考研考博-英语-山东英才学院考研模拟卷I【3套】含答案详解

住在富人区的她考研考博-英语-山东英才学院考研模拟卷【3套】含答案详解（图片大小可任意调节）全文为Word可编辑，若为PDF皆为盗版，请谨慎购买！第一卷一.单项选择题(共100题)1.Recognizing when a friend or colleague feels sad,angry or surprised is key to getting along with orhers.1 a new study suggests that a skill for listening in on feelings may sometimes come with an extra dose of stress.This and other research 2 the prevailing view that emotional intelligence is uniformly 3 to its bearer.In a study published in the September 2016 issue of E7notion,psychologists Myriam Bechtoldt and Vanessa Schneider asked 166 male university students a series of questions to 4 their emotional smarts.5,they showed the students photographs of peoples faces ancl askecl them 6 what extent feelings such as happiness or disgust were being expressed.The students 7 had to give job talks in front of judges displaying stern facial expressions.The scientists measured concentrations of the stress hormone cortisol in the studentssaliva before and after the talk.In students who were 8 more emotionally intelligent,the stress measures increased more during the experiment and took 9 to go back to baseline.The 10 suggest that some people may be too emotionally clever for their own good,says Hillary Anger Elfenbein,a professor of organizational behavior at Washington University in St.Louis.Sometimes you can be so good at something 11 it causes trouble,she notes.Indeed,the study adds to previous research hinting at a（n）12 side of emotional intelligence.A study published in 2002 in Personalr.t,y and Individual Di f ferences suggested that emotionally 13 people might be particularly 14 to feelings of depression and hopelessness.15,several studies,including one published in 2013 in PLOS ONE,have implied that emotional intelligence can be used to manipulate others for personal 16.More research is needed to see how exactly the relation between emotional intelligence and stress woulcl 17 0ut in women anclin people 18 different ages and education levels.19,emotional intelligence is a useful skill to have,as long as you learn to also properly 20 emotions-both othersand your own.13选？A.perceptiveB.healthyC.stableD.immature答案：A 本题解析：本题考查上下文语义。空格句具体介绍上文previous research的结论，其具体细节也应该嗣绕情商高的人这一主体腱开因此emotionally应体现出“情商高”的含义A.perceptive符合文意。“情感上健康稳定不成熟”都脱离了文章主体论述对象，故排除其他三项。2.Text 2 In a former leather factory just off Euston Road in London,a hopeful firm is starting up.BenevolentAIs main room is large and open-plan.In it,scientists and coders sit busily on benches,plyinS their various trades.Ie firms star,though,has a private,temperature.controlled office.Thal star is a powerful computer that runs the software which sits at the heart of BenevolentAls business.This software is an artificial-intelligence system.AI,as it is known for short,comes in several forms.But BenevolentAIs version of it is a form of machine learning that can draw inferences about wh8t it has leamed.In particular,it can process natural language and formulate new ideas from what it reads.Its job is to sift through vast chemical libraries,medical databases and conventionally presented scientific papers,looking for potential drug molecules.Nor is BenevolentAI a one-off.More and more people and firms believe that AI is well placed to help unpick biology and advance human health.Indeed,as Chris Bishop of Microsoft Research,in Cambridge,England,observes,one way of thinking aboui living organisms is to recognize that they are,in plex systems which process informalion using a combination of hardware and software.That thought has consequences.Whether it is the new Chan Zuckerberg Initiative（CZI）,from the founder of Facebook and his wife,or the biological subsidiaries being set up by firms such as Alphabet（Googles parent company）,IBM and Microsofi,the new Big Idea in Silicon Valley is that in the worlds of biology and disease there are problems its software engineers can solve.The discovery of new drugs is an early test of the belief that AI has much to offer biology and medicine.Pharmaceutical companies are finding il increasingly difficult lo make headway in their search for novel products.The conventional approach is to screen larf;e numbers of molecules for signs of relative biological effect,and then weed out the useless partin a series of more and more expensive tests and trials,in the hope of coming up with a golden nugget at the end.This way of doing things is,however,declining in productivity and rising in cost.According to Paragraph 2,BenevolentAIs version of Al can_A.make some inferencesB.think like human beingsC.teach machines to learnD.leam complex language答案：A 本题解析：细节题。根据关键词BenevolenLAIs version of AI定位到第二段第一行：But BenevolentAIs version of it is a form of machine learning that can draw inferences about what it has learned.选项Amake some inferences“作出一些推断”=draw inferences about what it has learned故该项为答案。