大学英语四级写作专题讲解ppt课件

大学英语四级写作专题大学英语四级写作专题1一、文章的基本结构二、写作实例分析四级作文解析一、文章的基本结构四级作文解析2文章的基本结构概论文章的基本结构写作的三段论模式文章的基本结构概论3一、概论文章是由段落构成，而段落的基本结构是由主题句、支撑句和结尾句所构成，它的具体结构可以用以下的图表加以表示：1/2一、概论文章是由段落构成，而段落的基本结构是由主题句、支撑句4二、文章的基本结构2/2二、文章的基本结构2/25写作的三段论模式大学英语四级写作通常采用三段论模式，即：开头段(introduction)主体段(body paragraph)结尾段(conclusion)写作的三段论模式大学英语四级写作通常采用三段论模式，即：6(一)开头段开头段概论常用的开头段的表达方法开头段的常用核心句型(一)开头段开头段概论7开头段概论对于大学英语四级的写作考题来说，限于篇幅，其开头段一般都不长。然而，这寥寥几句话却占有十分重要的地位，它表达的是整篇文章的主题思想。在议论文中，我们称之为中心论点，它起到驾驭全文的作用。一个意义清晰、明确的开头段，将有助于读者理解全文；一个精彩、新颖的开头段还能激起读者的阅读欲望。开头段概论对于大学英语四级的写作考题来说，限于篇幅，其开头段8常用的开头段的表达方法使用引语（use a quotation）引用具体或粗略的数据（use figures or statistics）提出问题（ask a question）给出具体实例或报道（offer relevant examples or reports）定义法（give definition）主题句法（use of topic sentence）常用的开头段的表达方法使用引语（use a quotatio9常用的开头段的表达方法 使使用用引引语语（use use a a quotationquotation）使使用用一一段段名名人人名名言言，或或人人们们常常用用的的谚谚语语、习习语语，以以 确确 定定 文文 章章 的的 写写 作作 范范 围围 和和 方方 向向。如如：“Great Great minds minds must must be be ready ready not not only only to to take take the the opportunity,opportunity,but but to to make make them.them.”Colton,Colton,a a great great writer writer once once remarked.remarked.But But it it still still has has a a profound profound significance significance now.now.To To a a person,person,in in whose whose lifetime lifetime opportunities opportunities are are not not many,many,to to make make opportunities opportunities is is more more essential essential to to his his success.success.分分析析：开开头头引引用用ColtonColton的的名名言言说说明明“创创造造机机会会”对对于于成功的重要性，点明主题。成功的重要性，点明主题。常用的开头段的表达方法 使用引语（use a quotat10常用的开头段的表达方法 引用具体或粗略的数据引用具体或粗略的数据 （use figures or statisticsuse figures or statistics）当然对于图表题型，该种方法是必须的选择，具体做当然对于图表题型，该种方法是必须的选择，具体做法是给出一些具体或粗略的数据，然后作出概括性分法是给出一些具体或粗略的数据，然后作出概括性分析，点明主题或引出需要论述的问题。析，点明主题或引出需要论述的问题。如：如：As is demonstrated in the table,more and more college As is demonstrated in the table,more and more college graduates are out of a job in our country,which is a serious graduates are out of a job in our country,which is a serious problem to our economic development and social security.problem to our economic development and social security.It is estimated that in 2004,there are 500,000 unemployed It is estimated that in 2004,there are 500,000 unemployed graduates,more than 30%higher than in 2002.graduates,more than 30%higher than in 2002.分析：文章引用分析：文章引用20042004年找不到工作的毕业生达到年找不到工作的毕业生达到5050万万这一数据来说明大学生找工作难这一现象的严重性，这一数据来说明大学生找工作难这一现象的严重性，很有说服力。很有说服力。常用的开头段的表达方法引用具体或粗略的数据（use fi11常用的开头段的表达方法 提出问题（提出问题（ask a questionask a question）提出有争议或探讨性的具体问题，然后加以简要回答提出有争议或探讨性的具体问题，然后加以简要回答或展开引导性简短讨论。或展开引导性简短讨论。如：如：What do you want from your work?Money,Promotions,What do you want from your work?Money,Promotions,Interesting challenges,Continual learning,Work-based Interesting challenges,Continual learning,Work-based friendships,The opportunity to develop your own idea and friendships,The opportunity to develop your own idea and potentials.Though we are all individuals and so our potentials.Though we are all individuals and so our answers will differ,all agree that work provide more than answers will differ,all agree that work provide more than material things.material things.分析：文章开头提出分析：文章开头提出“你想从工作中得到什么你想从工作中得到什么”这一问题，这一问题，然后自问自答，指出工作除了物质利益，还可以给我然后自问自答，指出工作除了物质利益，还可以给我们带来很多其它收获这一结论。们带来很多其它收获这一结论。常用的开头段的表达方法提出问题（ask a questio12常用的开头段的表达方法 给出具体实例或报道（给出具体实例或报道（offer relevant examples or offer relevant examples or reportsreports）如：如：As regards the stress for college students,there has As regards the stress for college students,there has been a heated discussion among the public in the been a heated discussion among the public in the society.It was reported that a student killed four of society.It was reported that a student killed four of his classmates just because of a trivial matter.It can his classmates just because of a trivial matter.It can be easily seen that pressure has become a serious be easily seen that pressure has become a serious issue we cannot neglect.issue we cannot neglect.分析：文章通过引用新闻报道的一个实例，说明分析：文章通过引用新闻报道的一个实例，说明了大学生心理问题的严重性。