资源描述
本文档所提供的信息仅供参考之用，不能作为科学依据，请勿模仿；如有不当之处，请联系网站或本人删除。Terminology 1Combining form prefix and suffixmeaningterminologymeaningaden/ogland腺adenitisadenomaadenopathy腺炎腺瘤腺病crin/osecrete分泌endocrinologyhypercrinecrinogenic内分泌学内分泌机能亢进的促分泌的hormon/ohormone激素hormonalhormonogenesishormonology激素的，激素性激素生成内分泌学adren/oadrenal glands肾上腺adrenitisadrenolyticadrenopathy肾上腺炎抗肾上腺素的肾上腺病2024/6/21Terminology1C1本文档所提供的信息仅供参考之用，不能作为科学依据，请勿模仿；如有不当之处，请联系网站或本人删除。Terminology 2Combining form prefix and suffixmeaningterminologymeaningpancreat/opancreas胰腺pancreaticpancreatinpancreatogram胰腺，胰脏的胰酶胰造影摄片gluc/osugar糖glucagonglucogenesisglucolysis胰高血糖素葡萄糖生成糖酵解glyc/osugar糖glycopeniaglycosuriahyperglycemia低糖，糖过少糖尿高血糖症insulin/oinsulin胰岛素insulinaseinsulomahyperinsulinism胰岛素酶胰岛素瘤高胰岛素血症2024/6/21Terminology2Co2本文档所提供的信息仅供参考之用，不能作为科学依据，请勿模仿；如有不当之处，请联系网站或本人删除。Terminology 3Combining form prefix and suffixmeaningterminologymeaningendo-within内endodermendoscopeendoplasm内胚层内镜内质thyroid/othyroid甲状腺thyroiditisthyroidectomyhypothyroidism甲状腺炎甲状腺切除术甲状腺功能减退ovari/oovary卵巢ovariotomyovaritisovariopathy卵巢切开术卵巢炎卵巢病-trophicnutrition,growth,nourishment营养（的）neurotrophicthymotrophicadrenotrophic神经营养性的促胸腺的促肾上腺的2024/6/21Terminology33本文档所提供的信息仅供参考之用，不能作为科学依据，请勿模仿；如有不当之处，请联系网站或本人删除。01BriefIntroduction02Classification03Themajorfactors04Pathogenesis05ClinicalManifestations06Complications07Diagnosis08Antidiastole09TherapycontentsFigure1：Main symptom of diabetes01BriefIntroductioncontents4本文档所提供的信息仅供参考之用，不能作为科学依据，请勿模仿；如有不当之处，请联系网站或本人删除。Diabetesmellitus,orsimplydiabetes,isagroupofmetabolicdiseasesinwhichapersonhashighbloodsugar,eitherbecausethepancreasdoesnotproduceenoughinsulin,orbecausecellsdonotrespondtotheinsulinthatisproduced.Thishighbloodsugarproducestheclassicalsymptomsofpolyuria(frequenturination),polydipsia(increasedthirst),andpolyphagia(increasedhunger).01BriefIntroduction5Diabetesmellitus,orsimplyd本文档所提供的信息仅供参考之用，不能作为科学依据，请勿模仿；如有不当之处，请联系网站或本人删除。02Classification2.1Type1diabetesThepancreasundergoesanautoimmuneattackbythebodyitself,andisrenderedincapableofmakinginsulin.Abnormalantibodieshavebeenfoundinthemajorityofpatientswithtype1diabetes.Antibodiesareproteinsinthebloodthatarepartofthebodysimmunesystem,thepatientwithtype1diabetesmustrelyoninsulinmedicationforsurvival.602Classification2.1Type1d本文档所提供的信息仅供参考之用，不能作为科学依据，请勿模仿；如有不当之处，请联系网站或本人删除。