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By昆明理工大学外文院昆明理工大学外文院1Unit13Marriage1ContentPre-readingactivitiesTextcomprehensionFurtherenhancement2ContentPre-readingactivitiesWhatismarriage？Marriageisasocialunionorlegalcontractbetweenindividualsthatcreateskinship.Peoplegetmarriedforsuchreasonsaslegal,social,emotionalandeconomical;forpublicdeclarationoflove;orforthelawfulfoundationofafamily.3Whatismarriage？MTheitemsyoushouldknowinthemarriageA.ThinkseriouslybeforemarriageB.KonwthewaystokeepmarriageheathierC.Cherishthebenefitsofmarriage4TheitemsyoushouldknowintThedivorcerateismorethan50%DesireforfreedomAmericantakethemselvesasacenterDivorceinAmerica5ThedivorcerateismorethanBrainstormMoneyIn-lawsCommoninterestsinlife6Brainstorm6MoneyMoneyisasensitiveareaandyourhouseholdfinancesneedtobeproperlystructured.Youandyourspouseshoulddefineyourcorevalues.Trytocometoanunderstandingaboutwhatyoubothcarethemostaboutspendingmoneyon.7MoneyWhatcanhelptokeepaThein-lawsItisnotuncommonforsomemothers-orfathers-inlawtooversteptheirboundariesandinterferewiththeirchildsmarriage.Ifyourin-lawsarecausingdifficultiesinyourmarriage,youandyourspousewillthenneedtosetboundarieswithyourparents.8Thein-laws8ThewaytheyspendtheirtimetogetherOfcourse,youandyourspousehaveindividualneedsandinterests.However,youandyourspouseshouldfocusonthetimeyouspendtogether,insteadoftheactivityitself.9ThewaytheyspendtheirtimeTheauthorspurposeofwriting(attitude)A、Topresentallkindsofopinionsonmarriageandconcludethatmarriageisfullofdifficulties.B、Toarguethatthedifficultiesinmarriagearesomethinglong-standing,existingfromthemomentwhenGodcreatedmanandwoman.C、Totellpeoplewhatistherightattitudetowardsthedifficultiesofmarriage.10TheauthorspurposeofwritinStructuralanalysisThetextfallsintothreeparts:PartI:(Paragraph1):Theauthor,afterquotingRussellonthesubject,putsforwardhisownargumentthatdifficultiesinregardtomarriagehavebeenanoldissueforcenturies.PartII:(Paragraphs27):Theauthoranalyzestherootsofsuchdifficultiesbylistingquotationsfromfamousliteraryworksandfamouspeople.11StructuralanalysisThetextfPartIII:(Paragraphs89):Theauthorassignsthecausesofunhappymarriagestotheexcessiveconsciousnessofdifficultiesinhumanbeings,andencouragespeopletofacethedifficultiesinmarriagebravely.12PartIII:(Paragraphs89):TextcomprehensionPartIPartIIPartIII13TextcomprehensionPartI13Paragraph1QuestionCulturalbackgroundDifficultsentenceImportantwordsandexpress14Paragraph1Question14WhatattitudedidpeopleintheVictorianerahavetowardsmarriage?(Paragraph1)EvenpeopleintheVictorianera,whichwasaperiodrenownedforitsemphasisonsocialdutiesratherthanrights,didnothaveexpectationsforadifficulty-freemarriage.15WhatattitudedidpeopleinthBertrandRussellBertrandArthurWilliamRussell(18721970)wasaBritishphilosopher,logician,essayistandsocialcritic.In1950,hewasawardedtheNobelPrizeinliterature.Contributions:Principles of mathematics Russells paradox(罗素悖论）Principia Mathematica Russells Theory of Definite Descriptions A contribution to metaphysics(形而上学）and Epistemology（认识论）Defense of neutral monism Womens