现在完成时态 (2)

初学 现在完成时态一、基本结构：主语+have/has+过去分词(done)肯定句：主语+have/has+过去分词+其他否定句：主语+have/has+not+过去分词+其他一般疑问句：have/has+主语+过去分词+其他特殊疑问句：特殊疑问词+一般疑问句（have/has+主语+过去分词+其他）二、用法1） 现在完成时的完成用法现在完成时用来表示现在之前已发生过或完成的动作或状态,但其结果却和现在有联系,也就是说,动作或状态发生在过去但它的影响现在还存在.he has turned off the light.他已把灯关了。(动作结束于过去，但说明的是现在的情况-灯现在不亮了。)I have spent all of my money.(含义是:现在我没有钱花了.)Jane has laid the table.(含义是:现在桌子已经摆好了.)2） 现在完成时的未完成用法指的是动作开始于过去某一时刻，一直延续到现在，或可能还要继续下去。这里的动词要用持续性动词。常与for（+时间段）,since（+时间点）连用.Mary has been ill for three days.Mary has been ill since three days ago.注意:1.现在完成时不能单独与准确时间连用，(如表示过去的时间状语） 如yesterday(morning、afternoon),last(morning、afternoon)等，除非与for, since连用.2.现在完成时往往同表示不确定的过去时间状语连用如already（肯定）, yet（否定，疑问）, just, before, recently, still, lately等: We have seen that film before.Have they found the missing child yet ?3. 现在完成时常常与表示频度的时间状语连用,如ever, never, twice, several times等:Have you ever been to BeijingI have never heard about himShe has used this pen only three times. it is still good.4. have been to 和have gone to的区别have been to 强调“去过”，现已不在那里，如：he has been to the USA three times.他到美国去过三次。（过去“到美国”，现在已“不在美国”）have gone to主要强调的是“去了”，现在人不在说话的现场，如：-wheres your mother? -你妈妈在哪？-she has gone to the hospital. -她去医院了。has been in 一直在某地三、现在完成时考点例析现在完成时是较难掌握、中考考查较多的时态。涉及的考点有：一、考查其构成助动词have (has) +动词过去分词构成现在完成时。如：1. kates never seen chinese films，_ ? A. hasnt she B. has she C. isnt she D. is she2. His uncle has already posted the photos to him. (改为否定句)His uncle _ posted the photos to him _.2. -Ann has gone to shanghai. -so _her parents. A. has B. had C. did D. have二、考查其用法与标志词(一)当句中有never, ever, just, already, yet, before等时，常用现在完成时。如：1. -Mum, may I go out and play basketball? -_you_ your homework yet?A. do; finish B. are; finishing C. did; finish D. have; finished2. -_ you _anywhere before? -yes, but I cant remember where I_a. did; surf; surfed b. have; surfed; surfedc. did; surf; have surfed d. have; surfed; have surfed (二)当句中有for +段时间或since +点时间等时，主句常用现在完成时，谓语动词必须是延续性动词，若是非延续性动词，要改为延续性动词或表状态的词(短语)。如：1. His brother has been to stone forest twice_he came to yunnan.a. after b. before c. since d. for2. Tom_the CD player for two weeks.a. has lent b. has borrowed c. has bought d. has had3. I_a letter from him since he left.a. didnt receive b. havent got c. didnt have d. havent heard三、考查have/has been (to, in)/have/has gone (to)的区别。如：1. -Have you ever_LASHA to see the terra cotta warriors?-yes, I have.a. went to b. gone to c. been in d. been to2. my parents _ Shangdong for ten years.a. have been in b. have been to c. have gone to d. have been四、考查现在完成时与其他时态的联系和区别。如：1. susan has been in this city for more than ten years.(改为同义句)_more than ten years _susan _to this city.析：据上题分析，且since引导的从句要用一般过去时，故填it is, since, came。2. I wont go to the concert because I _my ticket.a. lost b. dont lose c. have lost d. is coming英语的行为动词有持续性动词和瞬间性动词之分，使用中应注意两者的区别。一、持续性动词: 表示一个动作可以持续一段时间或更长时间。常见的study, play, do, read, learn, drive, write, clean , sleep, speak, talk, wait, fly, stay, sit, stand, lie, keep等。二、瞬间性动词: 表示一个动作发生在一瞬间，非常短暂。亦称终止性动词。常见的-begin, start, finish, go, come, leave, find, get up, arrive, reach, get to, enter, hear, stop, open, close, become, buy, borrow, lend, happen, join, lose, renew, die, take away, put up, set out, put on, get on/off等瞬间性动词在完成时中如要与表示持续一段时间的状语连用，通常有两种方法：（1）用意思相当的持续性动词来替换he has been in the army/a soldier for three years.