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PlacesofinterestinLondonPlacesofinterestinLondon110DowningStreet10DowningStreet,colloquiallyknownintheUnitedKingdomasNumber10,istheheadquartersofHerMajestysGovernmentandtheofficialresidenceandofficeoftheFirstLordoftheTreasury,anofficenowinvariablyheldbythePrimeMinister.唐宁街（DowningStreet）位于英国首都伦敦的西敏内，在过往200年来，都是重要内阁官员，即英国首相，以及兼任第二财政大臣的财政大臣的官邸。唐宁街内最有名的宅邸，相信非唐宁街10号莫属，它以往是第一财政大臣的官邸，但自从此职与首相合并后，就成为首相官邸。，免受恐怖份子（尤其是爱尔兰共和军）的袭击。在此以前，一般公众是可以自由出入唐宁街，作为一条连接白厅和圣詹姆士公园的捷径。大铁闸至今仍没有拆除，在2003年更进行了加固工程。10DowningStreet10DowningSt2StJamessPalaceStJamessPalace(sometimesincorrectlyspelledStJamesPalace)isoneofLondonsoldestpalaces.ItissituatedinPallMall,justnorthofStJamessPark.Althoughnosovereignhasresidedthereforalmosttwocenturies,ithasremainedtheofficialresidenceoftheSovereignandthemostseniorroyalpalaceintheUK.ForthisreasonitgivesitsnametotheRoyalCourt(theCourtofStJamess).ItistheceremonialgatheringplaceoftheAccessionCouncil,whichproclaimsanewsovereign.圣詹姆斯宫是英国君主的正式王宫，而且是所谓的theSeniorPalaceoftheSovereign，而外国派驻英国的大使和专员呈递国书时，按礼节和传统都是呈递到圣詹姆斯宫的。这所王宫位于伦敦市中心的圣詹姆斯公园旁边，距离白金汉宫不远。与英国其他王宫不同的地方是，圣詹姆斯宫是以红砖建造。它是英国皇室拥有的法定官邸，而且更属于英国本土最高规格的王宫。基于这个原因，它一直被皇室当作重要的宫廷（RoyalCourt）使用。2013年10月，英国当地时间16日宣布，威廉王子与妻子凯特的儿子剑桥乔治王子，将于23日下午在圣詹姆士宫的皇家教堂受洗。受洗仪式将由坎特伯瑞大主教主持，包括女王伊丽莎白二世、查尔斯王子等重要王室成员及凯特的家人出席。StJamessPalaceStJamessP3WestminsterAbbeyWestminsterAbbey,isalarge,mainlyGothic,churchintheCityofWestminster,London,locatedjusttothewestofthePalaceofWestminster.ItisoneofthemostnotablereligiousbuildingsintheUnitedKingdomandisthetraditionalplaceofcoronationandburialsiteforEnglishand,later,Britishmonarchs.威斯敏斯特大教堂(WestminsterAbbey)坐落在英国伦敦议会广场西南侧，正式名称为“圣彼得联合教堂”。威斯敏斯特大教堂整座建筑既金碧辉煌，又静谧肃穆，被认为是英国哥特式建筑的杰作。既是英国国教的礼拜堂，又是历代国王举行加冕典礼、王室成员举行婚礼的大礼堂，还是一个国葬陵墓。从11世纪胜利王威廉开始，除了爱德华五世和爱德华七世外，所有英王都在此加冕登基，当今英女王伊丽莎白二世就是于1953年6月在威斯敏斯特大教堂里举行加冕典礼的。WestminsterAbbeyWestminster4BuckinghamPalaceBuckinghamPalaceistheofficialLondonresidenceandprincipalworkplaceoftheBritishmonarch.LocatedintheCityofWestminster,thepalaceisasettingforstateoccasionsandroyalhospitality.IthasbeenafocusfortheBritishpeopleattimesofnationalrejoicing.白金汉宫位于伦敦威斯敏斯特城内，是英国王室的王宫和居所。1703年由白金汉公爵所建而得名，最早称白金汉屋。1761年转卖给英国王室后，几经修缮，逐渐成为英国王宫。从1837年起，英国历代国王都居住在这里。维多利亚女王是居住在这里的第一位君主。宫内有典礼厅、音乐厅、宴会厅、画廊等六百余间厅室，宫外有占地辽阔的御花园，花团锦簇。女王的重要国事活动都在该地举行。来英进行国事访问的国家元首也在宫内下榻，王宫由身着礼服的皇家卫队守卫。