rights Anti-war16BertrandRussellBertrAdamandEveInGenesis,thefirstbookoftheBible,GodmadeAdamfromdustandbreathedthebreathoflifeintohisnostrils.GodthencreatedanimalssothatAdamwouldnotbealone.Heputhiminabeautifulgarden,theGardenofEden.HereAdamlivedinpeacewithalltheanimals.However,GodsawthatAdamwaslonelyinthegarden,soGodtookaribfromAdamwhenhewasasleeponenight.FromAdamsrib,GodmadeEve17AdamandEve17VictorianeraTheVictorianeraofBritishhistory(andthatoftheBritishEmpire)wastheperiodofQueenVictoriasreignfrom20June1837untilherdeath,on22January1901.Itwasalongperiodofpeace,prosperity,refinedsensibilitiesandnationalself-confidenceforBritain.18VictorianeraTheVictorianeraSentence:Theircynicalattitudetomarriagemaybegatheredfromtheenthusiasticreception(theygavetoPunchsadvice(tothoseabouttomarry)“Dont.”)Paraphrase:Fromthewaytheyenthusiasticallyreceivedthe“Dont”advicegiveninthemagazinePunch,wecantellthattheyadoptedaskepticalattitudetomarriage.19Sentence:19Inregardto:concerning/about关于Sbcanthelpdoingsth=sbcanthelpbutdosth:someoneisunabletochangetheirbehaviororfeelings,ortopreventthemselvesfromdoingsomething.某人忍不住做某事Bebesetwith：Ifyouarebesetwithdifficulties,problems,fears,etc.,therearesomanyofthemortheyaredifficultforyoutodealwith.饱受困扰。Undernoillusion：holdingnofalsebelief不抱任何幻想。20Inregardto:concerning/aboutParagraph2Difficultsentences21Paragraph2DifficultsentencesSentence:Thehumorwascrude;butitwenthometothehonestVictorianheart.gohometoonesheart:deeplytouchorgrievesbParaphrase:Althoughthehumormightsoundoffensivelyrude,itwasreadilyacceptedbypeopleintheVictorianera.22Sentence:22Sentence:Itwouldseemahell(mainlypopulatedbytwinsandleech-likemothers-in-law)Paraphrase:marriagewouldseemaplacefullofmiserieswherelifeissameandboringdaybydayandisinterferedbymeanmothers-in-law.23Sentence:23Paragraph5-7Culturalbackgroundandquotations24Paragraph5-7CulturalbackgrouSocratesSocrates(469BC399BC)wasaclassicalGreekphilosophercreditedasoneofthefoundersofWesternphilosophy.contributions:SocraticmethodSocraticparadoxesThefatherofpoliticalphilosophy,ethicsormoralphilosophyImportantandlastingcontributionstothefieldofepistemology25SocratesSo“苏格拉底方法,”自始至终是以师生问答的形式进行的，所以又叫“问答法问答法”。苏格拉底在教学生获得某种概念时，不是把这种概念直接告诉学生，而是先向学生提出问题，让学生回答，如果学生回答错了，他也不直接纠正，而是提出另外的问题引导学生思考，从而一步一步得出正确的结论。它为启发式教学奠定了基础。26“苏格拉底方法,”自始至终是以师生问答的形式进行的，所以又叫MichelEyquemdeMontaigneMichelEyquemdeMontaigne(French:milekmdmt;28February153313September1592)wasoneofthemostinfluentialwritersoftheFrenchRenaissance,knownforpopularizingtheessayasaliterarygenre(文学体裁).Contributions:Essais蒙田随笔MontaignesInfluenceonPsychologyEducationonchildren（inavarietyofways.astudenthadtotaketheinformationandmakeittheirown.）27MichelEyquemdeMontaigneMichQuotationIthappensasoneseesincages.Thebirdsoutsidedespairofevergettingin;thoseinsideareequallydesirousofgettingout.”婚姻好比鸟笼，外面的鸟想进进不去；里面的鸟儿想出出不来。蒙田28QuotationIthappensasonese钱锺书的围城婚姻是一座围城，城外的人想进去，城里的人想出来。