考研考博-英语-黄冈科技职业学院考研模拟卷I【3套】含答案详解

住在富人区的她考研考博-英语-黄冈科技职业学院考研模拟卷【3套】含答案详解（图片大小可任意调节）全文为Word可编辑，若为PDF皆为盗版，请谨慎购买！第一卷一.单项选择题(共100题)1.In our contemporary culture,the prospect of communicating with-or even looking at-a stranger is virtually unbearable.Everyone around us seems to agree by the way they fiddle with their phones,even without a 1 underground.Its a sad reality-our desire to avoid interacting with other human beings-because theres 2 to be gained from talking to the stranger standing by you.But you wouldnt know it,3 into your phone.This universal armor sends the 4:Please dont approach me.What is it that makes us feel we need to hide 5 our screens?One answer is fear,according to Jon Wortmann,executive mental coach.We fear rejection,or that our innocent social advances will be 6 ascreepy,.We fear well be 7.We fear well be disruptive.Strangers are inherently 8 to us,so we are more likely to feel 9 when communicating with them compared with our friends and acquaintances.To avoid this anxiety,we 10 to our phones.Phones become our security blanket,Wortmann says.They are our happy glasses that protect us from what we perceive is going to be more 11.”But once we rip off the bandaid,tuck our smartphones in our pockets and look up,it doesnt 12 so bad.In one 2011 experiment,behavioral scientists Nicholas Epley and Juliana Schroeder asked commuters to do the unthinkable:Start a 13.They had Chicago train commuters talk to their fellow 14.When Dr.Epley and Ms.Schroeder asked other people in the same train station to 15 how they would feel after talking to a stranger,the commuters thought their 16 would be more pleasant if they sat on their own,the New York Times summarizes.Though the participants didnt expect a positive experience,after they 17 with the experiment,not a single person reported having been snubbed.18,these commutes were reportedly more enjoyable compared with those sans communication,which makes absolute sense,19 human beings thrive off of social connections.Its that 20:Talking to strangers can make you feel connected.13选？A.lectureB.conversationC.debateD.negotiation答案：B 本题解析：词义辨析【直击答案】由上文推断此处为研究者进行的一项实验内容，根据该句后面一句中talk to可知，实验是让研究对象进行交谈，可锁定B项conversation，与talk to对应。【命题思路】本题需要根据上下文语境确定要选填的名词意思。【干扰排除】其余选项的词义不满足下文的语境train commuters和talk to，故排除。2.Unlike so-called basic emotions such as sadness,fear,and anger,guilt emerges a little later,in conjunction with a childs growing grasp of social and moral norms.Children arent born knowing how to say“Im sorry”;rather,they learn over time that such statements appease parents and friends-and their own consciences.This is why researchers generally regard so-called moral guilt,in the right amount,to be a good thing:A child who claims responsibility for knocking over a tower and tries to rebuild it is engaging in behavior thats not only reparative but also prosocial.In the popular imagination,of course,guilt still gets a bad rap.It evokes Freuds ideas and religious hang-ups.More important,guilt is deeply uncomfortable-its the emotional equivalent of wearing a jacket weighted with stones.Who would inflict it upon a child?Yet this understanding is outdated.“There has been a kind of revival or a rethinking about what guilt is and what role guilt can serve,”Vaish says,adding that this revival is part of a larger recognition that emotions arent binary-feelings that may be advantageous in one context may be harmful in another.Jealousy and anger,for example,may have evolved to alert us to important inequalities.Too much happiness（think mania）can be destructive.And guilt,by prompting us to think more deeply about our goodness,can encourage humans to atone for errors and fix relationships.Guilt,in other words,can help hold a cooperative species together.It is a kind of social glue.Viewed in this light,guilt is an opportunity.Work by Tina Malti,a psychology professor at the University of Toronto,suggests that guilt may compensate for an emotional deficiency.In a number of studies,Malti and others have shown that guilt and sympathy（and its close cousin empathy）may represent different pathways to cooperation and sharing.Some kids who are low in sympathy may make up for that shortfall by experiencing more