选项Bthink like human beings“像人类一样思考”，该项属于无中生有。选项Cteach machines to learn“教授机器学习”是针对machine learning“机器学习”的干扰，其中teach一词无中生有。选项Dleam complex language“学习复杂语言”，该项与iI can process natural language一句相关，但是并不等同，leam“学习”不等于“处理”，故该项也与原文不符。综上，本题选择A。3.Thinner isnt always better.A number of studies have 1_that normal-weight people are in fact at higher risk of some diseases compared to those who are overweight.And there are health conditions for which being overweight is actually_2_.For example,heavier women are less likely to develop calcium deficiency than thin women.3 among the elderly,being somewhat overweight is often an_4 of good health.Of even greater 5 is the fact that obesity turns out to be very difficult to define.It is often defined 6_body mass index,or BMI.BMI 7 body mass divided by the square of height.An adult with a BMI of 18 to 25 is often considered to be normal weight.Between 25 and 30 is overweight.And over 30 is considered obese.Obesity,8,can be divided into moderately obese,severely obese,and very severely obese.While such numerical standards seem 9,they are not.Obesity is probably less a matter of weight than body fat.Some people with a high BMI are in fact extremely fit,10 others with a low BMI may be in poor 11.For example,many collegiate and professional football players 12 as obese,though their percentage body fat is low.Conversely,someone with a small frame may have high body fat but a 13 BMI.Today we have a（an）_14_to label obesity as a disgrace.The overweight are sometimes_15_in the media with their faces covered.Stereotypes_16_with obesity include laziness,lack of will power,and lower prospects for success.Teachers,employers,and health professionals have been shown to harbor biases against the obese._17_very young children tend to look down on the overweight,and teasing about body build has long been a problem in schools.Negative attitudes toward obesity,_18_in health concerns,have stimulated a number of anti-obesity_19_.My own hospital system has banned sugary drinks from its facilities.Many employers have instituted weight loss and fitness initiatives.Michelle Obama launched a high-visibility campaign_20_childhood obesity,even claiming that it represents our greatest national security threat.19选？A.discussionsB.businessesC.policiesD.studies答案：D 本题解析：词义辨析【直击答案】解答此题需要联系空格后面紧跟着的句子。空后的句子出现了一系列表示同一个语义场的词汇，如hospital system，ban，many employers institute,指向的意思是一个系统中所出台的政策的问题。浏览四个选项，D项policies符合题意，直接入选。【命题思路】本题考查对上下文的语义的理解。【干扰排除】D项是强干扰项，代入原文与空格部分形成“对抗肥胖的研究”，但此含义与下文出现的语义场不吻合，因为“研究”一般多出自于机构，科研院所等层面的场所，医院更多是治病救人的地方。4.Weighing ourser egulay s aoneru way 1o stay aware or any sginant wegt ncuatoros(1),when done too often,this habit can sometimes hurt more thatit(2)As for me,weighing myself every day caused ma to shift my focus from being generally healthy and physicaly active to focusing(3)on the scale.That was bad to my overall fitness goals.|had gained weight in the form of muscle mass,but thinking onlyof(4)the number on the scale,|altered my training program.That conflicted with how|needed to trainto(5)my goals.|also found that weighing myself daily did not provide an accurate(6)of the hard work and progress|was making in the gym.It takes about three weeks to a month to notice any significant changes in your weight(7)altering your training program.The most(8)changes will be observed in skill level,strength and inches lost.For these(9)|stopped weighing myself every day and switched to a bimonthly weighing schedule(10).since weight lIoss is not my goal,it is less important for me to(11)my weight each week.Weighing every otherweek allows me to observe and(12)any significant weight changes.That tells me whether Ineed to(13)my training program.|use my bimonthly weight-in(14)to get information about my nutrition as well.If my training intensity remains the same,but Im constantly(15)and dropping weight,thisisa(16)that|need to increase my daily caloric intake.The(17)to stop weighing myself every day has done wonders for my overall health,fitness and well-being.Im experiencing increased zeal for working out since|no longer carry the burdenofa(18)morning weigh-in.Ive also experienced greater success in achieving my specific fitness goals.(19)Im training according to those goals,not the numbers on a scale.Rather than(20)over the scale,turn your focus to how you kook,feel,how you clothes fit and your overall energy level.14选？