医学细胞生物学英译汉总结剖析

第一章 绪论cell cell biology cell theory central dogma cytomics cytoplasm electron microscope，EMepigenetics gene 细胞细胞生物学细胞学说中心法则细胞组学细胞质电子显微镜表观遗传基因genomics human genome project,HGPmedical cell biology model animal noncoding RNAproteomics stem cell biology translational medicine基因组学人类基因组计划医学细胞生物学模式动物非编码RNA蛋白质组学干细胞生物学转化医学第二章细胞的概念和分子基础anticodonarchaea archaebacteria bacteriacell membrane chlamydiacodoncytoplasmcytosoldeoxyribonucleic acid,DNAenzymeeukarya eukaryotic cellglycolipids glycoproteins message RNA， mRNAmicroRNA, miRNA mycoplasma反密码子古菌域古细菌细菌细胞膜衣原体密码子 细胞质细胞质溶胶脱氧核糖核酸 酶 真核域真核细胞糖脂糖蛋白信使核糖核酸微小RNA支原体 nucleoidnucleuspeptideplasmidprionprokaryotic cellprotoplasmribonucleic acid，RNAribosomeribosome RNA， rRNA ribozymeRNA silencingsmall nuclear RNA, snRNA structural domainstransfer RNA, tRNA viroidvirus 拟核细胞核肽质粒朊病毒原核细胞原生质核糖核酸核糖体核糖体RNA核酶RNA沉默 小核RNA结构域转运RNA类病毒病毒第三章细胞生物学研究方法Abbe limit agaroseatomic force microscope,AFMautoradiographybiochipcell culturecell free systemcell linecell strainChIPAbbe限度琼脂糖原子力显微镜放射性自显影技术生物芯片细胞培养非细胞体系细胞系细胞株染色质免疫沉淀技术CLIPcolumn chromatographycytochemistry techniquedifferential centrifugationdiffraction patternDNA denaturationdNTPelectrospray ionization mass spectrometry,ESI-MSembedding紫外交联免疫沉淀技术柱层析细胞化学技术差速离心X-射线衍射图DNA变性4种脱氧核苷酸电喷雾电离质谱包埋emission light emzyme cytochemistryequilibrium sedimentationexcitation lightfixationflow cytometerfluorescence microscope fluorescence resonance emergy transfer,FRETfreeze-etchfreeze-fracturegene chipgreen fluorescent protein,GFPhigh performance liquid chromatography,HPLCimmunocytochemistry,ICCimmunomagnetic microsphereimmuno-precipitation,IPin situ hybridization,ISHisoelectric focusing laser capture microdissection,LCMmatrix-assisted laser desorption ionization/time-of-flight，MALDI-TOF-MSmetal shadowingNorthern blotnuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy,NMR over-expression phage display发射光酶细胞化学技术平衡沉降激发光固定流式细胞仪荧光显微镜荧光共振能量转移冰冻蚀刻冰冻断裂基因芯片绿色荧光蛋白高效液相层析免疫细胞化学技术免疫磁珠免疫沉淀原位杂交技术等点聚焦激光俘获显微切割电泳基质辅助激光解吸/电离飞行时间质谱金属投影法Northern印迹杂交核磁共振光谱过表达噬菌体展示polymerase chain reaction,PCRprimary cultureprobeprotein chipproteomeproteomicsquantitative PCR，qPCR radioisotoperenaturationresolutionrestriction nucleasescanning electron microscope,SEMscanning tunneling microscope,STMSDS polyacrylamid gel electrophoresissecondary culturesectionsingle molecular fluorescence imagingsouthern blot stainingtandem mass spectrometry,MS/MStransfectiontransmission electron microscope,TEMvelocity sedimentationyeast two-hybridzationphase contrast microscope聚合酶链式反应原代培养探针蛋白质芯片蛋白质组蛋白质组学荧光实时定量PCR反应放射性同位素复性分辨率限制性内切酶扫描电子显微镜扫描隧道显微镜SDS-聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳传代培养切片单分子荧光成像Southern印迹杂交染色串联质谱转染透射电子显微镜速度沉降酵母双杂交相差显微镜第四章细胞膜与物质的穿膜运输active transport adaptinantiportaquaporin，AQP bilayer biomembrane carrier protein cell coat cell membrane主动运输衔接蛋白反向运输双分子层水孔蛋白生物膜载体蛋白细胞外被细胞膜channel protein cholesterol