BuckinghamPalaceBuckinghamPa5CulturalnotesCulturalnotes6PrimeministerduringWorldwarIandIIStanleyBaldwin（1908-1923）HewasaBritishConservativepolitician,whodominatedthegovernmentinhiscountrybetweenthetwoworldwars.ThreetimesPrimeMinister,heistheonlyonetoserveunderthreemonarchs(GeorgeV,EdwardVIIIandGeorgeVI).PrimeministerduringWorldwa7PrimeministerduringWorldwarIandIINEVILLECHAMBERLAINHewasaBritishConservativepoliticianwhoservedasPrimeMinisteroftheUnitedKingdomfromMay1937toMay1940.Chamberlainisbestknownforhisappeasement（绥靖政策）foreignpolicy。HoweverwhenAdolfHitlercontinuedhisaggressionbyinvadingPoland,BritaindeclaredwaronGermanyon3September1939,andChamberlainledBritainthroughthefirsteightmonthsofWorldWarII.PrimeministerduringWorldwa8PrimeministerduringWorldwarIandIIWinstonChurchillHewasaBritishpoliticianwhowasthePrimeMinisteroftheUnitedKingdomfrom1940to1945andagainfrom1951to1955.Widelyregardedasoneofthegreatestwartimeleadersofthe20thcentury,ChurchillwasalsoanofficerintheBritishArmy,ahistorian,awriter,andanartist.HeistheonlyBritishPrimeMinistertohavewontheNobelPrizeinLiterature,andwasthefirstpersontobemadeanhonorarycitizenoftheUnitedStates.PrimeministerduringWorldwa9GeorgeIIIoftheUnitedKingdomwasKingofGreatBritainandKingofIrelandfrom25October1760untiltheunionofthesetwocountrieson1January1801,afterwhichhewasKingoftheUnitedKingdomofGreatBritainandIrelanduntilhisdeath.Inthelaterpartofhislife,GeorgeIIIsufferedfromrecurrent,andeventuallypermanent,mentalillness.GeorgeIIIoftheUnitedKingd10Albert,PrinceConsort（阿尔伯特亲王）wasthehusbandofQueenVictoriaoftheUnitedKingdomofGreatBritainandIreland.HewasbornintheSaxonduchyofSaxe-Coburg-SaalfeldtoafamilyconnectedtomanyofEuropesrulingmonarchs.Attheageof20hemarriedhisfirstcousin,QueenVictoria,withwhomhewouldultimatelyhaveninechildren.Atfirst,Albertfeltconstrainedbyhispositionasconsort,whichdidnotconferanypowerordutiesuponhim.Overtimeheadoptedmanypubliccauses,suchaseducationalreformandaworldwideabolitioofslavery,andtookontheresponsibilitiesofrunningtheQueenshousehold,estatesandoffice.HewasheavilyinvolvedwiththeorganisationoftheGreatExhibitionof1851.AlbertaidedinthedevelopmentofBritainsconstitutionalmonarchybypersuadinghiswifetoshowlesspartisanshipinherdealingswithParliament阿尔伯特亲王(1819-1861)PrinceAlbert维多利亚女王的表弟和丈夫，一个统治英国20年而没有名分的国王，他的出现和死亡如流星划过黑暗的夜空一样，改变着英国和欧洲王室的轨迹。