29钱锺书的围城29FrancisBaconFrancisBacon(22January15619April1626),wasanEnglishphilosopher,statesman,scientist,jurist,orator,essayist,andauthor.HeservedbothasAttorneyGeneralandLordChancellorofEngland.Contributions:学术的进展，1605年新工具论，1620年培根人生论培根随笔30FrancisBaconFrancisBacon(2QuotationHewasreputedoneofthewisemen(thatmadeanswertothequestionwhenamanshouldmarry:Ayoungmannotyet;aneldermannotatall.”他同时借用了另一位先哲的言论来回答一个人应该什么时候结婚：年轻人不必急于结婚,年老人则根本不该结婚。31QuotationHewasreputedoneoSirRichardFrancisBurtonSirRichardFrancisBurton(19March182120October1890)wasanEnglishgeographer,explorer,translator,writer，soldier,spy,linguist,poet.HewasknownforhistravelsandexplorationswithinAsia,AfricaandtheAmericas.Accordingtoonecount,hespoke29European,AsianandAfricanlanguages.Contributions:Personal Narrative of a Pilgrimage to Al Madinah and MeccahThe Book of the Thousand Nights and a Night32SirRichardFrancisBurtonSirQuotation“Onewasnevermarried,andthatshishell;anotheris,andthatshisplague.”一个人从未结婚,这是他的痛苦;另一个结了婚,这是他的灾难。33Quotation“OnewasnevermarriSamuelPepysSamuelPepys(February163326May1703)wasanEnglishnavaladministratorandMemberofParliamentwhoisnowmostfamousforhisdiary。HewastheChiefSecretarytotheAdmiraltyunderbothKingCharlesIIandsubsequentlyKingJamesII.Contribution：佩皮斯日记(theGreatPlagueofLondon,theGreatFireofLondon）34SamuelPepysSamuelPepys(FebrQuotationStrangetosay(whatdelight(wemarriedpeople have)to see these poor folkdecoyedintoourcondition.”我很奇怪当看到普通人被引诱着结婚而进入我现在的状况时，是什么使我们结过婚的人能高兴起来。35QuotationStrangetosay(wJeremyTaylorJeremyTaylor(16131667)wasaclericintheChurchofEngland.HeissometimesknownastheShakespeareofDivinesforhispoeticstyleofexpression.HeisrememberedintheChurchofEnglandscalendarofsaintswithaLesserFestivalon13August.Contributions:The Rule and Exercise of Holy Living活得圣洁 The Rule and Exercise of Holy Dying死得崇高36JeremyTaylorJeremyTaylor(16Quotation“Marriage,”hedeclared,“hathinitlessofbeautyandmoreofsafetythanthesinglelifeithathmorecarebutlessdanger;itismoremerryandmoresad;itisfullerofsorrowsandfullerofjoys.”与单身生活相比,婚姻里，美变少了，安全感增多了。互相的关心增多了，危险变少了。快乐和悲伤一样变多了，并且充满了悲痛和欢乐。37Quotation“Marriage,”hedeclaSirRichardSteeleSirRichardSteele(12March16721September1729)wasanIrishwriterandpolitician,rememberedasco-founderofthemagazineThe Spectator旁观者旁观者.Contributions：The Christian Hero The Funeral.The Tatler闲谈者38SirRichardSteeleSirRichaQuotationThemarriagestate,(withandwithoutthe affection suitable to it),is thecompletestimageofHeavenandHell(wearecapableofreceivinginthislife).”Paraphrase：Themarriagestate,whetherthereisloveinvolvedornot,isacombinationofthehappinessandmiserywemayencounterinlife.39QuotationThemarriageJean-JacquesRousseauJean-JacquesRousseau(28June17122July1778)wasaGenevanphilosopher,writer,andcomposerofthe18thcentury.HispoliticalphilosophyinfluencedtheFrenchRevolutionaswellastheoveralldevelopmentofmodernpolitical,sociological,andeducationalthought.Contributions：On the Social Contract社会契约论 mile爱弥儿Confessions忏悔录、Discourse on the Origin of Inequality论不平等的起源40Jean-JacquesRousseauJean-JacqQuotationIhaveoftenthought,”hewrote,“thatifonlyonecouldprolongthejoyofloveinmarriage/weshouldhaveparadiseonearth.Thatisathing(whichhasneverbeen)hitherto.”“我经常想如果有人可以把在婚姻里的爱的欢乐延长，那么我们在地球上就能享受天堂的快乐。