欧洲文化入门课件

An Introduction to European CulturePurposes of the courselImprove English learninglUpgrade personal qualitylPrepare for graduate programlPromote intercultural competencelBroaden your vision for future and life.Characteristics of the Coursel lWide Coverage of many fields:astronomy,geography,literature,history,religion,philosophy,political thoughts,art(paining,music,architecture,sculpture),science,etc.l lKnowing something of everything,not everything of something Only a tasteFocus of Studyl lHistorical background of every periodHistorical background of every periodl lMajor events(wars,invasions,reforms,Major events(wars,invasions,reforms,revolutions,social revolutions,social changes,etcchanges,etc.).)l lIdeologies(main assumptions)Ideologies(main assumptions)l lProminent historical figures(political,literary,Prominent historical figures(political,literary,religious,scientific,artistic)religious,scientific,artistic)l lLiterary and artistic styles(main characteristics)Literary and artistic styles(main characteristics)l lContents:Division 1-10l lAttendancel lEvaluation(paper and written exam)Abilities needed and to be developedl lMemorization(names,times,etc.)l lComprehension(ideas and ideologies)l lCompare and contrast(east and west)l lCritical thinking(why Europe leads the world in many ways)l lPersonal analysis and synthesis How can you learn the course well?l lTo establish two lines which lead the journey of human history:God-centered thoughts -Judeo-Christian thoughtsHuman-centered thoughts-Creco-Roman thoughtsl lEstablish a chronological framework of world history:Establish a chronological framework of world history:1200 146 B.C.:Ancient Greece1200 146 B.C.:Ancient Greece700 B.C.27 B.C.395 A.D.-476 1054-1453:Ancient Roman 700 B.C.27 B.C.395 A.D.-476 1054-1453:Ancient Roman EmpireEmpire476 A.D.14th century:Medieval Age476 A.D.14th century:Medieval Age14th C(Dante)mid-17th C(Shakespeare,English Revolution)14th C(Dante)mid-17th C(Shakespeare,English Revolution)17th C:prodigious development of 17th C:prodigious development of scisci&Tech&Tech 18th C:enlightenment 18th C:enlightenment 19th C:Marxism,Darwinism,realism19th C:Marxism,Darwinism,realism20th C:modernism,postmodernism20th C:modernism,postmodernismSince 1970s:information age,globalization,economic integration,Since 1970s:information age,globalization,economic integration,multiculturalism multiculturalism Ancient Greek Culturel lHistorical context:Historical context:1200 BC.Trojan War(700BC:Homer)1200 BC.Trojan War(700BC:Homer)800-500 BC:800-500 BC:formative periodformative period(city states)(city states)500-336 BC:500-336 BC:classical periodclassical period:heyday:heydaywinning winning Greco-Persian Way;democracy in Athens;Greco-Persian Way;democracy in Athens;flourish of flourish of scisci and art;and art;civil war:Athens vs.Sparta civil war:Athens vs.Sparta 伯罗奔尼撒战争伯罗奔尼撒战争 (432-404(432-404 BC),declined.BC),declined.336-146 BC:336-146 BC:HellenizationHellenization period period 希腊化时期希腊化时期Alexander III(356-336-323 BC);Alexander III(356-336-323 BC);center:Alexandria in Egypt;Roman conquest in 146 BCcenter:Alexandria in Egypt;Roman conquest in 146 BCPhilosophylWhat is philosophy?lContending Schools of thoughtsl l诡辩学派 Sophists 500 B.C.l l代表人物：Protagorasl lMan is measure of all things.l lForerunner of Socratic dialecticl lEmphasis on ability to argue for any case regardless of its truthCynics：犬儒学派 300 B.C.Diogenes主张：simplicitybrotherhoodrejecting conventionsSceptics 不可知派PyrrhonNot all knowledge is attainable.Wise men should not judge,but should aim at balanced imperturbability.Epicureans 伊壁鸠鲁学派EpicurusPleasure is the highest good of life,achieved through practiced virtue.Different from hedonism(享乐主义）through sensual indulgence.Stoics 斯多葛派，禁欲主义学派Zenoantithesis of Epicureansvirtue,not pleasure,is the highest good.DutyHardshipFamous philosophers and scientistsl lPythagorasl lHeracleituel lDemocritusl lEucidl lArchimedesl lSocratesl lPlatol lAristotleLiteraturel lLyric