资源描述
Sedimentary Rocks95%of the Earths volume is igneous and metamorphic rocks bu 75%of the Earths surface is covered by sediments or sedimentary rocks.Derived from pre-existing rocks:1.detrital/clastic rocks:mineral grains or rock fragments(mechanical or biological weathering)2.chemical:dissolved&precipitated minerals(chemical weathering).Sedimentary Rocks95%of the Ea1Sedimentary Rocks95%of the EaEx:granite:Quartz+Fs+BiotiteWeathering:Mech/bio quartz sand claysTransport River,wind,iceDeposition Beach delta oceanlithification CementedRocksandstone shaleEx:granite:Quartz+Fs2Ex:granite:Quartz+FsSedimentary RocksSedimentary Rocks3 3Sedimentary RocksSedimentary REx:granite:Qtz+Ca plag Fs+BiotiteWeathering:Chem calciumTransport solution in riverDeposition oceanlithification precipitationRock limestoneEx:granite:Qtz+Ca plag F4Ex:granite:Qtz+Ca plag F沉积岩石学(Sedimentary-Rocks)课件5 5沉积岩石学(Sedimentary-Rocks)课件5TerminologyPrecipitation:opposite of dissolve:aqueous to solidlithification:materials are compacted and/or cemented together to form rock.Rounded:angular fragments become rounded(&smaller)through abrasion as they are transportedTerminologyPrecipitation:oppo6TerminologyPrecipitation:oppoRoundingRounding7 7RoundingRounding7Deposition:ice,wind,or water deposit/drop sediment in river bed,moraine,lake,beach,ocean,etc.Facies:a distinct sediment or rock typeSorting:process by which particles are separated according to size(&density)Clay with claySand with sandGravel with gravelWater&wind are excellent sorters,ice is poorDeposition:ice,wind,or wate8Deposition:ice,wind,or wateSortingSorting9 9SortingSorting9Gravel SandSiltClayfaciesfaciesfacies facieshighlowriverEnergygravellake/oceandeltabeachsandsiltclaysortedhighlowriverEnergygravellake/o10highlowriverEnergygravellake/o沉积岩石学(Sedimentary-Rocks)课件1111沉积岩石学(Sedimentary-Rocks)课件11沉积岩石学(Sedimentary-Rocks)课件1212沉积岩石学(Sedimentary-Rocks)课件12Pore space=porosity=voids between particlesClay 80%sand 20%mixture 5%Well sortedPore space=porosity=voids 13Pore space=porosity=voids PorosityPorosity1414PorosityPorosity14Compaction:weight of overlying sediment compresses sediments,forces water out and“glues”/lithifies mud siltstone&shaleCementation:weathered silica,calcite and iron oxides dissolved in water precipitate in pore spaces to cement/lithify particles together.Friable:rock is easily crumbled(like dry cake)Compaction:weight of overlyin15Compaction:weight of overlyinFissile:rock breaks easily along closely spaced parallel linesLike cleavage in rockFissile:rock breaks easily al16Fissile:rock breaks easily alFissileFissile1717FissileFissile17Sedimentary Rocks1.Detrital/Clastic2.Chemical3.BiochemicalSedimentary Rocks1.Detrital/C18Sedimentary Rocks1.Detrital/C1.Detrital/ClasticDetritus=solid particles or pre-existing rocksClastic=composed of rock fragments1.Detrital/Clastic191.Detrital/Clastic1.DetritalSediment size description rock nameGravel 2mmrounded conglomerate gravelangular breccia gravelSand 1/16 