clathrincoated pits coated vesicle constitutive secretion endocytosis exocytosis extrinsic protein通道蛋白 网格蛋白胆固醇 有被小窝有被小泡连续性分泌胞吞作用胞吐作用膜外在蛋白facilitated diffusion fluid mosaic modelglycolipid intrinsic proteinligand-gated channel lipid rafts lipid anchored proteinlipid-linked proteinlamella structure modelmembrane lipidmembrane proteinmembrane transport proteinmicellepassive diffusion passive transport 易化扩散流动镶嵌模型糖脂膜内在蛋白配体门控通道脂筏脂锚定蛋白脂连接蛋白片层结构模型 膜脂膜蛋白膜运输蛋白球状分子团被动扩散被动运输peripheral protein phagocytosisphospholipid pinocytosis plasma membraneregulated secretion simple diffusion stress-activated channel symport transmembrane protein unit membraneunit membrane model vesicular transport voltage-gated channel外周蛋白吞噬作用磷脂胞饮作用质膜受调分泌简单扩散应力激活通道同向运输穿膜蛋白单位膜单位膜模型小泡运输电压门控通道第五章内膜系统annulate lamellaeautophagic lysosomecalreticulincis Golgi network cisternaeclathrin-coated vesiclecontinuous secretioncotranslation insertiondiscontinuous secretionendoplasmic reticulumgated transport glucose regulated protein94,GRP94glycosylationGolgi complexheavy-chain binding protein,BiPheterophagic lysosome internal signal peptideinternal start-transfer peptide lysosomemedial Golgi stackmolecular chaperonemyeloid bodyN-linked glycosylationphagolysosome孔环状片层自噬溶酶体钙网素顺面高尔基网扁平囊泡网格蛋白有被囊泡连续分泌共翻译插入非连续分泌内质网门孔运输葡萄糖调节蛋白94糖基化高尔基复合体重链结合蛋白异噬溶酶体内信号肽内开始转移肽溶酶体高尔基中间膜囊分子伴侣髓样体N-连接糖基化异噬溶酶体phospholipid exchange proteins,PEPprimary lysosome protein disulfide isomerase,PDIretention protein reticulo-plasmin rough endoplasmic reticulum，RERsarcoplasmic reticulumsecondary lysosomesignal hypothesissignal patchsignal peptidesignal recognition particle,SRPSRP-receptor,SRP-Rsmooth endoplasmic reticulum，SERtarget-SNAREs,t-SNAREstertiary lysosometrans Golgi networktranslocontransmembrane transport unfolded protein response, UPR 磷脂交换蛋白初级溶酶体蛋白二硫键异构酶驻留蛋白网质蛋白糙面内质网肌质网次级溶酶体信号肽假说信号斑信号肽信号识别颗粒信号识别颗粒受体光面内质网靶SNAREs三级溶酶体反面高尔基网转运体穿膜运输未折叠蛋白反应vacuolesvesiclevesicles大囊泡囊泡小囊泡vesicle-SNAREs,v- SNAREsvesicular transport 囊泡SNAREs囊泡转运第六章线粒体与细胞的能量转换ATP synthase complexbiological oxidationcellular oxidationcellular respirationchemiosmotic coupling hypothesiscristaeelementary particleglycolysisinner membraneintercristae space intermembrane spaceintracristae spacematrixmatrix spacematrix-targeting sequence，MTSATP合酶复合体生物氧化细胞氧化细胞呼吸化学渗透假说嵴基粒糖酵解内膜嵴间腔膜间腔嵴内空间基质基质腔基质导入序列mitochondrial disordersmitochondrial phaseouter membraneoxidative phosphorylationpostmitochondrial phasepremitochondrial phasereactive oxygen species, ROSsubstrate-level phosphorylationtranslocation contact sitetranslocon of the inner membrane，Timtranslocon of the outer membrane，Tomtricarboxylic acid cycle，TCA cycle 线粒体疾病线粒体期外膜氧化磷酸化线粒体后期线粒体前期活性氧底物水平磷酸化转位接触点内膜转位子外膜转位子三羧酸循环第七章细胞骨架与细胞的运动actincell cortex cochicine contractile ringcytochalasin Bcytoskeletondynamic instability modeldyneinfilopodia integrin intermediate filaments, IFkinesin lamellipodia microfilaments , MFmicrofilament