了大学生心理问题的严重性。常用的开头段的表达方法给出具体实例或报道（offer re13常用的开头段的表达方法 定义法（定义法（give definitiongive definition）针对讨论的主题或问题加以定义，然后进行深针对讨论的主题或问题加以定义，然后进行深入探讨。入探讨。如：如：As we all know,practice makes perfect.This is an As we all know,practice makes perfect.This is an accumulated experience we inherit from our accumulated experience we inherit from our forefathers,and now it is still widely applied to forefathers,and now it is still widely applied to our daily life.our daily life.It means that It means that the more we practice,the more we practice,the more likely we are going to do things perfectly.the more likely we are going to do things perfectly.分析：文章用分析：文章用It means thatIt means that这一句型，说明了这一句型，说明了practice makes perfectpractice makes perfect的含义。的含义。常用的开头段的表达方法定义法（give definitio14常用的开头段的表达方法 主题句法（主题句法（use of topic sentenceuse of topic sentence）文章一开始就以主题句点明全文主题，然后围文章一开始就以主题句点明全文主题，然后围绕主题内容进行发展。绕主题内容进行发展。如：如：Nowadays one of the serious problems China is Nowadays one of the serious problems China is faced with is the increasing illiteracy among the faced with is the increasing illiteracy among the adolescents.According to a recent survey by Dr.adolescents.According to a recent survey by Dr.Li,dean of Educational Department of Beijing Li,dean of Educational Department of Beijing Normal University,about 18%of the children Normal University,about 18%of the children between 8 and 15 years old have dropped out of between 8 and 15 years old have dropped out of school across the country.school across the country.分析：文章开头即提出中国的文盲现象日益严分析：文章开头即提出中国的文盲现象日益严重这一问题，然后再用实例数据加以佐证。重这一问题，然后再用实例数据加以佐证。常用的开头段的表达方法主题句法（use of topic 15开头段的常用核心句型 As opposed to generally accepted views,I As opposed to generally accepted views,I believe that believe that The arguer may be right about The arguer may be right about,but he seems,but he seems to neglect to mention the fact that to neglect to mention the fact that.Although it is commonly agreed that Although it is commonly agreed that,it is,it is unlikely to be true that unlikely to be true that.There is an element of truth in this statement,There is an element of truth in this statement,but it ignores a deeper and more basic fact that but it ignores a deeper and more basic fact that.In all the discussion and debate over In all the discussion and debate over,one,one important fact is generally overlooked.important fact is generally overlooked.开头段的常用核心句型 As opposed to gen16开头段的常用核心句型 On the surface On the surface（At first thoughtAt first thought）,it,it（thisthis）may seem a sound may seem a sound（an attractivean attractive）suggestion suggestion（solution/ideasolution/idea）,but careful weighing on the,but careful weighing on the mind mind（on closer analysis/on second thoughton closer analysis/on second thought）,we find that we find that Although many people believe that Although many people believe that,I wonder,I wonder whether the argument bears much analysis.whether the argument bears much analysis.开头段的常用核心句型 On the surface（At17开头段的常用核心句型 The danger The danger（problem/fact/truth/pointproblem/fact/truth/point）is is thatthat.I agree with the above statement because I I agree with the above statement because I believe that believe that.There is a public controversy nowadays over the There is a public controversy nowadays over the issue of issue of.Those who object to.Those who object to argue that argue that.But people who favor.But people who favor,on the,on the other hand,argue thatother hand,argue that.开头段的常用核心句型 The danger（proble18开头段的常用核心句型 Currently Currently（In recent years/In the past few In recent years/In the past few years/For many years nowyears/For many years now）,there is,there is（hashasbeenbeen）a a（n n）general general（widespread/growing/widespread/growing/widely heldwidely held）feeling towards feeling towards（concern over/concern over/attitude towards/trend towards/awareness of/attitude towards/trend towards/awareness of/realization of/illusion of/belief inrealization of/illusion of/belief in）.As far as I am concerned,however,I believe that As far as I am concerned,however,I believe that.Now it is commonly Now it is commonly（widely/generally/widely/generally/increasinglyincreasingly）believed believed（thought/held/thought/held/accepted/felt/recognized/acknowledgedaccepted/felt/recognized/acknowledged）that that.But I wonder.But I wonder（doubtdoubt）whether whether 开头段的常用核心句型 Currently（In rece19(二)主体段主体段概述主体段段落扩充方法(二)主体段主体段概述20主体段概述主体段的写作方法是多种多样的，而不同的方法会产生不同的效果，不同的方法需用不同的组织形式。