guilt,which can rein in their nastier impulses.And vice versa:High sympathy can substitute for low guilt.In a 2014 study,for example,Malti and a colleague looked at 244 children,ages 4,8,and 12.Using caregiver assessments and the childrens self-observations,they rated each childs overall sympathy level and his or her tendency to feel negative emotions（like guilt and sadness）after moral transgressions.Then the kids were handed stickers and chocolate coins,and given a chance to share them with an anonymous child.For the low-sympathy kids,how much they shared appeared to turn on how inclined they were to feel guilty.The guilt-prone ones shared more,even though they hadnt magically become more sympathetic to the other childs deprivation.“Thats good news,”Malti says.“We can be prosocial because of our empathetic proclivity,or because we caused harm and we feel regret.”Researchers think that guilt can be a good thing because it may help_.A.regulate a childs basic emotionsB.improve a childs intellectual abilityC.intensify a childs positive feelingsD.foster a childs moral development答案：A 本题解析：本题目为因果关系题，考察因果关系对应关系。根据题干关键词guilt can be a good thing定位到第一段最后一句。因果关系题找到原因定位句，根据最后一句this is why可得知应该是题点的上一句，即第一段倒数第二句“Children arent born knowing how to say“I am sorry”;rather,they learn over time that such statements appease parents and friends-and their own consciences.”，这句的意思是孩子不是生来就知道如何说“对不起”，而是随着时间而学习到的，这种说法可以安慰一下他的父母朋友，以及他们自己的道德心（良心）。但是这句话实际是个例子，所以我们可以进一步往前看一句，就是第一段第一句的后半句主句，“guilt emerges a little later,in conjunction with a childs growing grasp of social and moral norms.内疚出现的稍晚一点，伴随着孩子对于社会和道德准则的理解的逐渐增多”这句就可以得出答案A，foster a childs moral development培养了孩子的道德发展是a childs growing grasp of social and moral norms这句的同义改写。干扰项B的regulate a childs basic emotions原文提及到基本情感，但并未提及regulate管理，干扰项C.improve a childs intellectual ability和D.intensity a childs positive feelings都为提及。3.Text 2 Internet service providers have realized that they are sitting on a treasure chest of data about your online activities that they could be selling to advertisers.Recognizing the privacy threat,the Federal Communications Commission adopted rules that would have stopped them from doing so without your consent,but Congress recently shot down the regulation.This is a big deal.Privacy doesnt merely benefit individuals;it fundamentally shapes how society functions.It is crucial for marginalized communities and for social movements.Privacy enables these groups to network,organize,and develop their ideas before challenging the status quo.But when people know theyre being tracked and monitored,they change their behavior.This chilling effect hurts our intellectual freedoms and our capacity for social progress.The data that tracks our behavior feeds into machine-learning algorithms that make judgments about us.When used for advertising,they can reproduce our own prejudiced behavior.Marketers can use machine learning to figure out your unique features-do you resDond better to words or to pictures?Do you make impulsive shopping decisions?-to target you with exactly the advertisement that will best persuade you.When consequential decisions about employment or loans are made using this kind of data,the result can feel absurd and incomprehensible,because these systems arent programmed to explain their decisions.There arent yet effective ways for humans to hold algorithms accountable for how they categorize us.The good news is how effective technology can be in preventing tracking.We found that ad blockers and other browser-privacy tools can decrease tracking by 80 percent or more.More complex tools can be even more effective.In other worcls,the more technically savvy among us can enjoy dramatically better privacy and digital freedoms.But this has resulted in a technologicalarms race,which is worrying by itself,but also because such technical skill correlates with historically advantaged groups.Meanwhile,publishers are caught in the ad-blocking crossfire,endangering the free press.One bright spot is that online privacy research has had a tremendous effect.It has helped regulators curb the worst of the offenses,forced companies to roll back invasions because of public-relations pressure,spurred the