2mm(mostly Qtz)sandstoneMud 1/16 mm silt siltstone silt&clay mudstone 2mmrounded conglomerate gravelangular breccia gravelSand 1/16 2mm(mostly Qtz)sandstoneMud 1/16 mm silt siltstone silt&clay mudstone 1/256 mm clay claystone shaleSediment size description 95Sediment size description Sandstone=Sst:sandyRed sandstone:with lots of K Fs(pink Fs)=arkose sstSiltstone:gritty with wet mud smellShale:greasy with wet mud smellSandstone=Sst:sandy96Sandstone=Sst:sandySandston沉积岩石学(Sedimentary-Rocks)课件9797沉积岩石学(Sedimentary-Rocks)课件97沉积岩石学(Sedimentary-Rocks)课件9898沉积岩石学(Sedimentary-Rocks)课件98沉积岩石学(Sedimentary-Rocks)课件9999沉积岩石学(Sedimentary-Rocks)课件99沉积岩石学(Sedimentary-Rocks)课件100100沉积岩石学(Sedimentary-Rocks)课件100沉积岩石学(Sedimentary-Rocks)课件101101沉积岩石学(Sedimentary-Rocks)课件101沉积岩石学(Sedimentary-Rocks)课件102102沉积岩石学(Sedimentary-Rocks)课件102沉积岩石学(Sedimentary-Rocks)课件103103沉积岩石学(Sedimentary-Rocks)课件103沉积岩石学(Sedimentary-Rocks)课件104104沉积岩石学(Sedimentary-Rocks)课件104沉积岩石学(Sedimentary-Rocks)课件105105沉积岩石学(Sedimentary-Rocks)课件105沉积岩石学(Sedimentary-Rocks)课件106106沉积岩石学(Sedimentary-Rocks)课件106SiltstoneSiltstone107107SiltstoneSiltstone107沉积岩石学(Sedimentary-Rocks)课件108108沉积岩石学(Sedimentary-Rocks)课件108沉积岩石学(Sedimentary-Rocks)课件109109沉积岩石学(Sedimentary-Rocks)课件109沉积岩石学(Sedimentary-Rocks)课件110110沉积岩石学(Sedimentary-Rocks)课件1102.Chemical:originate from substances taken from solution from chemical weatheringThese chemicals are extracted from lake or ocean water via:i)precipitation(Ex;drying lake bed)Ii)organisms(coral reef)BUT this is a biochemical rock!2.Chemical:originate from su1112.Chemical:originate from suDeath Valley Salt FlatsDeath Valley Salt Flats112112Death Valley Salt FlatsDeath VDead SeaDead Sea113113Dead SeaDead Sea113沉积岩石学(Sedimentary-Rocks)课件114114沉积岩石学(Sedimentary-Rocks)课件114Texture Composition Rock NameVaries calcite CaCO3 limestone/LstVaries dolomite CaMgCO3 dolostoneCrystalline gypsum CaSO4 rock gypsumCrystalline halite NaCl rock saltcarbonateTexture Composition 115Texture Composition Travertine:Lst that precipitates out of hotsprings but is rareLst:most is biochemicalDolostone:forms from Lst that is altered in:i)very saline lagoonsii)where Lst has been uplifted above the water table and fresh water with Mg leeches through replacing the CaLst DolostoneCaCO3 CaMgCO3HCl Test!Barely fizzesFizz!Travertine:Lst that precipita116Travertine:Lst that precipita沉积岩石学(Sedimentary-Rocks)课件117117沉积岩石学(Sedimentary-Rocks)课件117沉积岩石学(Sedimentary-Rocks)课件118118沉积岩石学(Sedimentary-Rocks)课件118沉积岩石学(Sedimentary-Rocks)课件119119沉积岩石学(Sedimentary-Rocks)课件119沉积岩石学(Sedimentary-Rocks)课件120120沉积岩石学(Sedimentary-Rocks)课件120沉积岩石学(Sedimentary-Rocks)课件121121沉积岩石学(Sedimentary-Rocks)课件121沉积岩石学(Sedimentary-Rocks)课件122122沉积岩石学(Sedimentary-Rocks)课件122Travertine Terraces in TurkeyTravertine Terraces in Turkey123123Travertine Terraces in TurkeyTEvaporites:(rock gypsum and rock salt)precipitate from land-locked lakes and seas where the evaporation raises the salinity to the saturation point.Very salty