poetry Homer Iliad OdysseyWhy is Homer important in the history of European literature?SapphoPindarl lDrama religious festivals.5th century B.C l lDramatists:l lHistory Art,architecture,sculpture and potteryFurther studiesl l西方文化史鉴叶胜年著 上海外语教育出版社l l前车可鉴西方思想文化的兴衰（美）华夏出版社Ancient Rome l lPeriod of Kings:753-510 B.C.City of Rome set upl lPeriod of Republic:510-27 B.C.1)Occupation of whole Italy2)expansion:Punic Wars（264133 B.C.）,defeating Carthage(迦太基)3)Slave uprisings(133-27 BC.):斯巴达克斯 Period of Empire:27 B.C.476 A.D.1453 27 BC.193 AD.Pax Romana前三头：克拉苏，庞培，凯撒（Julius Caeser）后三头：雷必达，安东尼，屋大维（Augustus Octavius）after 193:weakened,barbarian invasions(Huns,Goths,Visigoths,Vandals)475:split WRE and Byzantium1453:conquered by Ottoman Empire(Modern Italy:1871)Romans&Greeksl lSimilarities:Democracy:citizen assembly,hostile to monarchyReligion and mythology:Languages(Greek and Latin):Indo-European family Differences:Romans built an empire,Greeks not.Greeks:art and intellectRomans:Military:Roman legionsLaw:Roman LawConstructions:aqueducts,roadsGovernment system:effective bureaucracyThe Biblel lIt is not a single book,but a collection of 66 books,different in style,content,subject of matter,and point of view.l lNot written by one person,but by many anonymously,some sections had existed orally before.l lNot written within a single period of time:Old Testament:1,000-15 B.C.N.T.:50 150 A.D.l lNot written in one language:O.T:in Hebrew;N.T:in Greek(partly in Aramaic 阿拉米语)*Books in it are not systematically classified or chronologically arranged.*It contains words of God,an inspired and inspiring bookan encyclopedia(poem,history,tale,moral teachings,etc.),*It is a book that was ordered to be burned,but survived every time.*It is a book translated into over 1,000 Ls and dialects.*Number One in terms of publication volume;greatly influencing Eu culture.Classification of 66 booksl lOld Testament:(Hebrew History)Old Testament:(Hebrew History)1.Law and history1.Law and history2.Prophecies2.Prophecies3.Poetry,drama,tales,moral teachings3.Poetry,drama,tales,moral teachingsl lNew Testament:(Life of Jesus Christ)New Testament:(Life of Jesus Christ)1.Gospels1.Gospels2.Letters2.Letters3.Revelations 3.Revelations l lThe central theme binding all books:The central theme binding all books:Hebrew tradition written by,meant for and Hebrew tradition written by,meant for and about Hebrews.about Hebrews.GenealogyAdam&Eve Noah 诺亚(Ark)Abraham(to Canaan迦南)Moses 摩西(Exodus)Joshua（约书亚）(back to Canaan)split（犹太国&以色列国）Saul 扫罗(unification)David 大卫(built Jerusalem)Solomon所罗门 Life of Gesusl lBorn on Dec.25th,4 B.C.l lIn Bethlehem 伯利恒l lFrom a carpenters familyl lJoseph&Virgin Maryl lDisappeared as a childl lLife before 30:unknownl lAt 30:baptized by Johnl lFrom 30-33:preachingl lAt 33:cruxifixation on Good Fridayl l2 days later(Sunday):resurrection to heaven(Easter)Spread of Christianityl lIn early time:suppressed by Roman In early time:suppressed by Roman govgov.l lLater:developed quicklyLater:developed quicklyl l305 A.D.:stopped persecution305 A.D.:stopped persecutionl l313:Emperor Constantine granted religious 313:Emperor Constantine granted religious freedom(Edict of Milanfreedom(Edict of Milan米兰敕令米兰敕令),became legal.),became legal.l lConstantine baptized at deathbedConstantine baptized at deathbedl l392:Emperor Theodosius 392:Emperor Theodosius 塞奥多西乌斯塞奥多西乌斯made made Christianity the official religion of the Empire and Christianity the official religion of the Empire and outlaw all other religions.outlaw all other religions.l l6th century:6th century:NestorianismNestorianism 景教景教 reached China.reached China.Translation of BiblelOriginal:Hebrew(旧)&Greek（新）lSeptuagint:七十子希腊文旧约全书（3rd.century B.C.in Alexandria）(lost)lVulgate edition:Latin whole Bible by Jerome 日罗姆（405 A.D.）;model for versions in other Ls.lAfter 16th Century:into many national languages.English Versionsl l1382:John Wycliff 威克里夫l l16th Century:William Tyndale,literary qualityl l1611:King James Bible（詹姆斯一世钦定本）,plain language and most influentiall l1885:revised editionl l1901:American edition Chinese Versions*7th C:景教本（敦煌）*17th C:明清本，by missionaries*1919:和合本,financed by churches*1979：联合本（in H.K.）Famous saying from the Biblel lthe last straw that falls gently on the camels the last straw that falls gently on the camels back back 引起巨大后果的最后因素引起巨大后果的最后因素l lCan the leopard change its spots?Can the leopard change its spots?