development of privacy tools,and developed a healthy public debate about online tracking.The fight for privacy is now closely linked to the fight for digital civil liberties and democratic values,and it is a movement that includes activists,artists,journalists,researchers,and everyday users of technology.Theres tremendous power in your hands to take charge of your own privacy as well as foster these societal values.The author views preventing Web tracking with technology as_.A.radical and dangerousB.complex and impracticalC.simple but effectiveD.helpful but risky答案：D 本题解析：信息锁定第四段先肯定（The good news is）技术可高效阻止网络追踪，随后转折指出（But）以技术手段制止网络追踪会引发军备竞赛、有利于强势群体、甚至会危及出版自由。可见D.是对作者观点的正确概括。解题技巧A.忽视第四段前四句对先进技术效用的认可，且“激进的（radical）”无信息支撑。B.impractical（不切实际的）与第四段句“技术工具已实现有效制止网络追踪”相悖且complex并非文中所指：文中指“更复杂的技术可能更有效”而非“反追踪技术总体复杂”。C.忽视段落转折后内容，且simple-词无信息支撑。4.Happy people work differently.Theyre more productive,more creative,and willing to take greater risks.And new researchsuggeststhathappinessmightinfluence_1_firmswork,too.Companies located in places with happier people invest more,according to a recent research paper._2_,firms in happyplacesspend more on R&D（researchand development）.Thats becausehappiness is linked to the kind of longer-term thinking_3_formakinginvestmentsforthefuture.The researchers wanted to know if the_4_and inclination for risk-taking that come with happiness would_5_the way companies invested.So they compared U.S.citiesaverage happiness_6_by Gallup polling with the investment activityofpubliclytradedfirmsinthoseareas._7_enough,firmsinvestment and R&D intensity were correlated with the happiness of the area in which they were_8_.Butisitreallyhappinessthatslinkedtoinvestment,orcouldsomethingelseabouthappiercities_9_whyfirms there spend more on R&D?To find out,the researchers controlled for various_10_that might make firms more likely to investlikesize,industry,andsalesandforindicatorsthataplacewas_11_tolivein,likegrowthinwagesorpopulation.Thelinkbetweenhappinessandinvestmentgenerally_12_evenafteraccountingforthesethings.The correlation between happiness and investment was particularly strong for younger firms,which the authors_13_to“less codified decision making process”and the possible presence of“younger and less_14_managers who are more likely to be influenced by sentiment.”The relationship was_15_stronger in places where happiness was spread more_16_.Firms seem to invest more in places where most people are relatively happy,rather than in places with happinessinequality._17_thisdoesntprovethathappinesscausesfirmstoinvestmoreortotakealonger-termview,theauthorsbelieveit at least_18_at that possibility.Its not hard to imagine that local culture and sentiment would help_19_how executives think about the future.“It surely seems plausible that happy people would be more forward-thinking and creative and_20_R&Dmorethantheaverage,”saidoneresearcher.3选？A.sufficientB.famousC.perfectD.necessary答案：D 本题解析：空格前为long-term thinking，空格后为for making investments for the future，故本空格应填入形容词，与介词for搭配在一起修饰long-term thinking。同时，根据句意可知，长远考虑应该是对未来投资所必需的，故D为正确答案。5.I couldnt stop crying.Months oflate evenings and demanding travel had l my professional exterior.I tried to 2 my quarterly numbers while my colleagues squirmed（局促不安）in their seats,offered me a box oftissues,or just 3.My boss 4 ended the meeting.My colleagues quickly 5 the room.l was left 6 in the conference room,crumpled tissues in hand.For women,crying in a professional 7 is often seen as the kiss of death:Stop crying!Someone will see you.Quick,run to the ladiesroom!These are just two 8 0f similar wamings Ive heard throughout my career.But its not just me.Female friends and colleagues have told me they too have been told to 9 the waterworks.Its a familiar 10 for women who cry at work:Escape to bathroom.Grab toilet paper.Wipe eyes.Blow nose.Take deep breath and sashay back into the conference rooms,banquet halls,auditoriums and hallways.Act as ifwe really did just have to use the 11.If,however,we cant make a pre-tears escape,were likely to 12 0ur tails between our legs:Im so sorry.Dont worry,that will never happen again.Youre right,that was so unprofessional.Most of the women I spoke with about this 13 explain that to cry in front of colleagues,especially male peers or bosses,14 as one ofthe most humiliating professional experiences.But times and corporate culture are both changing.Could crying have a less negative feeling ifleaders 15 it as natural?16 gender,leaders need to be trained on how t0 17 crying as another form of emotional expression.The 18 from the top needs to be that no one will lose credibility or be seen as less competent if they cry.Rather,they will be viewed as being 19 while helping to create an even more 20 workplace culture.11选？