02Classification2.2Type2diabetesItpreviouslyreferredtoasnon-insulindependentdiabetesmellitus,oradultonsetdiabetesmellitus.patientscanstillproduceinsulin,butdosorelativelyinadequatelyfortheirbodysneeds,particularlyinthefaceofinsulinresistanceasdiscussedabove.Inmanycasesthisactuallymeansthepancreasproduceslargerthannormalquantitiesofinsulin.Amajorfeatureoftype2diabetesisalackofsensitivitytoinsulinbythecellsofthebody.02Classification2.2Type2d7本文档所提供的信息仅供参考之用，不能作为科学依据，请勿模仿；如有不当之处，请联系网站或本人删除。02Classification2.3Othertypeofdiabetesgestationaldiabetes,occurswhenpregnantwomenwithoutapreviousdiagnosisofdiabetesdevelopahighbloodglucoselevel.Itmayprecededevelopmentoftype2DM.Otherformsofdiabetesmellitusincludecongenitaldiabetes,whichisduetogeneticdefectsofinsulinsecretion,cysticfibrosis-relateddiabetes,steroiddiabetesinducedbyhighdosesofglucocorticoids,andseveralformsofmonogenicdiabetes.02Classification2.3Othert8本文档所提供的信息仅供参考之用，不能作为科学依据，请勿模仿；如有不当之处，请联系网站或本人删除。meta-变化的变化的metabolismn.新陈代谢metaboliten.代谢物metabolizev.使新陈代谢metabolicadj.变化的，新陈代谢的poly-多的，多个的，聚合的多的，多个的，聚合的polydipsia多饮polyuria多尿polyphagia多食 Word Analysis2024/6/21meta-变化的WordAnalysis2023/8/9本文档所提供的信息仅供参考之用，不能作为科学依据，请勿模仿；如有不当之处，请联系网站或本人删除。uri-尿的，与尿有关的尿的，与尿有关的urinen.尿polyuria多尿uricadj.尿的urinaln.尿壶urinatev.小便urinationn.排尿glucosuria糖尿 Word Analysis2024/6/21uri-尿的，与尿有关的WordAnalysis210本文档所提供的信息仅供参考之用，不能作为科学依据，请勿模仿；如有不当之处，请联系网站或本人删除。Birth weight:FatIrregular menses(menstruation)InflammationObesityand a sedentarylifestyleSmokingMetabolic syndrome 03Themajorfactors2024/6/21Birthweight:03Themajorfact11本文档所提供的信息仅供参考之用，不能作为科学依据，请勿模仿；如有不当之处，请联系网站或本人删除。03Themajorfactors3.1BirthweightThereisarelationshipbetweenbirthweightanddevelopingdiabetes.Thehigherthebirthweightthehighertheriskoftype2diabetes.Attheotherendofthespectrum,averyhighbirthweight(over8.8poundsor4kg)alsoisassociatedwithanincreasedrisk.Additionally,mothersofinfantswhohadahigherbirthweight(over9pounds)areatincreasedriskfordevelopingdiabetes.03Themajorfactors3.1Birth12本文档所提供的信息仅供参考之用，不能作为科学依据，请勿模仿；如有不当之处，请联系网站或本人删除。03Themajorfactors3.2FatThedistributionoffatisimportant.Theclassicpearshapeperson(smallerwaistthanhips)hasalowerriskofdevelopingdiabetesthantheappleshapeperson(largeraroundthewaist).Theexactreasonforthisdifferenceisunknown,butitisthoughttohavesomethingtodowiththemetabolicactivityofthefattissueindifferentareasofthebody.03Themajorfactors3.2Fat13本文档所提供的信息仅供参考之用，不能作为科学依据，请勿模仿；如有不当之处，请联系网站或本人删除。03Themajorfactors3.3Irregularmenses(menstruation)Thereisanassociationbetweenthelengtheningofthemenstrualcycleandtheriskfordevelopingdiabetes,particularlyinobesewomen.thosewhohadacyclelengthofgreaterthan40daysweretwiceaslikelytodevelopdiabetesthanthosewhocycledevery26to31days.Theassociationisthoughttobelinkedwithpolycysticovariansyndrome(PCOS)whichisalsoknowntobeassociatedwithinsulinresistance.Insulinresistancemaybeaprecursorfortype2diabetes.03Themajorfactors3.3Irre14本文档所提供的信息仅供参考之用，不能作为科学依据，请勿模仿；如有不当之处，请联系网站或本人删除。