本性难移本性难移.l lTo sow the wind and reap the whirlwindTo sow the wind and reap the whirlwind自食其果自食其果.l lA living dog is better than a dead lion.A living dog is better than a dead lion.l lIt is more difficult for the rich to give than for It is more difficult for the rich to give than for the camel to go through the eye of a needle.the camel to go through the eye of a needle.The Middle Ages（the Medieval Times）l lTime:476 A.D.14th C.(Time:476 A.D.14th C.(人文主义出现人文主义出现)l lFeudalization in EU.Feudalization in EU.l lNo political unity,no central No political unity,no central govgov.l lWars and invasions(1066,Crusades)Wars and invasions(1066,Crusades)l lOnly organization:Catholic churchOnly organization:Catholic churchl lChurch gained power and influenceChurch gained power and influencel lSuppress scientists(“heretic”):Suppress scientists(“heretic”):InquizationInquization(the (the Dark Age)Dark Age)l lEveryone was a believer:Age of FaithEveryone was a believer:Age of Faithl lBirth of many nations:England,France,SpainBirth of many nations:England,France,SpainCrusadersl lCause:Jerusalem fell to pagans killing Christian pilgrimsl lTimes:12 crusades,200 yearsl lEffect:East-West contactrise of monarchymaterialisminternational trade developmentlearning revived Renaissancel lTime:14th C mid-17th C.(Eng.Time:14th C mid-17th C.(Eng.RevoRevo.).)l lOrigin:Italy,spread to all Origin:Italy,spread to all EuEu.l lMeans:revival of interest in R.&G.cultureMeans:revival of interest in R.&G.culturel lIdeology:humanismIdeology:humanisml lBourgeois in natureBourgeois in naturel lProdigious development in sci.and tech.Prodigious development in sci.and tech.l lNational languagesNational languagesl lAbsolute authority of Catholic:shakenAbsolute authority of Catholic:shakenl lGiants appearedGiants appearedDifferent emphasislItaly:artlFrance:literaturelEngland:philosophy,dramalGermany:religionCharacteristicslSpread of HumanismlReturn to classical valueslBeginning of objective sci.inquirylFlourish of literature and artlGeographic discoveriesHumanismlA philosophy to assert greatness of man:physical beauty+power of reasonlA movement to restore human value of ancient classics as opposed to scholasticism 经院哲学of the M.Ages.lBourgeois in nature,against feudalism,paving the way for the rising capitalismReligious Revolutionl lA 16th C.religious,social,political movementA 16th C.religious,social,political movementl lAim:to oppose absolute authority of Roman Aim:to oppose absolute authority of Roman Catholic church and replace it with the authority Catholic church and replace it with the authority of the Bibleof the Biblel lDisputes:(1)who is the supreme authority,the Disputes:(1)who is the supreme authority,the Church or Bible?(2)Can individuals Church or Bible?(2)Can individuals communicate directly with God?(indulgences)communicate directly with God?(indulgences)l lBeginning:M.Luthers 95 theses(Beginning:M.Luthers 95 theses(WittengergWittengerg威威登堡登堡church)church)l lResult:split of churchResult:split of churchReformers practicelTranslate Bible into vernacularslSimplify church ritualslAbolishing indulgences 赎罪券lReform churchlOppose church interference with naitonal eco.And politicslPeasant warMartin Lutherl lFounder of Protestant Churchl l95 thesesl lAgainst indulgencesl lStarted religious reform which extended to eco and poli.liberation from church controll lTranslate Bible into German vernacularl lFighter for democracy and nationalisml lIdeal of equalitySplit of Christianityl l395 A.D.:Roman Empire-West and Eastl l476:W.RE endedl l1054:Catholic R.Catholic&Orthodoxl l1453:end of