但是这件事迄今为止都没有实现”41QuotationIhaveoftenthoughtSamuelJohnsonSamuelJohnson(18September170913December1784),wasanEnglishwriter.JohnsonwasadevoutAnglicanandcommittedTory(保守党员）保守党员）,andhasbeendescribedasarguablythemostdistinguishedmanoflettersinEnglishhistory.Heisthesubjectofthemostfamoussingleworkofbiographicalartinthewholeofliterature:Contributions:TheVanityofHumanWishes人类欲望的虚幻A Dictionary of the English Language英语大辞典A Journey to the Western Islands of Scotland苏格兰西部诸岛纪游 Lives of the Poets诗人传Preface to the Plays of William Shakespeare42SamuelJohnsonSamuelJohnson(“Sir,”he declared,“it is so far from beingnaturalforamanandwomantoliveinastate of marriage that we find all themotives(whichtheyhaveforremaininginthatconnexion)andtherestraints(whichcivilisedsocietyimposestopreventseparation)are hardly sufficient to keepthemtogether.”“对于男女来说，结婚一点都不合适，而且我们发现，所有用来维系婚姻的动机和文明社会用来避免离婚的制约都不能使他们在一起”43“Sir,”hedeclared,“itissoHowdidthenovelistsandplaywrightsdescribemarriageintheirworks?(Paragraphs8)Theconventionalnovelistsofthenineteenthcenturyseldomdescribedmarriageafterthewedding.Evenwhenmarriedpeopledidappearinplaysandnovelslateron,theyusuallyseemedmoreandmoremiserable.44HowdidthenovelistsandplayWhatattitudesdosocialreformersandthinkersandaesthetesholdtowardsmarriage?Why?(Paragraphs8)Socialreformerstendtotakeanoptimisticviewtowardsmarriage,whilethinkersandaesthetesareonthepessimisticside,thinkingofmarriageasfullofmiseries.Socialreformersusuallyencouragepeopletogetmarriedbyconvincingthemofthehappinessofmarriage,sincemarriageandfamilyarethecornerstonesofastablesociety;whilethinkerstendtoanalyzeboththepositiveandnegativesidesofmarriage,andaesthetesstrivefortheperfectionofmarriage,sotheyfocusmoreonitsmiserableside.45Whatattitudesdosocialreforviewsonloveandmarriage46viewsonloveandmarriage46VictorianeraBytheVictorianera,theconceptofpaterfamilias,meaningthehusbandasheadofthehouseholdandmoralleaderofhisfamily,wasfirmlyentrenchedinBritishculture.a.theangleinthehouseVirginiaWoolfsaidkillingtheAngelintheHousewaspartoftheoccupationofawomanwriterb.thehouseholdgeneral47VictorianeraBytheViWhilesomewritersandartistsshowedsympathytowardswomenssubjugationtothisdouble-standard,someworksweredidacticandreinforcedtheculturalnorm.IntheVictorianErasexwassomethingthatwasnotdiscussedopenlyandhonestly,publicdiscussionofsexualencountersandmattersweremetwithignorance,embarrassmentandfear.Apublicopinionofwomenssexualdesireswasthattheywerenotverytroubledbysexualurges.Evenifwomensdesireswerelurking,sexualexperiencescamewithconsequencesforwomenandfamilies.48WhilesomewritersandartistsLimitingfamilysizesresultedinresistingsexualdesires,exceptwhenahusbandhaddesireswhichasawifewomenwerecontractedtofulfill.ManypeoplewithintheVictorianErawere“factuallyuninformedandemotionallyfrigidaboutsexualmatters”.Todiscouragepre-maritalsexualrelationstheNewPoorLawarguedthat“womenbearfinancialresponsibilitiesforout-of-wedlockpregnancies”.In1834womenweremadelegallyandfinanciallysupportiveoftheirillegitimatechildren.Sexualrelationsforwomencouldnotjustbeaboutdesireandfeelingslikemenhadtheluxuryof,theconsequencesthatwereassociatedwithsexualinteractionsforwomentookawaythephysicaldesiresthatwomencouldpossess49LimitingfamilysizesresultedWomenwereexpectedtohavesexwithonlyoneman,theirhusband.However,itwasacceptableformentohavemultiplepartnersintheirlife.;husbandsparticipatedinlengthyaffairswithotherwomenwhilewomenstayedwiththeirhusbandsonthegroundsthatdivorcewasnotanoption.Ifwomendidhavesexualcontactwithanotherman,theywereseenasruinedorfallen.Victorianliteratureandartwasfullofexamplesofwomenpayingdearlyforstrayingfrommoralexpectations.AdulteressesmettragicendsinnovelssuchasAnnaKareninabyTolstoy,MadameBovarybyFlaubert,whileinTessofthedUrbervilles,ThomasHardydepictsaheroinepunishedbyhercommunityforlosinghervirginitybeforemarriage(thenovelisdeliberatelyambiguousastowhethertheencounterwasconsensualorarape).50WomenwereexpectedtohaveseRightsandprivilegesofVictorianwomenwerelimited,andbothsingleandmarriedwomenhadhardshipsanddisadvantagestheyhadtolivewith.Victorianwomenhaddisadvantagesbothfinanciallyandsexually,enduringinequalitieswithintheirmarriagesandsocialstatuses,distinctdifferencesinmenandwomensrightstookplaceduringthisEra.Providingmenwithmorestability,financialstatusandpowerovertheirhomesandwomen.MarriagesforVictorianwomenbecamecontracts,onewhichwasextremelydifficultifnotimpossibletogetoutofduringtheVictorianera.Womensrightsgroupsfoughtforequalityandovertimemadestridestochangerightsandprivileges,however,manyVictorianwomenenduredtheirhusbandscontrol,crueltytargetedagainsttheirwives;includingsexualviolence,verbalabuseandeconomicdeprivation5andweregivennowayout.Whilehusbandsparticipatedinaffairswithotherwomenwivesenduredinfidelityastheyhadnorightstodivorceonthesegroundsandtheirdivorcewasconsideredtobeasocialtaboo51RightsandprivilegesofVictonowadays1.nomarriage2.same-sexmarriage52nowadays1.nomarriage52Same-sexmarriageMarriageequality53Same-sexmarriageMarriageequaSame-sexmarriage(alsoknownasgaymarriage)ismarriagebetweentwopeopleofthesamebiologicalsexand/orgenderidentity.Legalrecognitionofsame-sexmarriageorthepossibilitytoperformasame-sexmarriageissometimesreferredtoasmarriageequalityorequalmarriage,particularlybysupporters.Thelegalizationofsame-sexmarriageischaracterizedasredefiningmarriagebymanyopponents.54Same-sexmarriage(alsoknownThefirstlawsenablingsame-sexmarriageinmoderntimeswereenactedduringthefirstdecadeofthe21stcentury.Asof9May2014,sixteencountries(Argentina,Belgium,Brazil,Canada,Denmark,France,Iceland,Netherlands,NewZealand,Norway,Portugal,Spain,SouthAfrica,Sweden,UnitedKingdom,Uruguay)andseveralsub-nationaljurisdictions(partsofMexicoandtheUnitedStates)allowsame-sexcouplestomarry.55Thefirstlawsenablingsame-sMostsame-sex-marriagestatesallowthejointadoptionofchildrenbysame-sexcouples.Thankstotherule,manyhomosexualcouplescouldfulfilltheirdreamoforganizingacompletefamily.Atthesametime,itcouldhelpmanyorphansfindahappyfamilytoo.56Mostsame-sex-marriagestatesmoviesandtelevisionsabouthomosexual57moviesandtelevisionsabouth5858
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