03Themajorfactors3.4inflammationInrecentyearswehavebeguntounderstandtheimportanceofinflammationandheartdisease.Wenowknowthatinflammationmayplayanimportantroleinthedevelopmentofdiabetesaswell.AninflammationmarkerknownasC-reactiveproteinhasbeenshowntobeincreasedinwomenatriskfordevelopingthemetabolicsyndrome,andinbothmenandwomenatriskfordevelopingtype2diabetes.03Themajorfactors3.4infl15本文档所提供的信息仅供参考之用，不能作为科学依据，请勿模仿；如有不当之处，请联系网站或本人删除。03Themajorfactors3.5ObesityandasedentarylifestyleObesityandasedentarylifestylearethebiggestriskfactorsthatarecontrollable.Thisisinpartduetothefactthatobesityincreasesthebodysresistancetoinsulin.Studieshaveshownthatreversalofobesitythroughweightreductionimprovesinsulinsensitivityandregulationofbloodsugar.03Themajorfactors3.5Obes16本文档所提供的信息仅供参考之用，不能作为科学依据，请勿模仿；如有不当之处，请联系网站或本人删除。03Themajorfactors3.6smokingSmokingisharmfulinmanywaysincludingincreasingtheriskofcancerandheartdisease.Italsoincreasestheriskofdevelopingtype2diabetes.03Themajorfactors3.6smoki17本文档所提供的信息仅供参考之用，不能作为科学依据，请勿模仿；如有不当之处，请联系网站或本人删除。men/o与月经有关的与月经有关的menstruationn.月经menstrualadj.月经的dysmenorrhean.menstrualpainamenorrhea/Menopausen.nomenstruationmetr/o子宫子宫metrorrhagian.uterinebleedingmetrostaxisn.Smalluterinebleeding Word Analysis2024/6/21men/o与月经有关的WordAnalysis218本文档所提供的信息仅供参考之用，不能作为科学依据，请勿模仿；如有不当之处，请联系网站或本人删除。metabolic代谢的代谢的metabolicsyndrome代谢综合征lipidmetabolism脂代谢glucosemetabolism糖代谢metabolicacidosis代谢性酸中毒basalmetabolicrate基础代谢率precursor:prodromalsymptomsofdiseaseC-reactiveprotein：Itisasharplyrisedprotein，whentissuesinjuryandinfect.Word Analysis2024/6/21metabolic代谢的WordAnalysis2019本文档所提供的信息仅供参考之用，不能作为科学依据，请勿模仿；如有不当之处，请联系网站或本人删除。04Pathogenesis4.1ThePathogenesisofType1Isrelatedtogeneticfactors,environmentalfactorsandautoimmunity1）geneticpredisposition2）startautoimmuneresponse3）immumologicalabnormalities4）progressivelossofisletBcellfunction5)clinicaldiabetes6）isletBcellsdestroyed,diabetesclinicalmanifestations04Pathogenesis4.1ThePathog20本文档所提供的信息仅供参考之用，不能作为科学依据，请勿模仿；如有不当之处，请联系网站或本人删除。04Pathogenesis4.2ThePathogenesisofType2Itsoccurrenceanddevelopmentcanbedividedintofourstages1）Geneticsusceptibility2）Hyperinsulinism,and/orinsulinresistance3）Glucotoxicity(糖尿病毒性),lipotoxicity(脂毒性)4）Clinicaldiabetes04Pathogenesis4.2ThePathog21本文档所提供的信息仅供参考之用，不能作为科学依据，请勿模仿；如有不当之处，请联系网站或本人删除。