associated protein,MAP 肌动蛋白细胞皮层秋水仙素收缩环细胞松弛素B 细胞骨架非稳态动力学模型 动力蛋白丝状伪足整合蛋白中间纤维驱动蛋白片状伪足微丝微丝结合蛋白microtubule organizing center, MTOCmicrotubules, MTmicrotubule-associaded protein ，MAPmyosinnucleation phasephalloidin polymerization phasesliding filament modelsteady state phasetaxol treadmilling modeltubulinvinblastine微管组织中心微管微管结合蛋白 肌球蛋白成核期鬼笔环肽聚合期 滑动丝模型稳定期紫杉醇踏车模型 管蛋白 长春新碱第八章细胞核acrocentric chromosomeannular subunitbandcentral domaincentral plugcentromerechromatidchromatinchromosomecolumn subunitconstitutive heterochromatincytoplasmic ringdense fibrillar component，DFCeuchromatinexportin facultativeheterochromatinfibrillar center，FCfish-trapgenome granular component，GCheterochromatinnucleosomenucleusouter nuclear membranepairing domainperinuclear spaceprimary constrictionreplication originsatellitescaffold radial loop structure model近端着丝粒染色体环状亚单位带型中央结构域中央栓着丝粒染色单体染色质染色体柱状亚单位组成性异染色质胞质环致密纤维组分常染色质输出蛋白兼性异染色质纤维中心捕鱼笼基因组颗粒中心异染色质核小体细胞核外核膜配对结构域核周间隙主溢痕复制源随体染色体骨架-放射环模型histonekaryophilic proteinsecondary constrictionsolenoidkaryotypekinetochorekinetochore domainluminal subunitmetacentric chromosomeminibandmultiple coiling modelnuclear localization signal, NLSnuclear matrixnuclear matrix associated proteinnuclear matrix proteinnuclear porenuclear pore complex，NPCnuclear ringnucleolar cyclenucleolar matrixnucleolar organizernucleolar organizing regionnucleolusnucleosomal histonespokesubmetacentric chromosomesupersolenoidtelocentric chromosometelomere组蛋白亲核蛋白次溢痕螺线管核型动粒动粒结构域腔内亚单位中着丝粒染色体微带多级螺旋化模型核内定位信号核基质核基质结合蛋白核基质蛋白核孔核孔复合体核质环核仁周期核仁基质核仁组织者核仁组织区核仁核小体组蛋白辐亚中着丝粒染色体超螺线管端着丝粒染色体端粒第九章基因信息的传递与蛋白质合成activating domainadaptive expressionalternative splicingaminoacyl siteaminoacyl-tRNA antibiotics anticodonantisense strand转录激活域适应性表达可变剪接A位点氨酰-tRNA 抗生素 反密码子反义链CAAT boxcentral dogmachaperonins chromatin remoldingcis-acting elementcoding regioncoding strandcodonCAAT盒中心法则伴侣素染色质重塑顺式作用元件编码区编码链密码子commalessconstitutive expressionconstitutive splicingdegeneracydirectionDNA binding domainenhancerexonGC boxgenegene clustergene familygeneral transcription factorgenetic codegenomehelix-loop-helix，HLHhelix-turn-helix，HTHheterogeneous nuclear RNA，hnRNA highly repetitive sequenceinducible geneintronleucine zippermiddle repetitive sequencenegative regulationnon-coding regiontranslocationtranspeptidase ubiquitin-proteasomeunique sequenceuniversalwobblezinc finger连续性组成性表达常规剪接简并性方向性DNA结合域增强子外显子GC盒基因基因簇基因家族通用转录因子遗传密码基因组螺旋-环-螺旋螺旋-转角-螺旋不均一核RNA高度重复序列可诱导基因内含子亮氨酸拉链中等重复序列负性调控非编码区转位 转肽酶泛素- 蛋白酶体 单一序列通用性摆动性锌指operonpeptide formationpeptidyl-tRNA sitepolyribosomepositive regulationpribnow boxPromoterRegisterregulatory gene repetitive sequencerepressible generepressorremodeler ribosome circulationsense strandShine-Dalgarno sequencesilencersmall nuclear ribonucleoprotein particle，snRNP spatial specificityspliceosome split genestructural genesumoylation TATA boxtemplate strandtemporal specificityterminatortrans-acting