（）A.resultsB.featuresC.rulesD.tests答案：A 本题解析：暂无解析5.Text l Americans,we are told,believe in competition.But a shockingly large number of workers-30 million-are shackled by what are callednoncompetes,which are agreements forbidding employees to leave their job to work for a competitor or to start their own competing business.And the number is growing fast.Once reserved for a corporations most treasured rainmakers,noncompetes are now routinely applied to low-wage workers like warehouse employees,fast-food workers and even dog sitters.Like other anti-competitive practices,they poison our economy in larger,less perceptible ways.A report from the Treasury Department suggests that noncompetes should be banned for all employees,regardless of skill,industry or wage;they simply do more harm than good.Because laws governing noncompetes vary from state to state,we can analyze the effects of these kinds of contracts on wages,competition and labor mobility.The evidence shows wages in states that enforce noncompetes are 10 percent lower than in states that restrict their use.The Treasury Department concluded in its recent report thatby reducing workersjob options,noncompete agreements force workers to accept lower wages in their current jobs,and may sometimes induce workers to leave their occupations entirely,forgoing accumulated human capital.Workers shackled by noncompetes cannot rely on outside offers and free-market competition to fairly value their talents.Without incentives to increase wages in-house,companies can allow salaries to plateau.California and Massachusetts offer a case study within the high-tech industry.California strictly voids all noncompete agreements.Massachusetts,like most other states,enforces noncompetes.Both states enjoyed an early boom within the high-tech market,but Californias Silicon Valley has continued growing,while Massachusetts has sputtered.In Massachusetts the enforcement of those agreements kept out new businesses by preventing people most likely to start new businesses-experienced former employees-from staying in the region.Meanwhile,in Silicon Valley,entrepreneurial activity flourished;thanks to Californias refusal to enforce all noncompetes（including those from other jurisdictions）,it remains the tech center of the world.The best companies already realize the damaging effect of post-employment restrictions.Companies with little turnover risk becoming stagnant and short-sighted.In fact,relying on noncompetes rather than active recruitment and retention creates a market for lemons-a business will end up with employees who stay despite their unhappiness.Smart leaders treat departing employees as alumni,rather than sour exes in a divorce.But too many other employers have become increasingly inclined to bring disagreements with their former employees to court,relying on noncompetes rather than positive incentives to retain the best talent and reduce the competition.The liberty to move in the job market not only supports workerschoice,equality and wage growth but also creates the competition that catalyzes entrepreneurship,innovation and overall economic growth.If we want a healthy and free market,we should not shackle workers to the first business that offers them a job.Let them compete.In the authors view,noncompetes should be_A.unconditionally abolished for workersB.specifically reserved for high talentsC.strictly limited to high-tech industriesD.only banned for those taking first jobs答案：A 本题解析：信息锁定第二段末句先借财政部报告指出：应对所有劳动者严禁实行竞业禁止，无论技能、工资或行业；第三段随后分析竞业禁止在薪资、竞争、人才流动三方面的负面影响（不利工资上浮、不利推动竞争、不利人才流动）；第四段以麻省、加州对竞业禁止的不同政策从而收获不同经济效益为例说明竞业禁止对竞争、创业的危害；第五段进而指出企业减少竞争的最佳做法：依赖积极正面的激励措施留住人才而非依赖竞业禁止一纸协议；末段最后总结：不该对员工施加竞业禁止束缚，应让其竞争起来。就此可知，作者对竞业禁止持批判态度，与财政部报告站位一致，A.正确。解题技巧B.出自第二段句“过去竞业禁止只用于高级人才，现在却扩大到低薪员工”（据most treasured rainmakers和low-wage workers的对比可知前者属于“高收入高级人才”），但该句意在强调竟业禁止适用范围扩大，已呈泛滥趋势；C.与第四段文意“竞业禁止不利于高科技产业自由竞争、长期发展”相悖；D.看似与末段句相符，却未掌握句实乃“以极端凸显普遍”手法，即以“不能借助竞业禁止协议将劳动者终身捆绑在一个公司”凸显“要给劳动者Ia由进出劳动市场（即工作选择）的权利，不能靠一纸协议来将其束缚住”。6.The Internet affords anonymity to its users,a blessing to privacy and freedom of speech.But that very anonymity is also behind the explosion of cyber-crime that has 1 across the Web.Can privacy be preserved 2 bringing safety and security to a world that seems increasingly 3?Last month,Howard Schmidt,the nations cyber-czar,offered the federal government a 4 to make the Web a safer place-a“voluntary trusted identity”system that would be the high-tech 5 of a physical key,a fingerprint and a photo ID card,all rolled 6 one.The system might use a smart identity card,or a digital credential 7 to a specific computer.and would authenticate users at a range of online services.The idea is to 8 a federation of private online identity systems.User could 9 which system to join,and only registered users whose identities have been authenticated could navigate those systems.The approach contrasts with one that would require an Internet drivers license 10 by the government.Google and Microsoft are among companies that already have these“single sign-on”systems that make it possible for users to 11 just once but use many different services.12.the approach would create a“walled garden”n cyberspace,with safe“neighborhoods”and bright“streetlights”to establish a sense of a 13 community.Mr.Schmidt described it as a“voluntary ecosystem”in which“individuals and