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American Modernism:The Lost GenerationErnest HemingwayAmericanModernism:TheLostG1The Iceberg TheoryThe Hemingway Code HeroThe Lost GenerationLecture KeywordsTheIcebergTheoryTheHemingwa2The Lost Generation The Lost Generation refers to,in general,the post-WWI generation,but specifically a group of expatriate(移居国外的)disillusioned intellectuals and artists,who experimented on new modes of thought and expression by rebelling against former ideals and values and replacing them only by despair or a cynical hedonism(享乐主义).TheLostGeneration3The Lost Generation Representatives:Francis Scott Fitzgerald 菲茨杰拉德菲茨杰拉德 Ezra Pound 庞德庞德William Faulkner 福克纳福克纳Ernest Hemingway 海明威海明威Sherwood Anderson 舍伍德舍伍德安德森安德森 John Dos Passos 约翰约翰多斯多斯帕索斯帕索斯Gertrude Stein 格特鲁格特鲁德斯泰因德斯泰因TheLostGenerationR4The Hemingway Code HeroItreferstosomeprotagonistsinHemingwaysworks.Life:fulloftensionandbattlesTheworld:inchaosMan:alwaysfightingdesperatelyalosingbattle.“TheHemingwaycode“:asetofprinciplessuchashonor,courage,endurance,wisdom,disciplineanddignity.TheHemingwayCodeHeroItrefe5Motto DP:“Exactly what do you mean by guts?”EH:“I mean,grace under pressure.”-Ernest Hemingway (an interview with Dorothy Parker,New Yorker,30 November,1929)MottoDP:“Exactlywhatdoyou6Traits Hedoesnottalkaboutwhathebelievesin.Heexpresseshimselfnotinwords,butinactions.Nomatterhowtragictheendingis,theywillneverbedefeated.Finally,theywillprevailbecauseoftheirindestructiblespiritandcourage.TraitsHedoesnottalkabout7The Iceberg Theory“Ifawriterofproseknowsenoughaboutwhatheiswritingabout,hemayomitthingsthatheknowsandthereader,ifthewriteriswritingtrulyenough,willhaveafeelingofthosethingsasstronglyasthoughthewriterhadstatedthem.TheIcebergTheory8The Lost Generation Thedignityofmovementofanicebergisduetoonlyone-eighthofitbeingabovewater.Awriterwhoomitsthingsbecausehedoesnotknowthemonlymakeshollowplacesinhiswriting.”TheLostGenerationT9The Iceberg Theory “Find what gave you the emotion;what the action was that gave you the excitement.Then write it down making it clear so the reader will see it too and have the same feeling as you had.”TheIcebergTheory“Fi10The Iceberg Theory Definition:1.It is a writing technique employed by Hemingway.He left out essential information of the story in the belief that omission can sometimes strengthen the plot of the novel.2.According to Hemingway,good literary writing should be able to make readers feel the emotion of the characters directly.TheIcebergTheoryD11The Iceberg Theory 3.Hemingway created a lean,clear prose based on action without any authorial comments,conventionally emotive language,and with a bare minimum of adjectives and adverbs.4.Seemingly simple and natural,Hemingways style is actually polished and tightly controlled,but highly suggestive and connotative.TheIcebergTheory3.12WritingStyles*Understatementandomission*Repetition*Focusonfacts*Fewadjectivesoradverbs*Simple,short,conventionalwordsandsentences*Concise,vivid*SymbolismWritingStyles*Understatement13Important WorksThe Sun Also Rises(1926)太阳照常升起A Farewell to Arms(1929)永别了，武器/战地春梦ForWhomtheBellTolls(1940)丧钟为谁而鸣/战地钟声TheOldManandtheSea(1952)老人与海ImportantWorks14A FAREWELL TO ARMS Ernest HemingwayAFAREWELLTOARMSErnestHemiAFarewelltoArmsAuthorPlotsCharactersChapterXLIStyleSymbolsAFarewelltoArmsAuthorWeknowhewasawriterWeknowhewasawriterOnboxingring,hewastheperseveringathleteOnboxingring,hewastheperInthewoods,hewasacoolhunterInthewoods,hewasacoolhuAtthesea,hewasabullheadedfishmanAtthesea,hewasabullheadeOnthebattlefield,heisabravefighterOnthebattlefield,heisabrInthefamily,hewasalsoahusbandandfatherInthefamily,hewasalsoahPlotsummaryThewoundandthecourtshipTheloveandthepregnancyTheCaptureandtheescapeThelaborandtheendPlotsummaryThewoundandtheCharactersFredericHenryCatherineBarkleyCharactersFredericHenryFredericHenryamanofactionwhocoollyexhibitsgraceunderpressurewhileconfrontingdeath.TheHemingwayheroalsoeschewsgloryforamorepersonalcodeofhonor.FredericHenryamanofactionCatherineBarkleyCatherineBarkleyisannurse.Shevolunteeredinthewar.SheisEnglish,professionalanddeeplyfeeling.Sheiswiseandcynicalinmanyways.Catherineschiefheroismistoignorethedangersofunprotectedsexandtoacceptthepainanddeathofchildbirthstoically.CatherineBarkleyCatherineBarMainideaofthelastchapter:FredericHenrytakesCatherineBarkleytothehospital,wheresheexperiencesaprotractedandagonizingchildbirth.Firstthebabydies,havingchokedonitsumbilicalcord.Then,asaresultofmultiplehemorrhages,Catherinediesaswell.Mainideaofthelastchapter:CloseReadingconversation-style state-styleinner monologuelinear artCloseReadingconversation-stySymbolsItwasdarkbutinthelightfromthewindowIcouldseeitwasraining.Icouldseenothingbutthedarkandtherainfallingacrossthelightfromthewindow.Iwentdownthehallandthendownthestairsandoutthedoorofthehospitalanddownthedarkstreetintheraintothecaf.SymbolsItwasdarkbutintheSymbolsIwalkedthroughtherainuptothehospital.ButafterIhadgotthemoutandshutthedoorandturnedoffthelightitwasntanygood.Itwaslikesayinggood-bytoastatue.AfterawhileIwentoutandleftthehospitalandwalkedbacktothehotelintherain.SymbolsIwalkedthroughtheraItisrainingoutsidealmosteverytimesomethingbadoccurs,suchasthearmysretreatorCatherinesdeath,andservestomarktheseeventsasrandomoccurrencesjustlikerainitself.Rainalsoservesasalife-affirmingsymbol,onewhichbaptizesHenrywhenhedecidestodeserttheItalianarmy.Inthisdualpurpose,Hemingwayplacesallcontrol,bothcurseandblessing,intothehandsoftheworldandnotofman.The Rain:Itisrainingoutsidealmoste
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