E.RE(Byzantium)l l1520s:R.Catholic Catholic&Protestant(Calvinism瑞,Huguenot法,Presbyterianism苏,Anglican英,etc.)After 1620:Quacker,Methodism美,etc.)Reformation in Englandl lFocus:Pope vs.King(Germany:church vs.Bible)l lJ.Knox established Presbyterian churchl lWycliffe translated English Biblel lHerry VIII broke with Pope(on marriage)l lAct of supremacy of 1534l lClosing monasteries and seizing landCounter Reformationl lSpain became the base of church reform,establishment of Inquizationl lCouncil of Trent:stressing Catholic orthodoxyl lJesuits:conservative Catholic advocates who helped to win much of Germany,Poland,Hungary,etc.(still alive today)Protestantism and Capitalisml lRoman Catholic church weakenedl lDenominations flourished Protestantisml lLiberation of ideas:imagination,creationl lFormation of many nation-statesl lNational languages:popularl lSci,trade,commercel lInventions and discoveriesl lObedience gave way to quest,challenge and freedomGeographic Discoveriesl lBy 1600,surface of the known earth doubledBy 1600,surface of the known earth doubledl lColumbus(Columbus(热那亚人，西班牙热那亚人，西班牙):N.World(Oct.):N.World(Oct.12,1492)(12,1492)(比较：郑和，比较：郑和，1405140514331433年年7 7次下西次下西洋洋)l lDiaz Diaz（葡萄牙）：（葡萄牙）：Cape of Good Hope(1487)Cape of Good Hope(1487)l lDaDa Gama(Gama(葡萄牙葡萄牙)：Route to India via Good Route to India via Good Hope(1497)Hope(1497)l lAmerigoAmerigo(意大利，亚美利哥意大利，亚美利哥 维斯普契维斯普契)：亚美：亚美利加洲利加洲l lMagellan,Magellan,FirdinandFirdinand（麦哲伦，葡萄牙）：（麦哲伦，葡萄牙）：sailing sailing around the globe(1522)around the globe(1522)Science in 17th C.l lPtolemy 托勒密（2nd C.AD.）：地心说l lCopernicus:heliocentric hypothesis 日心说l lKepler:3 Keplers laws-lend support to Copernicus Hypothesisl lGalileo:invented astronomical telescope,proved heliocentric theory by observation,the law of inertia,the principle of lever,the law of falling bodies.l lSir Isaac Newton:the law of universal gravitation(Nature is governed by laws)Alexander Pope(蒲伯)wrote:“Nature and Natures laws hid in night,God said,Let Newton be,and all was light.”宇宙法则，冥冥之中，主曰：“顿来”，万物皆明。社会契约论（民约论）l lHobbesHobbes：1.1.Natural state of war:Natural state of war:狼多肉少狼多肉少2.2.Laws of Nature:the rule of reasonLaws of Nature:the rule of reasonpassion passion war and anarchy war and anarchyreason reason cooperation and peace cooperation and peace3.Social contract:3.Social contract:Every person gives up his or her rights to one man Every person gives up his or her rights to one man(sovereign)by“an agreement”;(sovereign)by“an agreement”;Powers of sovereign is absolute;Powers of sovereign is absolute;Rebellion is wrong;Rebellion is wrong;Peace is achieved.Peace is achieved.实质：实质：support of monarchysupport of monarchy意义：意义：against“divine right of kings.”against“divine right of kings.”君权神授君权神授 J.Lockel lAgainst divine right of kingsAgainst divine right of kingsl lAll men are naturally free and equal in the state All men are naturally free and equal in the state of nature(natural rights:survival,self-defense,of nature(natural rights:survival,self-defense,private properties).private properties).l lNatural law means universally obligatory moral Natural law means universally obligatory moral law,governed by reason.law,governed by reason.l lSocial contract:Social contract:Will of the Will of the mojoritymojority;The ruler of government is one partner of the The ruler of government is one partner of the agreement;agreement;Rebellion is justified;Rebellion is justified;Support of democracy;Support of democracy;意义：意义：theory for Am.Revolutiontheory for Am.RevolutionEnglish Revolutionl lcauses:growth of capitalism;Breakdown of serfdom;Puritan movementl lTime:1642-1649(Charles I beheaded;Stuart ended)l lLeader:Oliver Cromwell 克伦威尔l lCharles II.Restoration:1658l l1688:Glorious Revolution(William&Mary)Glorious Revolution of 1688l l1689：Bill of Rights:established supremacy of Parliament(constitutional monarchy)1.1.legislature:parliament2.2.Taxation:parliament3.3.Military:no standing army for king4.4.Religion:no Roman Catholic can be a