immune免疫免疫autoimmunity自身免疫immumological免疫学的hyper-高高Hyperinsulinism高胰岛素症Hyperglycemia高血糖toxic毒的，中毒的，有毒的毒的，中毒的，有毒的Glucotoxicity糖尿病毒性lipotoxicity脂毒性 Word Analysis2024/6/21immune免疫WordAnalysis2023/822本文档所提供的信息仅供参考之用，不能作为科学依据，请勿模仿；如有不当之处，请联系网站或本人删除。05Clinical Manifestations5.1Type1DiabetesMellitusPolyuriaPolydipsiaPolyphagiaWeightloss05ClinicalManifestations5.23本文档所提供的信息仅供参考之用，不能作为科学依据，请勿模仿；如有不当之处，请联系网站或本人删除。05Clinical Manifestations5.2Type2DiabetesMellitusNon-specificsymptomsFatigueRecurrentinfectionsProlongedwoundhealingVisualchanges05ClinicalManifestations5.24本文档所提供的信息仅供参考之用，不能作为科学依据，请勿模仿；如有不当之处，请联系网站或本人删除。proteolysis蛋白质水解蛋白质水解lipolysis脂类分解脂类分解arthrolysis关节松解术关节松解术-lysis松解术，分解，溶解prote-蛋白质lipo-脂肪的arthro-关节 Word Analysis2024/6/21proteolysis蛋白质水解WordAnal25本文档所提供的信息仅供参考之用，不能作为科学依据，请勿模仿；如有不当之处，请联系网站或本人删除。06Complications6.1DiabeticKetoacidosis(DKA)Itisthemostcommonacutecomplicationofdiabetesmellitus.TheearlymanifestationsofDKAisthatthesymptomsbeingmoreserve,suchaspolydipsia、polyuria、polyphagiaandsoon.TheDKAischaracterizedbydifferentdegreesofdisturbanceconsciousnessintheadvancedstage.06Complications6.1Diabetic26本文档所提供的信息仅供参考之用，不能作为科学依据，请勿模仿；如有不当之处，请联系网站或本人删除。06Complications6.2Hyperglycemichyperosmolarstatus(HHS)Mainclinicalfeatures:hyperglycemiacrisis(高血糖危象),higherplasmaosmoticpressure(高血浆渗透压),dehydration(脱水).Minorclinicalmanifestation:varyingdegreesofdisturbanceconsciousnessorcoma,unconspicuousDKA.06Complications6.2Hyperglyc27本文档所提供的信息仅供参考之用，不能作为科学依据，请勿模仿；如有不当之处，请联系网站或本人删除。06Complications6.3InfectiouscomplicationsPyogenicinflammation:furuncle,carbuncle,pustule,etc.Fungalinfection:tineapedis,tineacorporis,etc.PulmonarytuberculosisFigure2：Infectious complications 06Complications6.3Infectiou28本文档所提供的信息仅供参考之用，不能作为科学依据，请勿模仿；如有不当之处，请联系网站或本人删除。06Complications6.4Macroangiopathy:Themainhistopathologicalchangeisatherosclerosis(AS).Itismostliketoaccompanywithaorta,coronaryartery,cerebralartery,renalartery,peripheralartery,etc.TheASleadstoischemicchangesofheart,brain,kidneysandlimbs.06Complications6.4Macroangi29本文档所提供的信息仅供参考之用，不能作为科学依据，请勿模仿；如有不当之处，请联系网站或本人删除。06Complications6.5MicroangiopathyItisthespecificcomplicationsofDM.Itstypicalhistopathologicalchangesaremicrocirculationdisturbancesandthethicknessofbasalmembraneofvessel.Themicroangiopathymostliketoaffectsretina,nerves，nephridium,andmyocardium06Complications6.5Microangi30本文档所提供的信息仅供参考之用，不能作为科学依据，请勿模仿；如有不当之处，请联系网站或本人删除。06Complications6.6Neurologicalcomplications:1)central nervous system complication(CNSC):alteredmentalstatus,ischemicstroke,seniledementia.2)peripheralneuropathy:paresthesia,decreasedofmuscle,areflexia3)autonomicneuropathy:gastroparesis,diarrhea,astriction,abnormalsweating.06Complications6.6Neurologi31本文档所提供的信息仅供参考之用，不能作为科学依据，请勿模仿；如有不当之处，请联系网站或本人删除。