factortranscriptiontranscription factortranslation操纵子成肽P位点多聚核糖体正性调控Pribnow盒启动子进位调控基因重复序列可阻遏基因阻遏蛋白染色质重建子核糖体循环有意义链SD序列沉默子核糖核蛋白颗粒 空间特异性剪接体断裂基因结构基因sumo化 TATA盒模板链时间特异性终止子反式作用因子转录转录因子翻译第十章细胞连接与细胞黏附adhering junctionadhesion belt anchoring junctioncadherincell adhesioncell adhesion molecule，CAMcell junction chemical synapse黏着连接黏着带 锚定连接钙黏着蛋白 细胞黏附 细胞黏附分子细胞连接化学突触claudin communicating junctionconnexon desmosomedesmosome junctionelectric couplingelectronic synapsefilamin密封蛋白连接连接子桥粒桥粒连接电耦联电突触细丝蛋白focal adhesion gap junctionhemidesmosomeheterophilic bindinghomophilic bindingimmunoglobin-superfamily, Ig-SF inside outintegrinintracellular anchor proteinlinker-dependent binding metabolic couplingepithelial-mesenchymal黏着斑间隙连接半桥粒异亲型结合同亲型结合免疫球蛋白超家族由内向外整联蛋白细胞内锚定蛋白连接分子依赖性结合代谢耦联上皮-间质转型通讯neural cell adhesion molecule，N-CAMoccludinoccluding junctionoutside in plectinselectinsynapsetalintransmembrane adhesion protein神经细胞黏附分子闭合蛋白封闭连接由外向内网蛋白选择素突触踝蛋白穿膜黏连蛋白transition,EMT第十一章细胞外基质及其与细胞的相互作用anchorage dependent growthanoikis basal lamina，basement membrane，BMchondroitin sulfate，CScollagencollagen diseasecollagenasecore proteindermatan sulfate，DSelastaseelastinextracellular matrix, ECMfibronectin, FNglycosaminoglycan, GAG锚定依赖性生长失巢凋亡基膜硫酸软骨素胶原胶原病胶原酶核心蛋白硫酸皮肤素弹性蛋白酶弹性蛋白细胞外基质纤连蛋白糖胺聚糖 glycosyltransferases heparan sulfate，HSheparinhyaluronic acid，HAkeratan sulfate，KSlaminin，LNmatrix metalloproteinases，MMPnidogen，entactin perlecanproteoglycan，PGsyndecantriple helixtropoelastin 糖基转移酶硫酸乙酰肝素肝素透明质酸硫酸角质素层粘连蛋白基质金属蛋白酶巢蛋白渗滤素 蛋白聚糖连接素三股螺旋可溶性弹性蛋白原第十二章细胞的信号转导adenylate cyclase, ACcalmodulin，CaMcAMP-dependent protein kinase A，PKAcascadecGMP depedent protein kinase G，PKGcyclic AMP，cAMPcyclic GMP，cGMPdiacylglycerol，DAGeffector protein腺苷酸环化酶钙调蛋白cAMP依赖蛋白激酶A级联反应cGMP依赖蛋白激酶G环磷酸腺苷环磷酸鸟苷二酰基甘油效应蛋白first messengerG proteinG protein linked receptorguanylate cyclase，GCinositol trisphosphate，IP3insulinion channel receptorligandprotein tyrosine kinase，PTKreceptorsecond messenger第一信使G蛋白G蛋白偶联受体鸟苷酸环化酶三磷酸肌醇胰岛素离子通道受体配体酪氨酸蛋白激酶受体第二信使serine/threonine kinases，STKsignal transduction丝氨酸/苏氨酸蛋白激酶信号转导signaling networktyrosine-specific protein kinase receptor，TPKR 信号网络酪氨酸蛋白激酶型受体第十三章细胞分裂与细胞周期amitosisanaphaseanti oncogeneasterbivalentCdk inhibitor，CKIcell cyclecell divisioncellular oncogene，C-onc centrosomechalonecheckpointchiasmachiasma terminalization contractile ringcyclincyclin-dependent kinase，CDKcytostatic factor,CSF direct divisiongrowth factor无丝分裂后期抑癌基因星体二价体Cdk激酶抑制物细胞周期细胞分裂细胞癌基因中心体抑素检测点交叉交叉端化收缩环细胞周期蛋白细胞周期蛋白依赖性激酶细胞静止因子直接分裂生长因子indirect divisioninterphasekinetochore microtubule maturation promoting factor，MPFmeiosismetaphasemitosismitosis,M mitotic apparatuspolar microtubuleprophaseproto-oncogenerecombination nodulespindlesynapsissynaptonemal complex，SCtelophasetetradV-oncogene，V-onc 间接分裂分裂间期动粒微管成熟促进因子减数分裂中期有丝分裂分裂期有丝分裂器极微管前期原癌基因重组小结纺锤体联会联会复合体末期四分体癌基因第十五章细胞分化apical ectodermal cap cell determination cell differentiation cellular