行为医学的基本理论课件

行行为医学的基本理医学的基本理论行行为为医学的基本理医学的基本理论论行行为为医学的基本理医学的基本理论论行行为为医学的基本理医学的基本理论论1BehaviorismTheoryLearningTheory2021/1/122BehaviorismTheoryLearningTheBehaviorismJohnB.Watson约翰.华生（18781958）2021/1/123Behaviorism2021/1/123Behaviorism冯特“心理学是研究意识的科学”华生：心理学应该研究可以被观察和直接测量的行为，反对研究没有科学根据的意识。他反对内省的研究方法，主张以纯实验的方法研究心理学。2021/1/124Behaviorism冯特“心理学是研究意识的科学”202华生1919年行为主义观点的心理学1925年行为主义行为主义观点认为，心理学不应该研究意识，只应该研究行为。所谓行为就是有机体用以适应环境变化的各种身体反应的组合。这些反应不外是肌肉收缩和腺体分泌，它们有的表现在身体外部，有的隐藏在身体内部，强度有大有小。2021/1/125华生1919年行为主义观点的心理学1925年行为华生认为心理学研究行为的任务就在于查明刺激与反应之间的规律性关系。这样就能根据刺激推知反应，根据反应推知刺激，达到预测和控制行为的目的。可以丢开意识去考察行为。运用更客观的方法去研究行为。S-R2021/1/126华生认为心理学研究行为的任务就在于查明刺激与反应之间的规律性“Givemeadozenhealthinfants,well-formed,andmyownspecifiedworldtobringthemupinandIwillguaranteetotakeanyoneatrandomandtrainhimtobecomeanytypeofspecialistImightselect,doctor,lawyer,artist,merchant-chief,andyes,evenbeggarmanandthief,regardlessofhistalents,penchants,tendencies,abilities,vocations,andraceofhisancestors”(JohnB.Watson,1925)2021/1/127“GivemeadozenhealthiBurrbusFrederickSkinner斯金纳（19041990）2021/1/128BurrbusFrederickSkinner斯AlbertBandura班杜拉(1925-)2021/1/129AlbertBandura2021/1/129BehaviorismSRNewbehaviorismSOR2021/1/1210Behaviorism2021/1/1210Basicstylesoflearning1.Classicalconditioning2.Operantconditioning(Instrumentalconditioning)3.Observationallearning(Sociallearning)2021/1/1211Basicstylesoflearning1.ClaPavlovian巴甫洛夫(1849-1936)2021/1/1212Pavlovian巴甫洛夫2021/1/1212Classicalconditioning2021/1/1213Classicalconditioning2021/1/12021/1/12142021/1/12142021/1/12152021/1/1215ClassicalconditioningAsetofprocedures,developedbyPavlov,usedtoinvestigatehoworganismslearnaboutthesignalingpropertiesofevents.Classicalconditioningleadstothelearningofrelationsbetweenevents-thatoccuroutsideofonescontrol.2021/1/1216ClassicalconditioningAsetof（UCS）（UCR）（CS）+（UCS）(UCR)（CS）（CR）Classicalconditioning2021/1/1217（UCS）（UCR）（CS）+（UCS）(UCR)2021/1/12182021/1/12182021/1/12192021/1/1219Operantconditioning2021/1/1220Operantconditioning2021/1/122Skinnersbox2021/1/1221Skinnersbox2021/1/1221OperantConditioningAformofbehaviorismbasedonthepremisethatreinforcedbehaviorstendtocontinue,whilethosethatarepunishedorarenotreinforcedtendtograduallyend.2021/1/1222OperantConditioningAformResponse(behavior)Consequence(reinforcer)Effectonbehavior(increasing)OperantConditioning(reformation)2021/1/1223ResponseConsequenceEffectonbObservationalLearningObservationalLearningLearningthatoccursasaresultofobservingtheexperiencesofothers.Alsocalledsociallearning2021/1/1224ObservationalLearningObservatBasicprinciplesoflearningreinforcementPunishmentextinctiongeneralizationhabituationshapingmodeling2021/1/1225BasicprinciplesoflearningrhabituationhabituationAneventoccursrepeatedly,butinthiscase,thereactionoftheanimalwaneswithrepeatedexposure.Abehaviouralalterationwhereanorganismgetsaccustomedtoaparticularstimuli,andnolongerproducesaresponsetoit.2021/1/1226habituationhabituation2021/1PsychoanalyticTheoryPsychodynamicTheorySigmundFreud（18561939）2021/1/1227PsychoanalyticTheoryPsychodynPsychoanalysisUnconscioustheoryTheoriesofpersonalityLibido:StagesofpsychosexualdevelopmentAnxietyandDefenseMechanismsDreaminterpretation2021/1/1228PsychoanalysisUnconsciousthConsciousThecontentsofawarenessthosethingsthatoccupythefocusofonescurrentattention.PreconsciousInformationthatisnotconsciousbutisretrievableintoconsciousawareness.UnconsciousAreservoirofmostlyunacceptablethoughts,memories,urges,andconflictsthataretrulybeyondawareness.2021/1/1229Conscious2021/1/1229FreudspersonalitytheoryIdTheportionofpersonalitythatisgovernedbyinborninstinctualdrives,particularlythoserelatedtosexandaggression.pleasureprinciple2021/1/1230FreudspersonalitytheoryEgoTheportionofpersonalitythatinducespeopletoactwithreasonanddeliberationandhelpsthemconformtotherequirementsoftheexternalworld.realityprinciple2021/1/1231Ego2021/1/1231SuperegoTheportionofpersonalitythatmotivatespeopletoactinanidealfashion,inaccordancewiththemoralcustomsdefinedbyparentsandculture.idealisticprinciple2021/1/1232Superego2021/1/1232AnxietyandDefenseMechanismsWhenweareunsuccessfulinresolvingaconflictthroughnormalconstructiveactions,webecomeanxious.Anxietyisconsideredbothasymptomofconflictandasignaltouseadefensemechanism.Defensemechanismsarepsychologicalmaneuversbywhichwedistortrealityinwaysthatwillhelpusavoidconflictsandreduceanxiety.2021/1/1233AnxietyandDefenseMechanismsDefenseMechanismsRepressionDenialUndoingRegressionProjectionDisplacementReactionformationRationalizationCompensationIntellectualizationSublimation2021/1/1234DefenseMechanismsRepressionRePsychoanalytictherapyTechniquesFreeAssociationsTheAnalysisofDreamsTheAnalysisofresistanceTheAnalysisoftransferenceInterpretation2021/1/1235PsychoanalytictherapyTechniqHumanismTheoryHumanismPsychology.humanisticpsychologyasthethirdforceinpsychologyHumanismisapsychologicalapproachthatemphasisesthestudyofthewholeperson,andtheuniquenessofeachindividual.2021/1/1236HumanismTheoryHumanismPsycHumanismTheoryAbrahamH.Maslow马斯洛(19081970)2021/1/1237HumanismTheoryAbrahamH.MasCarlRanson.Rogers罗杰斯(1902-1987)2021/1/1238CarlRanson.Rogers2021/1/1232021/1/12392021/1/1239Self-actualization自我实现KurtGoldsteinthetendencytoactualizeitselfasfullyaspossibleisthebasicdrive.thedriveofself-actualization.“CarlRogersthecurativeforceinpsychotherapy-manstendencytoactualizehimself,tobecomehispotentialities.toexpressandactivateallthecapacitiesoftheorganism.2021/1/1240Self-actualization自我实现KurtGoHumanismPerspectiveItviewshumannatureisinherentlyandrationalandasnaturallymovingtowardself-actualization.Psychologicaldisordersresultwhenapersonsnaturaltendencytowardself-actualizationisblocked.Removethepsychologicalblocks,andthepersoncanmovetowardself-actualization2021/1/1241HumanismPerspectiveItviewshCognitiveTheoryCognitivepsychologyTheoryTheschoolofpsychologythatexaminesinternalmentalprocessessuchasproblemsolving,memory,andlanguage.2021/1/1242CognitiveTheoryCognitivepsycAaronBeck贝克(1921-)Beckscognitivetherapy2021/1/12432021/1/1243AlbertEllis艾里斯(1913-)rational-emotivetherapy,RET;rational-emotive-behaviortherapy,REBT2021/1/1244AlbertEllis艾里斯2021/1/1244ThecognitiveperspectiveItsuggeststhatfaultythinkingordistortedperceptionscancontributetosometypesofpsychologicaldisorders.Forexample,negativethinkingisintimatelyinvolvedindepressionandanxiety.Treatmentconsistentwiththisperspectiveisaimedatchangingthinkingandperceptions,whichpresumablywillleadtoachangeinbehavior2021/1/1245ThecognitiveperspectivePsychophysiologicaltheoryCannon坎农Pavlov巴甫洛夫Selye塞里Wolff沃尔夫Miller米勒2021/1/1246PsychophysiologicaltheoryCannNewDirectionofPsychologyPositivepsychologyCulturalandcross-culturalpsychologyEvolutionarypsychology2021/1/1247NewDirectionofPsychologyPosPsychosexualStages1.oralstage(0-1):mouth,feeding,fixation2.analstage(2-3):anus,toilettraining,fixation3.phallicstage(4-5):genitals,Oedipuscomplex4.latencystage(6topuberty):none5.genitalstage(pubertyon):genitalsLibidoDreamanalysisDreamwork2021/1/1248PsychosexualStages2021/1/124Theend2021/1/1249Theend2021/1/1249谢谢观赏谢谢观赏谢谢观赏谢谢观赏50