06Complications6.7DiabeticfootRelatedtodistallowerneurologicaldisorderanddifferentlevelsperipheralvasculardisease.Symptomsoflight:footabnormal,skincold,high-riskfootSeveresymptoms:footulcer,necrosisDiabeticfootisthemainreasonofdisabilityandamputation06Complications6.7Diabetic32本文档所提供的信息仅供参考之用，不能作为科学依据，请勿模仿；如有不当之处，请联系网站或本人删除。06Complications6.8Otherdiseaseseyecomplications：suchasretinalmaculardisease,cataracts,glaucoma,Iridocyclitisskinlesions:likeSkininfections,skinitch,chappedskin,rash.Figure4：skin lesions Figure3：eye complications06Complications6.8Otherdis33本文档所提供的信息仅供参考之用，不能作为科学依据，请勿模仿；如有不当之处，请联系网站或本人删除。Macroangiopathy大血管病变大血管病变macro-largemicro-smallangi-arteries动脉血管-pathythesuffixof“diseases”Athersclerosis动脉粥样硬化动脉粥样硬化ather/oplaqueoffattysubstance动脉粥样-sclerosishardening硬化 Word Analysis2024/6/21Macroangiopathy大血管病变WordAn34本文档所提供的信息仅供参考之用，不能作为科学依据，请勿模仿；如有不当之处，请联系网站或本人删除。Peripheralangiopathy周围血管病周围血管病Peri-surrounding周angi-meansvessel-pathymeansdiseaseNeurological神经病学的神经病学的Neur-meansnerve-ologicaldiscipline学科的Dementia痴呆痴呆De脱，去，减，除，离-mentiaspirit Word Analysis2024/6/21Peripheralangiopathy周围血管病W35本文档所提供的信息仅供参考之用，不能作为科学依据，请勿模仿；如有不当之处，请联系网站或本人删除。07diagnosis1)Fastingbloodglucosegreaterthanorequalto7mmol/L.2)Twohourspostprandialbloodglucosegreaterthanorequalto11.1mmol/L3)Thesymptomsofdiabetesandanytimeplasmaticglucosegreaterthanorequalto11.1mmol/L07diagnosisFastingbloodglu36本文档所提供的信息仅供参考之用，不能作为科学依据，请勿模仿；如有不当之处，请联系网站或本人删除。07diagnosis7.1Type1diabetesmellitus1.Theageofonsetisyoung,theage30yearsold.2.Thesymptomscomeonabruptly3.ThesymptomsofPolydipsia,PolyphagiaandPolyuriaareobvious.4.Thebloodglucoselevelishigh,andmanypatientswithketosisacidtoxicasthefirstsymptom.LowserumlevelofinsulinandThelowlevelofCpeptide07diagnosis7.1Type1diabet37本文档所提供的信息仅供参考之用，不能作为科学依据，请勿模仿；如有不当之处，请联系网站或本人删除。07diagnosis7.2Type2diabetesmellitus1.Thecommonintheelderly,highincidenceofobesity,oftenaccompaniedbyhypertension,dyslipidemia,atherosclerosisandotherdiseases.2.Insidiousonset,hasnoearlysymptoms,oronlymildfatigue,thirst,hyperglycemiaisnotobvious.3.Glucosetolerancetesttoconfirmthediagnosis4.Seruminsulinlevelinearlynormalorincreased,Theadvancedislow07diagnosis7.2Type2diabet38本文档所提供的信息仅供参考之用，不能作为科学依据，请勿模仿；如有不当之处，请联系网站或本人删除。Plasmatic血浆的血浆的plasm-血浆-atic性质的Dyslipidemia血脂异常血脂异常dys-不良的，困难lip-脂肪的-emia血症Gluc(o)葡萄糖葡萄糖glucagon胰高血糖素glucokinase葡萄糖激酶glucocorticoids糖皮质激素enteroglucagon肠高血糖素 Word Analysis2024/6/21Plasmatic血浆的WordAnalysis2039本文档所提供的信息仅供参考之用，不能作为科学依据，请勿模仿；如有不当之处，请联系网站或本人删除。