西方思想经典课件

Renaissance1ARenaissance1AvThe word Renaissance means“rebirth”.The idea of rebirth originated in the belief that Europeans had rediscovered the superiority of Greek and Roman culture after many centuries of what they considered intellectual and cultural decline.vThe Renaissance was a cultural movement that spanned the period roughly from the 14th to the 17th century,beginning in Italy in the Late Middle Ages and later spreading to the rest of Europe.vHistorians often argue this intellectual transformation was a bridge between the Middle Ages and the Modern era.vAs a cultural movement,it encompassed innovative flowering of Latin and vernacular literatures,beginning with the 14th-century resurgence of learning based on classical sources.Humanist subjects consisted of the main body of education,the praise of human,human nature,and human life turned into the key note of literature.vIn politics,feudalism is replaced by centralized power,nations of modern concept was formed.vIn economic field,this period witnessed the gradual establishment of capitalism,and the fast development of business and industry.2AThe word Renaissance means“revIn religious area,the unification of the Catholic church was broken:the absolute power of religion no longer exists;priests lost control over peoples mind;and even in countries of Catholicism believers,secular power overweighed the church.vIn the domain of ideology,theology gave way to science,scholasticism was challenged by humanism.vIn social sphere,the newly-emerging townspeople and bourgeois became rising class,which led to elevation of peoples social status through individual struggle and success.vIt is perhaps best known for its artistic developments.vThough availability of paper and the invention of metal movable type sped the dissemination of ideas from the later 15th century,the changes of the Renaissance were not uniformly experienced across Europe.3A3AContentsvRenaissance IdeasvBirth PlacevHumanists and Artists in Italian RenaissancevRenaissance in Other European CountriesvGeographic Discovery4AContentsRenaissance Ideas4ARenaissance IdeasvHumanismvIndividualismvSecularism5ARenaissance IdeasHumanism5AHumanismvHumanism is a group of rational thoughts which focuses on human and human nature,including the value,dignity and talents of human beings,individually and collectively,and generally prefers individual thought and evidence(rationalism,empiricism),over established doctrine or faith.vThe purpose of humanism is to liberate human beings from the bondage of religion through the advocation of equality among human,the affirmation of this life,and the assertion of peoples right to persure property and happiness.vUnder the influence of humanism,scholastic education gave way to classics:rhetoric,grammar,poetry,history,Latin,Greek.6AHumanismHumanism is a group ofIndividualismvIt is the basic idea and important component of humanism,it is replacement of God standard by human standard.vDuring the Renaissance,as a political and social philosophy,it stresseed not selfishness but individual freedom and will,personnality and uniqueness,which actually establish a set of moral ideas accomdating to captilism.vFocus on individual thought:Renaissance humanists believed that people should be themselves and not the same as everybody else.This not only shows how humanists wanted people to follow their dreams,but also strengthens peoples inner confidence and enterprising spirit.vIt also paves the way for individual equality.vThough individualism in the Renaissance put emphasis on individual,it doesnt mean discard of social obligation and others interest.Instead,it calls for individuals service and contribution to society,thus living a positive and honest life.7AIndividualismIt is the basic iSecularismvThe second key character of humanism is close correlation with realitic life and the proposal of secularism.vSecularism or Secular Humanism is a way of life and thought that is pursued without reference to God or religion.v“Secular”came to mean“belonging to this age,worldly.”In general terms,secularism involves an affirmation of this-worldly realities,along with a denial or exclusion of transcendent,other-worldly realities.vIt is a world view and life style oriented to the profane rather than the sacred,the natural rather than the supernatural.Secularism is a nonreligious approach to individual and social life.vIt lays stress on abundance and goodliness of real life.vIt lead people to reevaluate the value of possession.vAffected by this idea,the Renaissance culture is more secular-oriented than that in middle ages.8ASecularismThe second key charaBirth Place of RenaissancevSociety and cities changed in the 1300s.Specialization in agriculture increased,resulting in more trade.Urban areas became centers of commerce,particularly in Italy.vItaly did not exist as a political entity in the early modern period.Instead,it was divided into smaller city states and territories:the Kingdom of Naples controlled the south,the Republic of Florence and the Papal States at the center,the Milanese and the Genoese to the north and west respectively,and the Venetians to the east,and these city republics were devoted to notions of liberty.vItaly appeared to have exited from Feudalism and its society was based on merchants and commerce.The relative political freedom they afforded was conducive to academic and artistic advancement.vLikewise,the position of Italian cities made them intellectual crossroads.9ABirth Place of RenaissanceSocivVenice was Europes gateway to trade with the East,while Florence was a capital of textiles.Milan,west of Venice,is one of the richest cities,it controls trade through the Alps.vDuring the Renaissance,money and art went hand in hand.The wealth such business brought to Italy meant large public and private artistic projects could be commissioned and individuals had more leisure time for study.vBesides,presence of antiquity was stronger in Italy than elsewhere in Europe.10AVenice was Europes gateway toHumanists and Artists in Italian RenaissancevHumanistsvArtists11AHumanists and Artists in ItaliHumanistsvLeonardo Bruni(1370-1444)vLorenzo Valla(1407-1457)vGiovanni Pico Della Mirandola(1463-1494)vNiccolo Machiavelli(1469-1527)12AHumanistsLeonardo Bruni(1370-Leonardo Bruni(1370-1444)vBrunis most notable work is History of the Florentine People,in which he glorified the republican system of Florence and its cultural achievement,attributed the prosperity of Florence to businessmen,politicians and cultural artists rather than churches and theologians.vBy doing this,he broke the Medieval tradition of treating history as Gods will,thus this book has been called the first modern history book.vBruni was the first historian to write using the three-period view of history:Antiquity,Middle Ages,and Modern,which laid the conceptual groundwork for a tripartite division of history.vWhile it probably was not Brunis intention to secularize history,the three period view of history is unquestionably secular and for that Bruni has been called the first modern historian.13ALeonardo Bruni(1370-1444)BrunLorenzo Valla(1407-1457)vLorenzo Valla was an Italian humanist,rhetorician,educator,and most important linguist.vHe is best known for his textual analysis that proved the Donation of Constantine was a forgery.vThe Donation of Constantine is an eighth-century forgery which supported the papacys claim to supreme political authority in western Europe.14ALorenzo Valla(1407-1457)LorenGiovanni Pico Della Mirandola(1463-1494)vGiovanni Pico della Mirandola was an Italian Renaissance philosopher.vHe is famed for writing the famous Oration on the Dignity of Man,which has been called the“Manifesto of the Renaissance”,and a key text of Renaissance humanism.vPico believed that man is Gods masterpiece,a unique being,and that man had the free choice to shape his destiny.vThe greatest dignity of humanity is the boundless power of self-transformation.15AGiovanni Pico Della Mirandola Niccolo Machiavelli(1469-1527)vNiccol di Bernardo dei Machiavelli was an Italian historian,politician,diplomat,philosopher,humanist and writer.vHe was regarded as a founder of modern political science,and more specifically political ethics for his masterpiece,The Prince.vHis political theory is based on his dim view of human nature.Under his theory that“the end justifies the means”,ruler must do whatever necessary,even if cruel,to maintain political power without worrying about conscience.vHe also advises rulers to separate morals from politics.vHis ideas became foundation for later political philosophy.16ANiccolo Machiavelli(1469-1527Renaissance Art vThe art is a reflection of the new humanist spirit.vMedieval art and literature focused on the Church and salvation.vRenaissance art and literature focused on individuals and worldly matters,along with Christianity.17ARenaissance Art The art is a rRenaissance Artists vRenaissance Artists embraced some of the ideals of Greece and Rome in their art.vThey wanted their subjects to be realistic and focused on humanity and emotion.vNew Techniques also emerged:vFrescos:Painting done on wet plaster became popular because it gave depth to the paintings.vSculpture emphasized realism and the human form.vArchitecture reached new heights of design.18ARenaissance Artists RenaissancLeonardo Da Vinci(1452-1519)vTrue Renaissance ManvHis paintings are still studied and admiredvWrote out ideas,filling 20,000 pages of notesvHis interests,enthusiasm boundlessvHighly talented in all fields vScientist,inventor,engineer and naturalistvDissected Corpses19ALeonardo Da Vinci(1452-1519)TMona Lisa20AMona Lisa20AThe Last Supper21AThe Last Supper21ANotebooks22ANotebooks22AMichelangelovStudied anatomy vSculpture communicates grief,love,acceptance,immortalityvMarble statue of DavidvMost famous painting,artwork on ceiling of Sistine ChapelvScenes from Old Testament(Genisis)considered one of greatest achievements in art history23AMichelangeloStudied anatomy 23DavidvMichelangelo created his masterpiece David in 1504.24ADavidMichelangelo created his Sistine ChapelvAbout a year after creating David,Pope Julius II summoned Michelangelo to Rome to work on his most famous project,the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel.25ASistine ChapelAbout a year aftRaphael(1483-1520)vMan of great sensitivity and kindnessvDied at the age of 37vMost famous work is The School of Athens in the Vatican PalacevAlso well known for many paintings of the Madonna,mother of Jesus26ARaphael(1483-1520)Man of greatPythagorasPlato and AristotleSocrates27APythagorasPlato and AristotleSRenaissance in Other European CountriesvRenaissance in other European countries mainly refers to Renaissance in northern European nations,such as France,Germany,Spain and Britain.vThe fast development of European society promoted ideological and cultural communications.So Renaissance thoughts were widely spreaded.vGrowing wealth in northern Europe supported Renaissance ideas.vDiffernet from Italian humanists,who turned to Greek-Roman classicism directly,northern Renaissance thinkers merged humanist ideas with Christianity.So the northern Renaissance was marked by strong secular characters.28ARenaissance in Other European Renaissance in FrancevFrequent wars with Italy(1515-1547)brought back a large number of arts and books of Italian