因此，在动笔之前，必须先选择好所采用的方法，然后根据自己所选的方法确定相应的结构形式，才能把文章写好。主体段概述主体段的写作方法是多种多样的，而不同的方法会产生不21主体段段落扩充方法一、一、列举法（列举法（Listing）二、二、举例法（举例法（Exemplification）三、三、分类法（分类法（Classification）四、四、比较对照法（比较对照法（Comparison and Contrast）五、五、因果法（因果法（Cause and Effect）主体段段落扩充方法一、列举法（Listing）22列举法（列举法（Listing）定义）定义也叫枚举法。是一种在主题句中提出论点，然后列举一系列论据或原因对主题进行论证或阐述的方法。列举的顺序可以按照所列各点内容的相对重要性、时间、空间顺序等进行。列举法（Listing）定义也叫枚举法。是一种在主题句中提出23列举法作文例子列举法作文例子To To get get the the most most out out of of your your textbook textbook you you should should follow follow several several steps steps very very carefully.carefully.FirstFirst,you you should should make make a a preliminary preliminary survey survey of of each each book book to to get get a a general general idea idea of of what what the the book book contains.contains.SecondSecond,you you should should read read for for deeper deeper understanding understanding and and formulate formulate questions questions as as you you read.read.NextNext,make make notes notes of of the the major major point point of of each each chapter.chapter.ThenThen,test test yourself yourself to to be be sure sure that that you you can can answer answer questions questions likely likely to to be be raised raised in in class class or or in in examinations.examinations.FinallyFinally,review review your your notes notes and and reread reread any any parts parts of of the book that are unclear to you.the book that are unclear to you.列举法作文例子To get the most out of 24常用于列举法的过渡连接词first,second,third,etc.;in the first place,in the second place;first of all,first and foremost;to begin with,to start with;for one thing,for another;also,besides,furthermore,moreover,in addition,what is more;above all;next;beyond that;initially;eventually,last but not least.常用于列举法的过渡连接词first,second,thi25举例法（举例法（Exemplification）定义）定义作者通过举出具体事例来阐述、说明主题句的内容。严格地讲，举例法也是列举法的一种，它们的区别在于：列举法侧重罗列事实，所列事实力求全面；而举例法侧重通过举出典型事例来解释作者的观点，且事例可多可少。举例法（Exemplification）定义作者通过举出具体26举例法作文例子举例法作文例子There There are are many many different different forms forms of of exercises exercises to to suit suit different different tastes.tastes.For For exampleexample,those those who who enjoy enjoy competitive competitive sports sports may may take take up up ball ball games.games.For For another another exampleexample,if if they they prefer prefer to to exercise exercise alone,alone,they they can can have have a a run run or or take take a a walk walk in in the the morning morning or or in in the the evening.evening.BesidesBesides,people people can can go go swimming swimming in in the the summer summer and and go go skating skating in in the the winter.winter.In In short,short,no no matter matter what what their their interests interests are,are,people people can can always always find find more more than than one one sport sport that that is is suitable to them.suitable to them.举例法作文例子There are many differen27举例法中常见的过渡性词语 for example,for instance,as an example,as an illustration,such as,a case in point is,to illustrate,in particular,specifically,say,next,namely,that is,like,take as an example,to name just a few,etc.举例法中常见的过渡性词语 for example,for 28分类法分类法(Classification)定义在阐述某一概念的段落中，常用分类法。通过对概念中所包括的事物进行分门别类地叙述，使读者有更为清晰的认识。