organizations can complete online transactions with 14,trusting the identities of each other and the identities of the infrastructure 15 which the transaction runs”.Still,the administrations plan has 16 privacy rights activists.Some applaud the approach;others are concerned.It seems clear that such a scheme is an initiative push toward what would 17 be a compulsory Internet“drives license”mentality.The plan has also been greeted with 18 by some computer security experts,who worry that the“voluntary ecosystem”envisioned by Mr.Schmidt would still leave much of the Internet 19.They argue that all Internet users should be 20 to register and identify themselves,in the same way that drivers must be licensed to drive on public roads.1选？A.sweptB.skippedC.walkedD.ridden答案：A 本题解析：词义辨析【直击答案】本空格所在句是But that very anonymity is also behind the explosion of cybercrime that has 1 across the Web.所需填入动词在that引导的定语从句作谓语，该定语从句修饰限定其先行词the explosion of cybercrime，即网络犯罪的爆发，根据第一句信息，人们可匿名使用网络，这为网络使用者提供了隐私保障和言论自由的权利。但本句开头的but，说明本句和前一句所强调内容不同，推断出本句表达含义为“尽管网络有匿名使用的优点，但隐藏在这优点背后的是席卷网络的网络犯罪爆发”。A项有“席卷”的含义，swept原型为sweep,例：sweep across the globe席卷全球。【命题思路】考查动词和介词的搭配。【干扰排除】B项skipped“跳过”，C项walked“走过”，D项ridden“骑或搭乘”与句子主语the explosion of cybercrime搭配不当，故排除。7.No one can l Howard Schultz ofinaction since he returned as chief executive of Starbucks,the firm he built into a multinational 2 to watch it stumble under his successor.Barely a month has gone by over the past year without the firm 3 some new initiative or other.The latest came on February 17th in New York,when Mr.Schultz 4 Via,an instant coffee which,he 5,tastes just as good as Java brewed in the shop by one of the firms baristas.Don Valencia,the firms first head of research and development,who 6 the blended and frozen frappuccino drinks that earn Starbucks$2 billion a year,could never find a 7 to scale up an instant formula he had developed at home.When Mr.Schultz retumed as chief executive,he 8 that there had been some technological advances,allowing finer grinding,9.So he asked the R&D team to repeat the recently deceased Valencias experiments,and found thatwe had broken the 10.The name Via is a hat-tip to Valencia-though during development it was known as Jaws（just add water,stir）.Starbucks says it has patents that should 11 competitors from quickly replicating Via,which will go on sale in some American stores next month.The opportunity may,12,be biggest in other countries:in Britain over 80%of coffee sold is instant,13 with just 10%in America.14 Starbucks drinkers decide that Via tastes good,the company will have to get the price 15.The riskis that the firms existing customers may 16 counter service and start making their own cup of instant.To keep customers coming to remaining outlets,he might experiment with discounts such as cheap 17 meals ofa drink and food.He also wants a visit to a Starbucks shop to bc a18 uplifiing experience.Improving the smellin stores by changing the cheese used in breakfast sandwiches was a start.But 19 that staff are enthusiastic will be especially difficult whenjobs are 20.10选？A.standardB.criterionC.codeD.norm答案：C 本题解析：名词辨析题。根据原文：So he asked the RD team to repeat the recently deceased Valencias experiments,and found that”we had broken the一”（因此，他让研发团队重新研究近期已被废弃的Valencia的实验，结果发现“我们已经破译了”。）C项code意为“代码，密码；编码：法典”，常与动词break连用表示“破译密码”，根据上下文内容，可得出C项为正确选项。【干扰排除】A项standard指公认的、尤指可被接受的社会各个方面一般的标准、水准、度量衡标准。B项criterion-般为正式用语，指“判断某人、某事的程度或价值的标准”。D项norm“规范、基准、定额、指标”。例如：social norm社会规范。A项、B项、D项均不符合文意，可排除。8.Text 2 As lawmakers fight over what conditions insurance companies should be required to cover,other areas of health-care reform remain painfully neglected.One major example:How much should insurance companies pay for what they cover?Consumers rarely care about health-care prices beyond what they personally pay for deductibles,co-payments and prescription drugs.But insurance payments are crucial to understanding why health-care prices have gotten so out of control in the United States.A new study published in JAMA Internal Medicine makes this abundantly clear:Hospital emergency departments across the country are prone to excessively overcharge patients with private insurance,the study found,demanding that patients pay-on average-more than four times what Medicare pays for typical emergency procedures.This is not the heritage of sound medicine.This is the outcome of an extremely complicated and disjointed health-care system-and its not necessarily the result of greedy hospitals trying to milk large profits out of vulnerable populations.Instead,its the result of messy provider networks-rife with discounts and confusing contracts,designed by insurance companies and providers to attract customers.There are policy solutions to correct this system.Maryland,for example,has long operated under anall-payer systemin which everyone pays the same rate for the sam