reprogrammingcleavage combinatory control compensatory regeneration dedifferentiation differential expression ectoderm embryonic induction endoderm 顶端外胚层帽 细胞决定 细胞分化 细胞重编程 卵裂 组合调控补偿性再生 去分化 差异表达 外胚层 胚胎诱导 内胚层 epimorphosis regeneration gastrulation genomic imprintinggrafting experiment histone code homeobox homeobox gene homeodomain homeodomain protein homeosis homeotic gene housekeeping gene微变态再生 原肠形成 基因组印记 胚胎移植实验 组蛋白密码同源异形框 同源异形框基因 同源异形结构域 同源异形域蛋白 同源异形转变 同源异形基因 管家基因 induced pluripotent stem cells juxtacrine interaction lateral inhibition locus control region,LCR long non-coding RNA，lncRNA luxury gene luxury protein master control gene maternal effect gene,MEG mesodermmetamorphosis microRNA, miRNA morphallaxis regeneration non-coding RNA 诱导多能干细胞,iPS细胞近分泌相互作用 侧向抑制 基因座控制区 长链非编码RNA奢侈基因 奢侈蛋白 细胞分化主导基因 母体效应基因 中胚层变态 微小RNA变形再生 非编码RNAorganogenesisparacrine factor pluripotent cell regeneration regeneration blastema small interfering RNA, siRNA somatic recombination spatial specificity stage specificity temporal specificity totipotent cell totipotent nucleus transdetermination transdifferentiation unipotency 器官发生旁分泌因子 多能（干）细胞 再生 再生胚芽小干扰RNA体细胞重组 阶段特异性空间特异性时间特异性全能（干）细胞 全能性细胞核 转决定 转分化 单能 第十六章细胞衰老与细胞死亡anoikis anti-apoptosis geneapoptosisapoptotic bodiesautophagosome autophagycell deathcell senescence cell shrinkagechromatin condensationClassIII PI3Kcytochrome C, cyt Cdeath receptor, DRDNA ladders 失巢凋亡抗凋亡基因细胞凋亡凋亡小体自噬泡 细胞自噬细胞死亡细胞衰老细胞皱缩染色质凝聚III型磷脂酰肌醇三磷酸激酶 细胞色素C死亡受体DNA梯状条带 DNA stainability endonucleaseHayflick life spaninterleukin-1 converting enzyme, ICEnecrosisnerve growth factor receptor, NGFRpermeability transition pores, PT poresphosphatidylserine, PSprogrammed cell death, PCDreactive oxygen species, ROStumor necrosis factor receptor, TNFR DNA可染性核酸内切酶Hayflick 界限白细胞介素-1转换酶细胞坏死神经生长因子受体渗透转变孔磷脂酰丝氨酸程序性细胞死亡活性氧类物质肿瘤坏死因子受体第十七章干细胞与组织的维持与再生adult stem cell asymmetry divisioncancer stem cell, CSCchimeracorneal stem cell directly induceddifferentiation成体干细胞不对称分裂癌干细胞嵌合体角膜干细胞直接诱导分化dedifferentiation embryoid body, EBembryonic carcinoma cell，ECembryonic germ cell，EGembryonic stem cell，ESepidermal stem cell 去分化类胚体胚胎癌细胞胚胎生殖细胞胚胎干细胞皮肤干细胞hematopoiesis stem cell，HSCinner cell mass，ICMintegral membrane proteininduced pluripotent stem cell integrinintestinal stem cell liver stem celllung stem cell marrow cavitymesenchymal stem cell, MSC multipotent stem cellmyogenic stem cell neural stem cells, NSCpancreatic stem cell plasticity pluripotent stem cell造血干细胞内细胞团整合膜蛋白诱导多能干细胞，iPS细胞整联蛋白小肠干细胞肝干细胞肺脏干细胞骨髓腔间充质干细胞专能干细胞肌肉干细胞神经干细胞胰腺干细胞可塑性多能干细胞pluripotenyprogenitor cell renal stem cell self-maintenancesomatic stem cellspermatogonial stem cellstage-specific embryonic antigen,SSEAstem cellstem cell nichesymmetry divisiontissue specific stem celltotipotencytotipotent stem celltransdetermination transdifferentiationunipotency多能 前体细胞肾脏干细胞自稳定性 成体干细胞精原干细胞胚胎阶段特异性抗原干细胞干细胞巢对称分裂组织特异性干细胞 全 能 全能干细胞转决定转分化专 能