Albert,PrinceConsort（阿尔伯特亲王11PandorasboxPandorasboxisanartifactinGreekmythology,takenfromthemythofPandorascreationinHesiodsWorks and Days.The“box”wasactuallyalargejargiventoPandora，whichcontainedalltheevilsoftheworld.TodaythephrasetoopenPandorasboxmeanstoperformanactionthatmayseemsmallorinnocent,butthatturnsouttohaveseverelydetrimentalandfar-reachingconsequences.PandorasboxPandorasboxis12Coronation(加冕礼加冕礼)coronationisaceremonymarkingtheformalinvestiture（授权）ofamonarch（君主）and/ortheirconsortwithregalpower,usuallyinvolvingtheritualplacementofacrownuponhisorherheadandthepresentationofotheritemsofregalia（徽章）.Theceremonymayincludethetakingofspecialvowsbythemonarch,actsofhomagebythenewrulerssubjectsandtheperformanceofotherritualdeedsofspecialsignificancetotheparticularnation.Onceavitalritualamongtheworldsmonarchies,coronationshavechangedovertimeforavarietyofsocio-politicalandreligiousfactors;mostmodernmonarchieshavedispensedwiththemaltogether,preferringsimplerenthronement（即位）,investitureorbenediction（恩赐）ceremonies.CoronationsarestillobservedintheUnitedKingdom,Tonga（汤加）andseveralAsiancountries.Incommonusagetodaycoronationnormallyreferstotheofficialinvestitureorenthronementofthemonarch,whetherornotanactualcrownisbestowed（授予）.Coronation(加冕礼)coronationisa13StEdwardsChairKingEdwardsChair,sometimesknownasorTheCoronationChair,isthethroneonwhichtheBritishmonarchsitsforthecoronation.Itwascommissionedin1296byKingEdwardItocontainthecoronationstoneofScotlandknownastheStoneofSconewhichhehadcapturedfromtheScotswhohadkeptitatSconeAbbey.ThechairwasnamedafterEdwardtheConfessor,andwaskeptinhisshrineofatWestminsterAbbey.StEdwardsChairKingEdwards14圣爱德华宝座亦称加冕椅加冕椅，为英国皇室国王英国皇室国王为加冕用途的宝座，于1296年由爱德华一世爱德华一世委托制造。宝座下方放置着斯昆石，当年由他作为战利品从苏格兰苏格兰带回英格兰。直到1996年11月15日，英国内政部英国内政部将斯昆石交还给苏格兰方面，由其带回爱丁堡城堡。每次举行加冕仪式时，需要将斯昆石运回放在宝座下。圣爱德华宝座上一次举行加冕仪式是在1953年6月2日，现任女王伊丽莎白二世伊丽莎白二世的登基典礼。宝座目前存放在位于伦敦的威斯敏斯特大教堂内。圣爱德华宝座亦称加冕椅，为英国皇室国王为加冕用途的宝座，于115StoneofSconealsoknownastheStoneofDestinyandoftenreferredtoinEnglandasTheCoronationStone(152kg),isanoblongblockofredsandstone,usedforcenturiesinthecoronationofthemonarchsofScotlandandlaterthemonarchsofEngland,GreatBritain,andtheUnitedKingdom.Historically,theartifactwaskeptatthenow-ruinedSconeAbbeyinScone,nearPerth,Scotland.Ateachendofthestoneisanironring,apparentlyintendedtomaketransporteasier.TheStoneofSconewaslastusedin1953forthecoronationofElizabethIIoftheUnitedKingdom.命运之石（StoneofDestiny），也叫斯昆石（StoneofScone），通称“命运石”或“加冕石”，苏格兰历代国王曾站在上面加冕为王。1296年英格兰兼并苏格兰时为爱德华一世夺走，一直存于西敏寺加冕座椅下方。1996年运回苏格兰，但没有复归斯昆修道院，而是摆放在爱丁堡城堡里StoneofSconealsoknownasth16
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