Renaissance,which enlarged French peoples horizon and helped dissemination of Renaissance ideas.vIn 1530,the establishment of The French Academy signified the beginning of French Reaissance,after that a group of literaturers and scholars gathered to study Greco-Roman culture.vCalvinism was also an aspect of French Renaissance,but it will be elaborated in the Religious Reformation.vLawJurist:Jean BodinvThe first man who systematically elaborate on national sovereignty,which became the foundation of western politics.29ARenaissance in FranceFrequent LiteraturevNovelist:Francois Rabelais Gargantua and Pantagruel is a popular novel that stands at the beginning of French novels.vPoets:the French Renaissance“Pliade”a group of radical young noble poets Defense and Illustration of the French Language maintained that French was a worthy language for literary expression and advocated the use of French,thus made contribution to unification of France and formation of French poem.vEssayist:Michel Montaigne EssaisHe writes about his disgust with the religious conflicts of his time,reflecting a spirit of skepticism and belief that humans are not able to attain true certainty,which imposed effect on later Descartes.30ALiteratureNovelist:Francois RRenaissance in GermanyvRenaissance in Germany started from the study of ancient linguistics.vHumanists first care concerned with whether the religious doctrines reaching them were credible or not.vSo they put emphasis on research of language and translations.Thus many German humanists were linguists.vThe key figures of German Renaissance were Desiderius Erasmus and artist Albrecht Durer.31ARenaissance in GermanyRenaissavDesiderius ErasmusThe Praise of FollyvAn ironicial work on ignorance of religious church.Greek editions of the New Testament vIn the middle ages,churches and priests explianed The Bible and its predictions randomly,this book provides an authoritative version for later peoples correct research on The Bible.vAlbrecht DurerThe greatest artist of the Northern RenaissancevThe Apocalypse series32ADesiderius Erasmus32ARenaissance in SpainvUnder the influence,Spainish literature entered into its golden period,with great achievements in novel and drama,picaresque novel was created in this period.vLitterateurMiguel de Cervantes SaavedravHis influence on the Spanish language has been so great that the language is often called the language of Cervantes.vHis most important work Don Quixote belongs to picaresque novel.vDramaMost popular cultural activity.33ARenaissance in SpainUnder the Renaissance in BritainvNovel Thomas Morev UtopiavPoetry Edmund Spenserv The Faerie Queenev Qualities of capitalistsvEssay Francis Baconv To express humanism and materialism through essaysvDrama Thomas Kyd vThe Spanish Tragedy Christopher Marlowev The Jew of MaltaBoth were members among“university talents.”William Shakespearev Greatest writer in the English language and the worlds pre-eminent dramatistvAlso called Englands national poet34ARenaissance in BritainNovelDraReasons for Geographic DiscoveryvThe Renaissance coincided with the Age of Exploration in European history.vThe Age of Discovery,along with its contemporary Renaissance movement,can be seen as a bridge between the Middle Ages and the Modern era,triggering the early modern period and the rise of European nation-states.vThere are many reasons for it:v1)Economic motivationv2)The Medieval geographic view and existance of series of myth relating to sea islandsv3)Religionv4)Improvement of voyage and shipbuliding skillsv5)Capitalists enterprising spirit35AReasons for Geographic DiscoveProcessvPortuguese exploration 1487:Discovery of the Cape of Good Hope(Africa)v proving false the view that had existed since Ptolemy that the Indian Ocean was land-locked.1497:Vasco da Gama discovered the route directly from Europe to Indiav encouraged Europeans resolution and confidence,leading to further eastern expansion to South eastern Asia,Japan,and even China;occupied Macao of China in 1553.vSpanish Exploration 1492:Christopher Columbus discovered an area he thought to be the“West Indies”,which turned out to be the United Statesv leading to European colonization of the America36AProcessPortuguese exploration Significancev1)It ended state of closure in Europe.v2)It imposed positive influence on development of natural science by breaking Ptolemaic world view.And led to biological achievement in Europe,even later Darwinism.v3)It introduced many exotic plants and products to Europe,such as corn,potato,tomato,tobacco and chocolate from America,tea from Asia,and so on,which caused transformation on European life style.v4)European economy changed essentially due to geographic discovery,for its trading center transferred from the Mediterranean sea to the Atlantic Ocean.v5)It resulted in unprecedented emigration to the American Continent.Thus,European civilization was transplanted and expanded to the New World.37ASignificance1)It ended state v6)Perhaps the negative impact of geographic discovery is the later overseas colonization.The traditional cultures and customs outside Europe were almost destroyed and plundered,such as Indian civilazation in the United States.Also,slave trade came into being along with colonization.15-16th century:Portugual in Africa and India 16th century:Spain in Latin America From 17 century on:Frace,Holand,and Britain in North America,East and West Indian Ocean,and so on.v7)At last,European civilization was not limited within the framework of“Mediterranean-Continent”,but expanded to the whole world.vIn a word,western civilization became the greatest winner and beneficiary of geographic discovery.38A6)Perhaps the negative impact