英语文化背景知识

英 语 文 化 背 景 知 识与 小 学 英 语 教 学 陈 陆 健 I. 语言与文化II.英语文化背景知识III.在小学英语教学中培养文化意识的重要性、可行性和必要性IV.文化教学和小学英语教学的融合V.文化教学应遵循的原则 文化语言和文化的关系文化对言语交际的影响和制约 *文化是一个国家或民族的历史、地理、风土人情、传统习俗、生活方式、文学艺术、行为规范、思维方式、价值观念等。 知识文化交际文化大文化Big C小文化Little c ProductsliteraturefolkloreartmusicartefactsIdeasbeliefsvaluesinstitutions Behaviourscustomshabitsdressfoodsleisure *文化与语言不同民族的文化孕育出不同的语言。 语 言 与 文 化 互 相 影响 ， 互 相 作 用 。 文 化 是 语 言 赖 以 扎根 的 土 壤 ， 语 言 是文 化 得 以 反 映 的 镜子 。 SPEAKING P E A K I N G海姆斯 SS:setting and scene,即背景和场合P:Participants,即交际的参与者E:Ends,即交际的目的A:Act sequence,即交际行为顺序K:Key,即交际的基调I:Ins rumentalities,即交际的媒介和渠道N:Norms主要指交际时的各种规约G: Genr s,即体裁 中小学课堂教学体裁(话语类型)言语规约交际媒介交际的基调行为顺序教学目的交际的参与者场合 S P E A K I N G II.文化差异与语言学习“游泳池里人太多，水太脏，早该换了。简直象芝麻酱煮饺子。” It was packed like sardines “ 我 感 觉 汉 语 的 句子 结 构 好 比 一 根 竹子 ， 一 节 一 节 地 连下 去 ； 而 英 语 的 句子 结 构 好 比 一 串 葡萄 ， 主 干 可 能 很 短 ，累 累 果 实 附 着 在 上面 。 ” 庄绎 传英汉两种语言句子结构上的不同 * I carried a little dictionary with me everywhere I went, as well as a notebook in which I listed any new words I heard. 不管去哪里，我都随身携带一本袖珍字典和笔记本，笔记本上记着我听到的生词。 * Im very glad that I got a full mark in the final examination。这次期末考试，我得了满分，心里非常高兴。 英汉两种语言句子结构上的不同 文化意识与小学英语教学 文化差异对语言学习与交际的影响 身体语言 文化背景、典故颜 色 意 义价 值 观 念日常生活用语 1.日 常 生 活 交 际 She is very beautiful! Where！Where！Oh, every where 。 在社会文化因素的作用下， 不同民族的价值观念反映到语言使用上，也造成语言学习和理解的困难。 n You dont eat meat ? Why not? Are you Christian? Are you environmentalist? You dont eat meat because you want to lose weight? You look pale. You should eat meat. 2.价值观念 n Chinese student: Mr.white, you are so pale, are you sick?n English teacher: Well yes.I have got a bad cold for several days.n Chinese student: Well ,you should go to a clinic and see the doctor as soon as possible.n English teacher: ErWhat do you mean? 3.颜色意义不同的地理环境、社会、文化背景等使不同的民族对同一颜色词所持的态度以及产生的联想有很大的差距。 Colours She is green-eyed with his success.Paul was in a blue mood. red white black 不同的文化背景、典故 as close/ dumb as an oyster cast /lay/ have an anchor to windward You are the apple of my eye.Look out Freeze巧妇难为无米之炊 委婉语的使用Sorry ! I have to do my business.In the exam, I didnt make it.out of pocket (penniless)the have-nots ( the poor)senior citizens( old people)not all there ( mad)join the silent majority III.英语文化背景知识与小学英语教学1.以汉语为母语的中国学生学习英语的情况2.英语课程标准提出的目标要求3.培养小学生文化意识的可行性和必要性 英语课程标准把文化作为英语教学总体目标中的重要一环，要求儿童和青少年对其他国家主要是英语国家人民的文化有所了解逐步培养跨文化意识。 中国古时儿童入私塾读书，开始读三字经，千字文，百家姓。 IV.英语文化背景知识与小学英语教学的融合。 文化意识与小学英语教学o教师观念的更新*改变传统的教学模式*改变单一性评价方式*培养学生用英美人的思维方式，去学习语言文化 *师生关系的转变 学 习 方 式 的 多 样 化通过对不同的日常生活习俗的比较领会文化。通过介绍相关的文化背景知识了解文化。通过图片、事物等展示具有文化特异性的内容而感知文化。通过情景会话，短剧表演等体验文化 通过丰富的课外活动感受文化。 Hello! How do you do? Nice to meet you ! Mr./ Mrs /Miss /Ms. surname Given name Happy birthday! Here is a gift for you . Oh,its a pen 。 Thank you ! Making a telephoneHello! This is Sam. Who is that ? 文化意识和小学英语教学 ChristmasvSanta Clausv Christmas treev stockings v presents The Spring Festivalv Spring coupletsv Firecrackersv Door godv Red packagesv Paper cutsv New year cake Firecrackers Door God Foodrice ,porridge, dumplingsbread，hamburger, sandwich 文化意识与小学英语教学 感性直观的文化形象及标志最容易给小学生以深刻的印象。 London eye Ming Tombs Buckingham Palace The Summer Palace 文化意识与小学英语教学 Where in the world?o What do you see in the picture?o What does she represent?o Can you tell the class a story about the? 文化意识与小学英语教学 感受文化1.利用各种电化手段，让学生体验英语国家人们的生活情趣。 2.听音乐,唱英文歌 3.Happy holidays4.收集一些具有文化特色的事物 更真实地接触不同的文化 5.culture wallchart o Access the culture through the language being taught. o Make the study of cultural behaviours an integral part of each lesson. o Aim for students to achieve the socio-economic competence which they feel they need. o Aim for all levels to achieve cross-cultural understanding-awareness of their own culture, as well as that of the target language. o Recognize that not all teaching about culture implies behaviour change, but merely an awareness and tolerance of the cultural influences affecting ones own and othersbehaviour. V.文化教学应遵循的原则实用性原则 循序渐进原则 交际性原则 正确对待文化差异的原则 实用性要求所教的内容必须与学生所学的语言内容密切相关，符合日常生活的实际，把语言和文化结合起来教学。