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Section Section Learning about LanguageLearning about LanguageIt was a frightening night.这是一个令人恐惧的夜晚。frightening典例辨析I read a frightening story.我读了一个可怕的故事。frightening/frightened/frighten(1)frightening adj.令人恐惧的(主语通常是事物，表示某事物令人害怕)Darkness is frightening to many children.黑暗令许多孩子害怕。(2)frightened adj.受惊的；受恐吓的(主语通常是人，表示某人对某事物感到害怕)He was frightened at seeing me.看见我，他吓了一大跳。(3)frighten vt.使惊吓；吓到Be quiet,or youll frighten the baby.安静些，不然你会吓到婴儿的。运用用上面所提供的辨析词的适当形式填空I was _ at the sight after the earthquake.The ruins after the quake were _.The storm _ the children.frightenedfrighteningfrightened定语从句(I)由关系代词 that,which,who,whose引导的定语从句定语从句是中学一个非常重要的语法内容，对于阅读、写作尤其有用，同学们可以根据课本后的附录和本册书里的讲解用“列表法”攻克这一语法重点。一、概念定语从句：在复合句中，修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫作定语从句。其作用相当于形容词。先行词：被定语从句所修饰的名词或代词叫作先行词。关系词(引导词)：引导定语从句，连接主句与从句的词叫作关系词，分关系代词(that,which,who,whose 等)和关系副词(when,where,why 等)两类。注意：关系词的选用由先行词在定语从句中所充当的句子成分决定。限制性定语从句：是修饰先行词必不可少的成分，去掉从句后整个句子的意义就不能成立或意思不清楚。含限制性定语从句的复合句通常翻译为“的”，置于先行词前。如：The man who robbed him has been arrested.抢劫他的人已经被逮捕了。Its the best hotel that I have known.这是我所知道的最好的旅馆。非限制性定语从句：对所修饰的词没有限定词义的作用，而是作一些补充说明，通常都用一个逗号把它和句子的其他部分分开，去掉非限制性定语从句对剩下部分没有太大的影响。在译成中文时，这个从句多译成一个并列句。如：Peter,who had been driving all day,suggested stopping at thenext town.彼得开了一整天的车，他建议在下个镇停一停。Football,which is a very exciting game,is played all over theworld.全世界都在踢足球，它是一项令人兴奋的运动。关系词指代对象在定语从句中充当的成分例 句that人或物主语或宾语(作宾语时可省略；但which 前有介词时 不可省略)The girl that/who told us the news is his sister.那个告诉 我们消息的女孩是他妹妹。He gave me a book which/that was bought in the UK.他 给了我一本在英国买的书。This is the car(which/that)he bought last year.这就是 他去年买的车。We visited the house in which Lu Xun lived.我们参观了 鲁迅先生住过的房子。The lady(who/that)we met in the park comes from America.我们在公园见过的那位女士来自美国。The girl whose father had given us a report got first.她 的爸爸给我们作过报告的那个女孩得了第一。He lives in a house whose door faces south.He lives ina house the door of which faces south.他住在一所门朝 南的房子里。(注：whosethe.ofwhich/whom)which物who人whose人或物定语二、关系代词 that,which,who,whose 的用法三、关系代词的特殊用法1指代物时用 which 不用 that 的情况(1)当动词短语的介词提前时。如：The pen with which he is writing was bought yesterday.他正用来写字的笔是昨天买的。(2)先行词本身为 that 时。如：That which you told him about is exciting.你告诉他的事是令人兴奋的。(3)引导非限制性定语从句时(可修饰一个先行词，也可修饰整个主句)。如：This is his house,which is 50 years old.(which 指代“房子”)这是他的房子，有 50 多年了。Tom was late again,which made his teacher angry.(which 指代主句)汤姆又迟到了，这使他的老师很生气。2只用 that 引导定语从句的情况(1)先行词是不定代词，如 some,all,much,little,something,everything,anything,nothing,none,the one 时。如：Is there anything that I can do for you?我能为你做点什么吗？That is all that I know.这是我所知道的全部。(2)先行词被 only,few,little,just,right,any,all,one,no 等修饰时。如：You can take any seat that is free.你可以在任何一个空位坐下。There is little time that we can use.我们能用的时间几乎没有了。I read all the books that you gave me.你给我的书我全都看了。(3)先行词被 the only,the very,the same 等修饰时。如：This is the only book that can be useful for us.这是唯一一本对我们有用的书。This is the very thing that Im after.这正是我所追求的。(4)先行词前被序数词或形容词最高级修饰时。如：It is the first composition that I have written in English.这是我写的第一篇英语作文。This is the most interesting film that we have ever seen.这是我们看过的最有意思的电影。(5)先行词为数词时。如：Yesterday I caught two fish and put them in a basin ofwater.Now you can see the two that are still alive.昨天我捉了两条鱼把它们放入了一盆水里。现在你可以看到它们还是活的。(6)先行词中既有人又有物时。如：He told us the people and the places that he had visited.他告诉我们他曾拜访过的人，参观过的地方。(7)主句中有 who,whom 或 which，关系代词宜用 that，以避免重复。如：Who is the man that is reading the newspaper over there？那个正在那边看报纸的人是谁？Which is the book that you like best?你最喜欢哪本书？(8)先行词为主句的表语而关系代词在定语从句中也作表语时。如：My home village is no longer the place that it used to be.我的家乡再也不是以前的那个小村庄了。用适当的关系代词填空1 The girls _ served in the shop were the ownersdaughters.2 The ladder on _ I am standing was bought in thesupermarket.3The girl _ I spoke to was a student.4He hides all the people and things _ he knows.5He saw a house _ windows were all broken.6All the apples _ fall are eaten by wild bears.7Can you think of anyone _ could look after him?8This is the best restaurant _ I have known.who/thatwhichwho/thatthatwhosethatthatthat9 He showed a machine _ parts are too small to beseen.10You can take any room _ you like.11 The road conditions there turned out to be very good,_ was more than we could expect.12He was educated at the local high school,after _he went on to Beijing University.13 Among the winners stands little Tom _ father isseriously ill in hospital.14 Do you still remember the chicken farm _ wevisited three months ago?whosethatwhichwhichwhosethat/which
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