（他参军已有3年了。）不用has joinedshe has been up for quite some time.（她起床已有好久了。）不用has got upHas your brother been away from home for a long time? （离家已有好久了吗？）不用has left常用瞬间动词相应持续性动词关系：1、gobe away 2、comebe here 3、come backbe back4、leavebe away（be not here）5、buyhave 6、borrowkeep 7、diebe dead 8、beginbe on9、finishbe over 10、openbe open 11、closebe closed 12、losebe lost 13、get to knowknow 14、turn onbe on 15、get upbe up16、sit downsit/beseated 17、joinbe in（）或be amember 18、becomebe（2）用it issince结构来替换瞬间动词例如：电影已经开映5分钟了。（两种方法）（1）the film has been on for five minutes.（2）its five minutes since the film began.他离开上海已有3天了。（两种方法）（1）he has been away from shanghai for three days.（2）it is three days since he left shanghai.这本书我还给图书馆已有两周了。（一种方法）its two weeks since i returned the book to the library.他找到他妹妹已有多久了？（一种方法）how long is it since be found his sister?4、瞬间动词的否定形式可以与表示一段时间的状语连用例如：i havent seen you for a long time.（好久没见到你了。）现在完成时专项练习一、单项选择。1、both his parents look sad. maybe they _whats happened to him . knew . have known. must know . will know2、he has _ been to shanghai, has he?. already . never . ever . still3、Have you met Mr. li _？. just . ago.before.a moment ago5、our country _ a lot so far .yes. i hope it will be even _. has changed ; well . changed; good. has changed ; better . changed; better 6、zhao lan _already _in this school for two years . was; studying. will; study. has; studied. are; studying 7、we _ xiao li since she was a little girl . know. had known. have known. knew8、Harry potter is a very nice film. i_ it twice . will see. have seen. saw .see10、_ you _ your homework yet ?yes. i _ it a moment ago. did; do; finished. have; done; finished. have; done; have finished. will; do; finish11、 his father _ the party since 1978 . joined. has joined . was ind. has been in12、do you know him well ? sure .we _ friends since ten years ago . were. have been. have become . have made 13、how long have you _ here ? about two months. been. gone. come. arrived14、Hurry up! the play _ for ten minutes. has begun. had begun. has been on. began15、 it _ ten years since he left the army . is. has . will . was16、 Miss green isnt in the office. she _ to the library. has gone. went.will go . has been 17、my parents _ Shandong for ten years. have been in . have been to. have gone to . have been18、the students have cleaned the classroom,_ ? a. so they b. dont they c. have they d. havent they19、_has Mr white been a member of greener china since he_to china?a. how soon, comes b. how often, gotc. how long, came d. how far, arrived20、 His uncle _for more than 9 years.a. has come hereb. has started to workc. has lived there d. has left the university二、句型转换。1、he has never surfed, _?（改成反意疑问句）2、they have been here since 2000. (对划线部分提问)_ _have they been here?6、her mother has been a party member for three years .（同义句） Her mother _ the party three years _.7、the Green family moved to France two years ago. (同义句转换) _ two years _ the Green family moved to France.三、汉译英。1. 我刚刚丢了我的化学书。（just） 2. 我以前从来没去过那个农场。(never)3. 你已经看过这部电影了吗？4. 我妹妹成为一个大学生已经三年。5. 他们已去了美国五年了。(for)6. 在1992年他住在这里。(since)