突出语言的生动性，材料的生活性，激发学生学习的语言和文化的兴趣，促进学习的效率，提高教学的效率。 文化意识与小学英语教学 循序渐进 文化教学的内容要由浅入深，由简单到复杂，由现象到本质，符合小学生认知能力、心里状况、情感和语言的发展水平。 文化意识与小学英语教学 交际性学习语言是为了交际，而进行跨文化意识的培养，学习不同民族的文化，是为了更好学习语言，从而提高学生跨文化交际的技能，真正达到语言交际的目的。 文化意识与小学英语教学 正确评价在教学过程中不能一味地强调西方文化，不能简单地评价某一文化习俗的好坏，不可全盘没收。中西方文化个有特色，各有所长。 1.Youve been having digestive problems for a week, and have just started to feel better. You meet a British friend at a party. Your friend says,” How are you?” What would you do?a. Start talking in detail about your problem.b. Say, Fine, thanks. How are you?c. Say, Not bad, thanks. How are you?d. Nothing.Social behaviour Youre visiting an American friend in her new apartment. You like the apartment and you want your friend to know. What would you do ?a. Say,” Your apartment is nice. How much is the rent?b.Say, Gee, this place is really nice.c. Say, I really like your apartment.d.Say nothing, but show that you are interested by walking around, looking at everything in the department, and picking up everything that is movable. You ve been invited to dinner at a friends home. Yourre about to sit down to eat, but you want to use the toilet first. What would you do ?a.Say,Excuse me. Wheres the toilet?b. Say, Could I wash my hands before dinner?c. Say,Do you mind if I use the bathroom?d. Say nothing and start looking around the house for the toilet. Classroom behaviour Youre 20minutes late for class. The teacher is explaining something to the class when you arrive. What would you do? Go in, walk uo to the teacher and apologize. Wait outside the classroom until the class is over and then apologize to the tweacher. Knock on the door and wait for the teacher to tell you its OK to come in.a. Go in as quietly as you can and take a seat. Youre sitting in the classroom talking to a classmate, when the teacher comes in. What would you do? Stand up to show your respect for teacher. Look up and greet the teacher. Look down to show your respect for the teacher.a. Look up and pay attention to the teacher. Social behaviour1.When people are invited to a party , they often take a bottle of wine or even bottles of beer.2.When invited to a dinner party, people usually arrive within fifteen minutes of the appointed time.3.At an informal party, people dont wait to be introduced. They introduce themselves. My country_ Social behaviour4.When people are being introduced, they try to make direct eye-contact with the other person.5.Men and women friends may kiss each other on the cheek if they see each other after a long time ,or even each time they meet.6.People often try to start a conversation with someone they dont know by making a comment about the weather. Social behaviourn 7.People may try to start a conversation by complimenting the other person.n 8.During the “farewell “stage of a conversation, people will often move away from each other little by little and decrease eye-contact. Dating customs1.Young men and women go to parties together. S or D2.In their mid-teens ,boys and girls go on dates. S or D3.Parents very rarely choose dates for their children. S or D Dating customs4.Women may invite men to parties or other social events. S or D5.Men and women sometimes share expenses on a date . S or D 6.Teenages and young adults meet and choose their own dates. S or D 让我们一起为培养新一代的文化人而努力！ 就是人们对于文化的一种自觉的能动的认识活动，是人们在学习语言的同时领悟该语言文化的内涵和接受该语言文化的熏陶，并潜移默化地内化为一种追求文化的情感。 文化意识 *语义错位是指在英语和汉语之间，上义词和下义词之间不对称。*在两种语言里，某些词语表面上似乎指同一事物或概念，其实指的是两回事。*词汇缺省 ： 是指某种语言的词汇所指的概念在另一种语言社会里不存在，因而缺少对等的词汇。 文化差异与英语学习 英语的语言在句子表达上重形合，而汉语则重意合。汉语的表达习惯叙事在前，表态在后；而英语则表态在前，叙事在后。 文化差异与小学英语教学 知识文化：一个民族的政治经济教育、宗教、法律、文化、艺术等文化知识。 交际文化：两个不同文化背景的人进行交际时直接影响信息传递，可能引起偏差或误差的语言和非语言因素。文化与语言 *标准规定了英语教育应包括“文化知识，文化理解、跨文化交际意识和能力”的目标。 小学阶段文化意识的目标,即二级目标为： 1.知道英语中最简单的称谓语、问候语和告别语；2.对一般的赞扬、请求等做出适当的反应；3.知道国际上最重要的文娱和体育活动；4.知道英语国家中最常见的饮料和食品的名称；5.知道主要英语国家的首都和国旗；6.了解世界上主要国家的重要标志物，如：英国的大本钟等；7.了解英语国家中重要的节假日。 文化与小学英语教学 *文化意识文化意识是指对异国文化和本国文化的异同的敏感度和在使用外语时，根据目标语（如英语）文化调整自己的语言理解（如听、读）和语言产出（如说、写、译）的自觉性。 -英语课程标准解读