08Antidiastole8.1Liverdiseases:Livercirrhosispatientsoftenhaveabnormalglucosemetabolism,thefastingbloodglucoseofthetypicalpatientisnormalorlow,postprandialbloodglucoseriserapidly.Thedurationoftheelderly,thefastingplasmaglucosecanalsobeelevated.08Antidiastole8.1Liverdise40本文档所提供的信息仅供参考之用，不能作为科学依据，请勿模仿；如有不当之处，请联系网站或本人删除。Diabets health educationMedical nutrition therapyCondition monitoringDrugs therapy09Therapy2024/6/2109Therapy2023/8/1041本文档所提供的信息仅供参考之用，不能作为科学依据，请勿模仿；如有不当之处，请联系网站或本人删除。09Therapy9.1MedicalnutritiontherapyCalculatethetotalquantityofheat;Nutrientcontent;Reasonabledistribution;Follow-up09Therapy9.1Medicalnutriti42本文档所提供的信息仅供参考之用，不能作为科学依据，请勿模仿；如有不当之处，请联系网站或本人删除。09Therapy9.2conditionmonitoringRegularchecksbloodsugartoadjustthetreatmentplanProperexerciseregularlyEveryyearortwocomprehensivereview,complications,earlydetectionandtreatment09Therapy9.2conditionmonito43本文档所提供的信息仅供参考之用，不能作为科学依据，请勿模仿；如有不当之处，请联系网站或本人删除。09Therapy9.3DiabetshealtheducationMedicaistaffadheretofollowup,accordingtotheneedtoadjustthetreatmentplan;Lifeshouldberegular,quitsmokinganddring;Topreventinfection.09Therapy9.3Diabetshealth44本文档所提供的信息仅供参考之用，不能作为科学依据，请勿模仿；如有不当之处，请联系网站或本人删除。09Therapy9.4Drugstherapy:Alphaglucosidaseinhibitor（AGI）AGIdefersabsorptionofcarbohydrationbymeansofinhibiting-glucosidasesactivity,therebydebasingpostprandialhyperglycemia.Indication:AGIisusefulinpatientshavingcarbohydrationdietdailyandthosewhosebloodsugararenormalorslightlyhigheronemptystomachbutrisingsignificantlyaftermeal.Contraindication:pregnantandlactantwomen,childrenandpatientswithgastrointestinaldysfunction.Representativedrugs:acarbose,voglibose,miglitol09Therapy9.4Drugstherapy:A45本文档所提供的信息仅供参考之用，不能作为科学依据，请勿模仿；如有不当之处，请联系网站或本人删除。09Therapy9.4Drugstherapy：Insulintherapyl Insulin is an important and effective medicine of controlling hyperglycemia.lInsulin promotes the oxidation,composition and storage of glucose to reduce the blood sugar,and helps fat and protein synthetising and inhibits their decomposing as well.Indication:(1)T1DM;(2)Apply to the acute and chronic complication of diabetes (3)surgery,pregnant and accouchment;(4)some special type of diabetes etc.09Therapy9.4Drugstherapy：In46本文档所提供的信息仅供参考之用，不能作为科学依据，请勿模仿；如有不当之处，请联系网站或本人删除。Gluco-glucosidase葡萄糖苷酶Post-postprandial 餐后的Carbo-carbohydration碳水化合物Contra-contraindication禁忌症indication适应症Gastro-gastrointestinal胃肠道的Dys-dysfunction功能紊乱De-decompose分解 Word Analysis2024/6/21Gluco-glucosidase葡萄糖苷酶W47
展开阅读全文