分类法(Classification)定义在阐述某一概念的段29分类法作文例子分类法作文例子 Ever Ever since since humans humans have have lived lived on on the the earth,earth,they they have have made made use use of of various various forms forms of of munication.Generally,Generally,this this expression expression of of thoughts thoughts and and feelings feelings has has been been in in the the form form of of oral oral speechspeech,when when there there is is a a language language barrier,barrier,communication communication is is accomplished accomplished through through sign sign language language in in which which motions motions stand stand for for letters,letters,words words and and ideas.ideas.Tourists Tourists and and the the people people unable unable to to hear hear or or speak speak have have had had to to resort resort to to this this form form of of expression.expression.Many Many of of these these symbols symbols of of whole whole words words are are very very vivid vivid and and exact exact and and can can be be used used internationally;internationally;spellingspelling,however,however,cannot.cannot.Body Body language language transmits transmits ideas ideas or or thoughts thoughts by by certain certain actions,actions,either either intentionally intentionally or or unintentionally.unintentionally.A A nod nod signifies signifies approval,approval,while while shaking shaking the the head head indicates indicates a a negative negative reaction.reaction.Other Other forms forms of of language language can can be be found found in in signal signal flags,flags,Morse Morse code code and picture signs.and picture signs.分类法作文例子Ever since humans have 30常见的用以分类的词语 动词：sort(into),divide(into),classify,group,fall into,etc.名词：sorts,classes,groups,categories,types,kinds,aspects,etc.常见的用以分类的词语 动词：sort(into),div31比较对照法比较对照法(Comparison and Contrast)定义比较对照法由比较和对照两部分组成，但两者往比较对照法由比较和对照两部分组成，但两者往往一起用以阐述两者或者更多事物间的异同，常往一起用以阐述两者或者更多事物间的异同，常用于说明文和议论文写作。用于说明文和议论文写作。比较比较描述的是所比对描述的是所比对象的象的相同、类似点相同、类似点，而，而对照对照则强调所描述对象之则强调所描述对象之间的间的不同不同，甚至，甚至相反相反之处。之处。常用的比较对照的结构模式有两种，即整块比较常用的比较对照的结构模式有两种，即整块比较法和逐点比较法。法和逐点比较法。比较对照法(Comparison and Contrast)32在整块比较法中先集中描述在整块比较法中先集中描述A A，再集中描述，再集中描述B B。其模式为：。其模式为：A1A1、A2 A2、A3 A3B1 B1、B2 B2、B3B3例子例子:Computers have both favorable and unfavorable aspects.Computers have both favorable and unfavorable aspects.FirstFirst,computers computers can can calculate.calculate.They They can can make make work work more more efficient efficient for for they they have have a a high high speed speed of of calculation.calculation.BesidesBesides,people people can can communicate communicate with with each each other other by by E-mail,E-mail,which which costs costs people people less less money money and and less less time.time.Most Most important important of of allall,computers computers create create wide wide communication communication around around the the world.world.People People can can communicate communicate with with each each other via the Internet.They can make friends all over the world.other via the Internet.They can make friends all over the world.But But every every coin coin had had two two sides.sides.The The negative negative aspects aspects are are also also apparent.apparent.To To begin begin withwith,since since computers computers can can do do a a lot lot of of work work for for us,us,such such as as calculation,calculation,we we may may rely rely too too much much on on them them and and become become lazier lazier and and lazier.lazier.To To make make matters matters worseworse,although although it it is is convenient convenient for for people people to to communicate communicate with with each each other other by by E-mail,E-mail,the the original original warm warm relationship relationship may may become become cold,cold,for for people people will will have have fewer fewer opportunities opportunities to to talk talk to to each each other other face face to to face.face.Worst Worst of of allall,computers computers can can spread spread viruses viruses caused caused by by electronic electronic hackers hackers resulting resulting in in a a lot lot of of important information being lost.important information being lost.在整块比较法中先集中描述A，再集中描述B。