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Lesson 11And it is an activity only of humans.And it is a human unique activity2Conversation is not for making a point.Conversation is not to convince others 3In fact, the best conversationalists are those who are prepared to be lose.In fact, the best conversationalists are those who are willing to be lose.4.Bar friends are not deeply involved in each others lives.Bar friends are not deeply concerned with each others private lives.5.it could still go ignorantly on.The conversation could go on without anybody knowing who was right or wrong6. There are cattle in the field, but we sit down to beef.These animals are called cattle in English, when they are alive and feeding in the fields；but when we sit down at the table to eat, we call their meat beef in French 7. The new ruling class had built a cultural barrier against him by building their French against his own language.The new ruling class had caused the cultural contradictions between the ruling class and native English by regarding French superior to English.8.English had come royally into its own. English had gained recognition by the King9 The phrase has always been used a little pejoratively and even facetiously by the lower classes.The phrase, the kings English has always been used disrespectfully and made fun by the lower classes.10. The rebellion against a cultural dominance is still there.There is still opposition to cultural monopoly.11. There is always a great danger that “words will harden into things for us”We tend to make the mistake that we regard the things as they represent.12. Even with the most educated and the most literate, the Kings English slips and slides in conversation.Even the most educated and literated people will not always use the formal English in their conversationLesson 21. The burying-ground is merely a huge waste of hummocky earth, like a derelict building-lot. The burying-ground is just a huge piece of wasteland full of mounds of earth, looking like a deserted construction land.2. All colonial empires are in reality founded upon that fact. All colonial empires are built by exploiting the local people.3. They rise out of the earth, they sweat and starve for a few years, and then they sink back into the nameless mounds of the graveyard. They are born. Then they work hard without enough food for a few years. Finally they die and are buried in the hills graves without any mark to identify them. 4. A carpenter sits crosslegged at a prehistoric lathe, turning chair-legs at lighting speed. A carpenter sits crossing his legs at an old-fashioned lathe, making round chair-legs very fast.5. Instantly, from the dark holes all round, there was a frenzied rush of Jews. Immediately, Jews rushed out of their dark hole-like rooms nearby in a frenzy madness.6.every one of them looks on a cigarette as a more or less impossible luxury.Every one of these Jews considers the cigarette as a somewhat piece of luxury which they can not possibly afford. 7. Still, a white skin is always fairly conspicuous. However, a white-skinned European is easy to notice in a fair way. 8. In a tropical landscape ones eye takes in everything except the human being. Against the background of a tropical landscape, people could notice everything but they cannot see local people. 9. No one would think of running cheap trips to the Distressed AreasNo one would propose the cheap trips to the slums10.for nine-tenths of the people the reality of life is an endless, back-breaking struggle to wring a little food out of an eroded soil. The real life of nine-tenths of the people is that there is no end to their extremely hard work in order to get a little food from an eroded soil11. She accepted her status as an old woman, that is to say as a beast of burden.She took it for granted that as an old woman she should work like an animal12.People with brown skins are next door to invisible. People who have brown skins are almost invisible13. Their splendid bodies were hidden in reach-me-down khaki uniforms. The soldiers wore secondhand khaki uniforms which covered their beautiful wellbuilt bodies14. How long before they turn their guns in the other direction?How long will it take for them to attack us?15. Every white man there had this thought stowed somewhere or other in his mind. It is certain that every white man realized this.Lesson31.And yet the same revolutionary belief for which our forebears fought is still at issue around the globe.And yet the same revolutionary belief which is the aim of our ancestors is still in dispute around the world.2. This much we pledge-and more.This much we promise to do and we promise to do more.3. United, there is little we cannot do in a host of cooperative ventures. If we are united, there is almost nothing we can not do through a lot of cooperation.4. But this peaceful revolution of hope cannot become the prey of hostile powers.But this peaceful revolution which can bring hope in a peaceful way can not fall victims to enemy country.5. . Our last best hope in an age where the instruments of war have far outpaced the instruments of pace. The United Nations is our last and best hope in the era where means of launching war have far surpassed means of keeping peace.6. .to enlarge the area in which its writ may run.to increase the area where the UNs written documents may be effective.7.before the dark powers of destruction unleashed by science engulf all humanity in planned or accidental self-destruction.before the evil atom weapon made possible by science destroy all human beings in a planned way or by accident.8.yet both racing to alter that uncertain balance of terror that stays the hand of mankinds final war. However both trying to change that unstable balance of weapons and this balance of weapons could prevent human beings from launching their final war.9. So let us begin anew, remembering on both sides that civility is not a sign of weakness.So let us begin once again to realize that politeness does not mean weakness.10. Let both sides seek to invoke the wonders of science instead of its terrors.I suggest both sides try to use science to make wonders for human beings rather than terrors.11. .each generation of Americans has been summoned to give testimony to its national loyalty. There are Americans from every generation who answer the call of the country to prove their loyalty to the country.12. With a good conscience our only sure reward, with history the final judge of our deeds, let us go forth to lead the land we love. Our certain reward is our good conscience and history will judge our deeds, therefore, let us try to be pioneers in building our beloved country.Unit51.The slighted mention of the decade brings nostalgic recollections to the middle-aged.At the very mention of this postwar period ,middle-aged people begin to think about it longingly.2.The rejection of Victorian gentility was , in any case ,inevitable .In any case,an American could not avoid casting aside middle-class respectability and affected refinement.3.The war acted merely as a catalytic agent in this breakdown of the Victorian social structure.The war only helped to speed up the breakdown of the Victorian social structure.4.it was tempted ,in America at least, to escape its responsibilities and retreat behind an air of naughty alcoholic sophistication.In America at least,the young people were strongly inclined to shirk their responsibilities. They pretended to be worldly-wise, drinking and behaving naughtily.5.Prohibition afforded the young the additional opportunity of making their pleasures illicit.The young found greater pleasure in drinking because Prohibition, by making drinking unlawful,added a sense of adventure.6.our young men began to enlist under foreign flags.Our young men joined the armies of foreign countries to fight in the war.7.they “wanted to get into the fun before the whole thing turned belly up.”The young wanted to take part in the glorious adventure before the whole ended.8.they had outgrown towns and families.These young people could no longer adapt themselves to lives in their hometowns or their families.9.the returning veteran also had to face the sodden,Napoleonic cynicism of Versailles,the hypocritical do-goodism of Prohibition.The returning veteran also had to face the stupid cynicism of the victorious allies in Versailles who acted as cynically as Napoleon did,and to face Prohibition which the lawmakers hypocritically assumed would do good to the people.10.Something in the tension-ridden youth of America had to “give”.(Under all this force and pressure)something in the youth of America,who were already very tense ,had to break down.11.it was only natural that hopeful young writers , their minds and pens inflamed against war, Babbittry, and “Puritanical” gentility, should flock to the traditional artistic center.It was only natural that hopeful young writers ,whose minds and writings were full of violent anger against war, Babbittry,and “Puritanical” gentility,should come in largen numbers to live in Greenwich Village, the traditional artistic center.12.Each town had its “fast”set which prided itself on itself on its unconventionality.Each town was proud that it had a group of wild ,reckless people,who lived unconventional lives.Unit71.Withaclamorofbellsthatsettheswallowssoaring,theFestivalofSummercametothecityOmelas.Theloudringingofthebells,whichsentthefrightenedswallowsflyinghigh,markedthebeginningoftheFestivalofSummerinOmelas.2.Theirhighcallsrisingliketheswallowscrossingflightsoverthemusicandsingsing.Theshoutingofthechildrencouldbeheardclearlyabovethemusicandsinginglikethecallsoftheswallowsflyingbyoverhead.3.Exercisedtheirrestivehorsesbeforetherace.Theriderswereputtingthehorsesthroughsomeexercisesbecausethehorseswereeagertostartandstubbornlyresistingthecontroloftheriders.4.Givenadescriptionsuchasthisonetendstomakecertainassumptions.Afterreadingtheabovedescriptionthereaderislikelytoassumecertainthings.5.Thisisthetreasonofartist:arefusaltoadmitthebanalityofevilandtheterribleboredomofpain.Anartistbetrayshistrustwhenhedoesnotadmitthatevilisnothingfreshnornovelandpainisverydullanduninteresting.6.Theywerenature,intelligent,passionateadultswhoseliveswerenotwretched.Theywerefullydevelopedandintelligentgrown-uppeoplefullofintensefeelingsandtheywerenotmiserablepeople.7.Perhapsitwouldbebestifyouimagineditasyourownfancybids,assumingitwillrisetotheoccasion.PerhapsitwouldbebestifthereaderpicturesOmelastohimselfashisimaginationtellshim,assuminghisimaginationwillbeequaltothetask.8.Thefaintinsistentsweetnessofdroozmayperfumethewayofthecity.Thefaintbutcompellingsweetscentofthedrugdroozmayfillthestreetsofthecity.9.Perhapsitwasborndefective,orperhapsithasbecomeimbecilethroughfear,malnutritionandneglect.Perhapsthechildwasmentallyretardedbecauseitwasbornsoorperhapsithasbecomeveryfoolishandstupidbecauseoffear,poornourishmentandneglect.10.Itshabitsaretoouncouthforittorespondtohumanetreatment.Thehabitsofthechildaresocrudeandunculturedthatitwillshownosignofimprovementevenifitistreatedkindlyandtenderly.11.Theirtearsatthebitterinjusticedrywhentheybegintoperceivetheterriblejusticeofreality,andtoacceptit.Theyshedtearswhentheyseehowterriblyunjusttheyhavebeentothechild,butthesetearsdryupwhentheyrealizehowjustandfairthoughterriblerealitywas.Unit81.below