，请勿模仿；如有不当之处，请联系网站或本人删除。Slow-oxidative skeletal muscle responds well to repetitive stimulation without becomingfatigued;muscles of bodyposture are examples.Fast-oxidative skeletal muscle responds quickly and to repetitive stimulation without becoming fatigued;muscles used in walking are examples.Fast-glycolytic skeletal muscle is used for quick bursts ofstrong activation,such as muscles used to jump or to run a short sprint.Most skeletal muscles include all three types.Slow-oxidative skeletal muscle59文档仅供参考，不能作为科学依据，请勿模仿；如有不当之处，请联系网站或本人删除。Note:Because fast-glycolytic fibers have significant glycolytic capacity,they are sometimes called“fast oxidative-glycolytic FOG fibers.Note:Because fast-glycolytic60文档仅供参考，不能作为科学依据，请勿模仿；如有不当之处，请联系网站或本人删除。All three types of muscle fibersare represented in a typicalskeletal muscle,and,under tetanic stimulation,make the predicted contributions tothe development of muscle tension.Slow-oxidativeFast-oxidative Fast-glycolyticWhole-muscle contractionAll three types of Slow-oxidat61文档仅供参考，不能作为科学依据，请勿模仿；如有不当之处，请联系网站或本人删除。骨骼肌医学知骨骼肌医学知识讲识讲座培座培训训ppt课课件件62文档仅供参考，不能作为科学依据，请勿模仿；如有不当之处，请联系网站或本人删除。Flexors（屈肌）（屈肌）and extensors（伸肌）（伸肌）work in antagonisticsets to refine movement,and to allow forcegeneration in two opposite directions.Flexors（屈肌）（屈肌）and extensors（伸肌）（伸肌）w63文档仅供参考，不能作为科学依据，请勿模仿；如有不当之处，请联系网站或本人删除。How can gastrocnemius contraction result in two different movements?How can gastrocnemius contract文档仅供参考，不能作为科学依据，请勿模仿；如有不当之处，请联系网站或本人删除。The lever system of muscles and bones:Here,muscle contraction must generate 70 kg force to hold a 10 kg object that is 30 cm away from the site of muscle attachment.The lever system of muscles an文档仅供参考，不能作为科学依据，请勿模仿；如有不当之处，请联系网站或本人删除。Muscle contraction that moves the attachment site on bone 1 cmresults in a 7 cm movement of the object 30 cm away from the site;similar gains in movement velocity occur.Muscle contraction that moves 文档仅供参考，不能作为科学依据，请勿模仿；如有不当之处，请联系网站或本人删除。Duchenne muscular dystrophy（Duchenne型肌营养不良）型肌营养不良）weakens the hip and trunk muscles,thus altering the lever-system relationships of the muscles and bones that are used to stand up.Duchenne muscular dystrophy（Du67文档仅供参考，不能作为科学依据，请勿模仿；如有不当之处，请联系网站或本人删除。Thank you!Thank you!68