其模式为：A1、33 A A proverb proverb says,says,“Like Like father,father,like like son.son.”But But the the proverb proverb doesndoesn t t seem seem to to fit fit my my grandfather grandfather and and my my father father because because they they have have more differences than similarities.more differences than similarities.First,First,my my grandfather grandfather is is introvertedintroverted,while while my my father father is is extrovertedextroverted.We We can can easily easily read read what what is is on on my my fatherfather s s mind,mind,but but it it is is hard hard to to find find out out what what my my grandfather grandfather is is thinking thinking about.about.Next,Next,my my grandfather grandfather is is always always indifferent indifferent to to children.children.He He seldom seldom talks talks with with children children and and the the children children are are somewhat somewhat afraid afraid of of him.him.In In contrast,contrast,my my father father is is very very warm-hearted warm-hearted to to children.children.He He likes likes to to talk talk with with them,them,so so the the children children in in my my family family all all like like him.him.Finally,Finally,my my grandfather grandfather is is obstinateobstinate.Once Once he he had had made made a a decision,decision,he he never never changes changes it.it.However,However,my my father,father,even even after after he he has has made made a a decision,decision,will will ask ask others others for for opinions.opinions.If If he he thinks thinks the opinions are reasonable,he might change his mind.the opinions are reasonable,he might change his mind.Although Although my my grandfather grandfather and and my my father father resemble resemble each each other other very very much much in in appearance,appearance,they they differ differ in in character,character,thinking thinking and and behavior.behavior.逐点比较法是A、B双方同时逐点描述，其模式为：A1 B1 A2 B2 A3 B3例如：A proverb says,“Like father,34常见的比较对照的过渡性词语常用的表示常用的表示比较比较的过渡性词语有：的过渡性词语有：similarly,similarly,likewise,likewise,correspondingly,correspondingly,in in a a similar similar way,way,in in the the same same way,way,too,too,like,like,resemble,resemble,similar similar to,to,equal equal to,to,equally,equally,important,important,bothbothandand,the the same assame as常用的表示常用的表示对照对照的过渡性词语有：的过渡性词语有：on on the the one one hand,hand,on on the the other other hand,hand,on on the the contrary,contrary,in/by in/by contrast,contrast,in in contrast contrast to,to,in in sharp sharp contrast,contrast,conversely,conversely,otherwise,otherwise,however,however,nevertheless,nevertheless,but,but,yet,yet,(al)though,(al)though,even even though,though,whereas/while,whereas/while,it it is is truetruebut,but,instead,instead,unlike,unlike,rather rather than,than,in in spite spite of,of,contrast contrast with,with,differ(ent)differ(ent)from,contrary tofrom,contrary to常见的比较对照的过渡性词语常用的表示比较的过渡性词语有：35因果法因果法(Cause and Effect)定义定义 因果法经常用以阐述原因，回答“为什么”这类问题，分析事物发展的前因后果，也多见于说明文和论述文。因果关系的普遍性决定了因果关系的复杂性，通常因果关系模式有一因一果、一因多果、一果多因和多果多因等，而以因果方式扩展段落时通常可采用先因后果或先果后因的一因多果或一果多因模式，其中的多因或多果用通常以枚举方式列举。因果法(Cause and Effect)定义 因果法经常用36因果法作文例子The The role role of of women women in in todaytoday s s society society is is changing.changing.One One reason reason is is that that women women have have begun begun to to assert assert themselves themselves as as independent independent people people through through the the womenwomen s s movement.movement.AlsoAlso,women women are are aware aware of of the the alternatives alternatives to to staying staying at at home.home.Another Another reason reason is is that that increasing increasing numbers numbers of of women women who who enter enter new new fields fields of of interest interest serve serve as as role role models models for for other other women.women.MoreoverMoreover,men men are are becoming becoming more more conscious conscious of of the the abilities abilities of of women women and and have have begun to view their independence positively.begun to view their independence positively.因果法作文例子The role of women in to37常用的表示因果关系的过渡性词语because,as,since,for,owing to,because of,due to,o