the noisy arguments , the abuse and the quarrels , there is a reservoir of instinctive fellow-feeling.The English people may hotly argue and abuse and quarrel with each other , but there still exists a lot of natural sympathetic feelings for each other in their hearts.2.at heart they would like to take a whip to the whole idle troublesome mob of them.What the wealthy employers would really like to do is to whip all the workers whom they regard as lazy and troublesome.3.there are not many of these men , either on the board or the shop floor.There are not many snarling shop stewards in the workshop,nor are there many cruel wealthy employers on the board of directors.4.It demands bigness ,and they are suspicious of bigness.The contemporary world demands that everything should be done on a big scale and the English do not trust bigness.5.Against this , at least superficially ,Englishness seems a poor shadowy show.At least on the surface ,when Englishness is put against the power and success of Admass , Englishness seems to put up a rather poor performance.6.while Englishness is not hostile to change,it is deeply suspicious of change for changes sake.Englishness is not against change, but it believes that changing just for changes sake and not other useful purposes is very wrong and harmful.7.To put cars and motorways before houses seems to Englishness a communal imbecility.To regard cars and motorways as more important than houses seems to Englishness a public stupidity.8.I must add that while Englishness can still fight on ,Admass could be winning.I must further say that while Englishness can go on fighting, there is a great possibility for Admass to win.9.It must have some moral capital to draw upon,and soon it may be asking for an overdraft.Englishness draws its strength from a reservoir of strong moral and ethical principles ,and soon it may be asking for strength which this reservoir of principles cannot provide.10.They probably believe ,as I do , that the Admass”Good Life” is a fraud on all counts.There people probably believe ,as I do,that the “Good Life”promised by Admass is false and dishonest in all respects.11.he will not even find much satisfaction in this scrounging messy existence, which does nothing for a mans self-respect.He will not even find much satisfaction in this untidy and disordered life where he manages to live as a parasite by sponging on people. This kind of life does not help a person to build up any self-respect.12.To them the House of Commons is a remote squabbling-shop.These people consider the House of Commons as a place rather far away from them where some people are always quarreling and arguing over some small matters.13.heavy hands can fall on the shoulders that have been shrugging away politics.They were very wrong to ignore politics for they can now suddenly and for no reason be arrested and thrown into prison.Unit101.ItisacomplexfatetobeanAmerican.ThefateofanAmericaniscomplicatedandhardtounderstand.2.theywerenomoreathomeinEuropethanIwas.TheywereuneasyanduncomfortableinEuropeasIwas.3.wewerebothsearchingforourseparateidentities.Theywerealltryingtofindtheirownspecialindividualities.4.Idonotthinkthatcouldhavemadethisreconciliationhere.IdontthinkIcouldhaveacceptedinAmericamyNegrostatuswithoutfeelingashamed.5.itiseasiertocutacrosssocialandoccupationallinestherethanitishere.ItiseasierinEuropeforpeopleofdifferentsocialgroupsandoccupationstointermingleandhavesocialintercourse.6.Amancanbeasproudofbeingagoodwaiterasofbeingagoodactor,andinneithercasefeelthreatened.InEuropeagoodwaiterandagoodactorareequallyproudoftheirsocialstatusandposition.Theyarenotjealousofeachotheranddonotliveinfearoflosingtheirposition.7.IwasborninNewYork,buthavelivedonlyinpocketsofit.IwasborninNewYorkbuthavelivedonlyinsomesmallareasofthecity.8.Thisreassessment,whichcanbeverypainful,isalsoveryvaluable.Thereconsiderationofthesignificanceandimportanceofmanythingsthatonehadtakenforgrantedinthepastcanbeverypainful,thoughveryvaluable.9.Onthisacceptance,literally,thelifeofawriterdepends.Thelifeofawriterreallydependsonhisacceptingthefactthatnomatterwherehegoesorwhathedoeshewillalwayscarrythemarksofhisorigins.10.Americanwritersdonothaveafixedsocietytodescribe.Americanwritersliveinamobilesocietywherenothingisfixed,sotheydonothaveafixedsocietytodescribe.11.Everysocietyisreallygovernedbyhiddenlaws,byunspokenbutprofoundassumptionsonthepartofthepeople.Every societyisinfluencedand directed by hiddenlaws,and bymanythingsdeeplyfeltand takenforgrantedbythepeople,thoughnotopenlyspokenabout.
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