waterevaporationGypsum&halite crystalsEvaporites:(rock gypsum and r124Evaporites:(rock gypsum and rRock gypsum:white-pink-grey,massive or tabular crystals,H=2,white streakRock salt=halite:colourless,cubic crystals,salty taste,H=2-3Silvite=KCl=potash:a fertilizer formed from evaporation on vast,shallow seas in SaskatchewanRock gypsum:white-pink-grey,125Rock gypsum:white-pink-grey,GypsumGypsum126126GypsumGypsum126Gypsum Thin sectionGypsum Thin section127127Gypsum Thin sectionGypsum Thin沉积岩石学(Sedimentary-Rocks)课件128128沉积岩石学(Sedimentary-Rocks)课件128沉积岩石学(Sedimentary-Rocks)课件129129沉积岩石学(Sedimentary-Rocks)课件129沉积岩石学(Sedimentary-Rocks)课件130130沉积岩石学(Sedimentary-Rocks)课件1303.BiochemicalTexture Composition Rock NameClastic-calcite CaCO3 limestone/Lstcrystalline chalk:microscopic coquina:shellsFine quartz chertFine-carbon C coal crumbly3.Biochemical1313.Biochemical3.Biochemical13Limestone:accumulation of billions of skeletons of corals,shellfish,algae,etc.Originally as aragonite which alters to calcite.Forms:Massive:shells broken and ground into powder before lithificationSugary=crystallineCoquina(KD)=cemented broken shellsChalk=soft,microscopic fossilsHCl test!Limestone:accumulation of bil132Limestone:accumulation of bil沉积岩石学(Sedimentary-Rocks)课件133133沉积岩石学(Sedimentary-Rocks)课件133沉积岩石学(Sedimentary-Rocks)课件134134沉积岩石学(Sedimentary-Rocks)课件134沉积岩石学(Sedimentary-Rocks)课件135135沉积岩石学(Sedimentary-Rocks)课件135沉积岩石学(Sedimentary-Rocks)课件136136沉积岩石学(Sedimentary-Rocks)课件136沉积岩石学(Sedimentary-Rocks)课件137137沉积岩石学(Sedimentary-Rocks)课件137沉积岩石学(Sedimentary-Rocks)课件138138沉积岩石学(Sedimentary-Rocks)课件138Chert:forms 2 ways:i)silica rich waters percolate up through earth replacing the Lst in the form of nodules,a bulbous mass of chalcedony(“elephant man”)ii)organisms(sponges,diatoms)that use silica for skeletons die;the silica accumulates on the ocean floor to form bedded chert(usually grey).Flint=black chertJasper=red chertChert:forms 2 ways:139Chert:forms 2 ways:Chert:for沉积岩石学(Sedimentary-Rocks)课件140140沉积岩石学(Sedimentary-Rocks)课件140沉积岩石学(Sedimentary-Rocks)课件141141沉积岩石学(Sedimentary-Rocks)课件141沉积岩石学(Sedimentary-Rocks)课件142142沉积岩石学(Sedimentary-Rocks)课件142Chert thin sectionChert thin section143143Chert thin sectionChert thin sRadiolariansRadiolarians144144RadiolariansRadiolarians144RadiolariansRadiolarians145145RadiolariansRadiolarians145Coal:form in the processi)land plants accumulate in swamps,bogs low in pH and low in O2 to prevent bacterial decay of organic matter(OM).ii)The OM accumulates to form peat.iii)heat+time drives off the volatiles(H2,N2&O2)leaving C to form coalBlack,H=1 3,SG=1(light)Coal:form in the process146Coal:form in the processCoal:沉积岩石学(Sedimentary-Rocks)课件147沉积岩石学(Sedimentary-Rocks)课件147沉积岩石学(Sedimentary-Rocks)课件148148沉积岩石学(Sedimentary-Rocks)课件148uuDo Lab 6.1 uuDo WS 6.1Go to Lab 6.1Go to 6.2 NotesDo Lab 6.1 Go to Lab 6.1Go to 149149Do Lab 6.1 Go to Lab 6.1Go to 感恩的心，感谢有你！谢谢你的欣赏！文档有价，知识无价课件之家精心整理感恩的心，感谢有你！谢谢你的欣赏！文档有价，知识无价150150感恩的心，感谢有你！谢谢你的欣赏！文档有价，知识无价感恩
展开阅读全文