king.Enlightenmentl lAn intellectual movement originating in France in the An intellectual movement originating in France in the 2nd half of the 18th C.2nd half of the 18th C.l l特点：特点：using critical reason to free mind from prejudice,using critical reason to free mind from prejudice,unexamined authority,and oppression of church or state unexamined authority,and oppression of church or state Age of Reason Age of Reasonl l先驱：先驱：1.J.Locke:materialist theory 1.J.Locke:materialist theory（知识来源于经验，人脑（知识来源于经验，人脑可以认识世界）可以认识世界）2.I.Newton:law of universal gravitation(2.I.Newton:law of universal gravitation(自然是由法则自然是由法则支配的，法则可以被人认识支配的，法则可以被人认识)l lBelief in:natural law,universal order,human reasonBelief in:natural law,universal order,human reasonl lProminent figures:Prominent figures:伏尔泰，孟德斯鸠，狄德罗，卢梭伏尔泰，孟德斯鸠，狄德罗，卢梭 l lFrench Encyclopedia:popularized new kn.and ideas French Encyclopedia:popularized new kn.and ideas Influences in Various AspectsPolitics:rationalization of gov.and law(separation of powers)Social contact vs.divine right of kingsIdeology:freedom,equality and fraternity vs.feudal privileges;kn.&sci.vs prejudice&ignorance Philosophy:materialism vs.scholasticism Religion:Deism vs.ChristianityArt&L.:decorum(规范)Economy:laissezfaire vs.state interference(feudal bondage)Historical Contextl l1700-1750:peacefull lAfter 1750:full of ideological,political,social and economic revolutionsl l1776:American Rev.Declaration of Independencel l1789:French Rev.Declaration of Rights of Manl l1760-1840:English Industrial Rev.l lResult:growth of modern capitalismRomanticism(18-19th C18-19th C)l lIndividual freedom and aspirations;Individual freedom and aspirations;l lShift from conformist to creative and Shift from conformist to creative and adventurous;adventurous;l lGiving impetus to national movement;Giving impetus to national movement;l lDirect contact with Nature for inspiration;Direct contact with Nature for inspiration;l lPure sentiment,ideal beautyPure sentiment,ideal beautyl lIn search for subjective,spontaneous,In search for subjective,spontaneous,supernatural;supernatural;l lEulogizing idyllic life;Eulogizing idyllic life;l lEscape from corrupt,polluted urban civilization;Escape from corrupt,polluted urban civilization;l lReturn to nature and childlike innocence;Return to nature and childlike innocence;l lYouth and love.Youth and love.l lBeginning:Rousseau;Storm and Stress(德国狂飚突进运动)Corruption of capitalist societyPollution of nature after Industrial RevolutionCriticism of classicism:failing to express mans emotional nature and overlooking mans profound inner force.Active and Passive Romanticism1.Passive Romanticists:Representative:The LakersWordsworth 沃兹华斯Coleridge 科勒律治Southey：骚塞 Characteristics:Return to natureUnrelated to national liberation movements.2.Active Romanticists:Representatives:ByronShelleyKeatsCharacteristics:Showing sympathy to national liberation movements,active participation Transcendentalism 超验主义American Romanticism:Representatives:The Walton Amerson 爱莫生Thoureau 梭罗“For standing on the Persians grave;I could not deem myself a slave.”-Byron:“Isles of Greece”脚踩波斯人的坟地；就不能想象自己是奴隶。因为屹立在波斯人坟上；不能想象自己有奴隶相。Realism(19th C19th C)lFocus on fidelity to actual experience(reality);lTruthful representation of contemporary life;lTo expose and criticize social evils;lCharacterization as center of novel.Musical Enlightenmentl lBy early 18th C.,music was completely rationalized;l lRepresentatives:Bach,Handell lGeneral basis of their work is counterpoint,which is based on physical laws;l lScientific principles of music composition;l lStandardized styles:opera,sonata,concerto,cantata,etc.Music in classical periodl lRepresentatives:Haydn,Mozart;Representatives:Haydn,Mozart;l l特点：特点：The new science of aesthetics reached The new science of aesthetics reached independent status;independent status;Emergence of instrumental music as the primary Emergence of instrumental music as the primary mode of expression;mode of expression;The modern piano and orches