A.facilitiesB.accessoriesC.statisticsD.instruments答案：A 本题解析：名词辨析题。根据句意，拿起卫生纸，擦眼睛，擤鼻涕，再深吸一口气，然后在会议室、宴会厅、礼堂和走廊里走走。就好像我们真的需要使用这些一样。再根据前一句提到的会议室、宴会厅、礼堂和走廊，可推断出此处为“设施”。故A项为正确选项。【干扰排除】根据以上分析可知，B项accessories“附件；辅助程序”、C项statistics“统计；统计学”不符合语义，故排除；D项instruments“仪器；乐器”多指科学仪器或者精密仪器，故排除。6.I couldnt stop crying.Months oflate evenings and demanding travel had l my professional exterior.I tried to 2 my quarterly numbers while my colleagues squirmed（局促不安）in their seats,offered me a box oftissues,or just 3.My boss 4 ended the meeting.My colleagues quickly 5 the room.l was left 6 in the conference room,crumpled tissues in hand.For women,crying in a professional 7 is often seen as the kiss of death:Stop crying!Someone will see you.Quick,run to the ladiesroom!These are just two 8 0f similar wamings Ive heard throughout my career.But its not just me.Female friends and colleagues have told me they too have been told to 9 the waterworks.Its a familiar 10 for women who cry at work:Escape to bathroom.Grab toilet paper.Wipe eyes.Blow nose.Take deep breath and sashay back into the conference rooms,banquet halls,auditoriums and hallways.Act as ifwe really did just have to use the 11.If,however,we cant make a pre-tears escape,were likely to 12 0ur tails between our legs:Im so sorry.Dont worry,that will never happen again.Youre right,that was so unprofessional.Most of the women I spoke with about this 13 explain that to cry in front of colleagues,especially male peers or bosses,14 as one ofthe most humiliating professional experiences.But times and corporate culture are both changing.Could crying have a less negative feeling ifleaders 15 it as natural?16 gender,leaders need to be trained on how t0 17 crying as another form of emotional expression.The 18 from the top needs to be that no one will lose credibility or be seen as less competent if they cry.Rather,they will be viewed as being 19 while helping to create an even more 20 workplace culture.5选？A.evaporatedB.desertedC.crowdedD.evacuated答案：D 本题解析：动词辨析题。根据句意，同事们迅速了会议室，会议突然结束，与会人员肯定是离开会议室，故D项为正确选项。【干扰排除】根据以上分析可知，A项evaporated“蒸发，挥发”、B项deserted“遗弃；放弃；逃跑”、C项crowded“拥挤，挤满”均不符合上下文语义，故均排除。7.Millions of Americans and foreigners see G.I.Joe as a mindless war toy,the symbol of American military adventurism,but thats not how it used to be.To the men and women who 1 in World Warand the people they liberated,the G.I.was the 2 man grown into hero,the poor farm kid torn away from his home,the guy who 3 all the burdens of battle,who slept in cold foxholes,who went without the 4 of food and shelter,who stuck it out and drove back the Nazi reign of murder.This was not a volunteer soldier,not someone well paid,5 an average guy up 6 the best trained,best equipped,fiercest,most brutal enemies seen in centuries.His name isnt much.GI.is just a military abbreviation 7.Government Issue,and it was on all of the articles 8 to soldiers.And Joe?A common name for a guy who never 9 it to the top.Joe Blow,Joe Palooka.Joe Magrac.a working class name.The United States has 10 had a president or vice-president or secretary of state Joe.G.I.Joe had a 11 career fighting German,Japanese,and Korean troops.He appears as a character.or a 12 of American personalities,in the 1945 movie The Story of G.I.Joe,based on the last days of war correspondent Emie Pyle.Some of the soldiers Pyle 13 portrayed themselves in the film.Pyle was famous for covering the 14 side of the war,writing about the dirt-snow-and-mud soldiers not how many miles were 15 or what towns were captured or liberated.His reports 16 the“Willie”cartoons of famed Stars and Stripes artist Bill Maulden.Both men 17 the dirt and exhaustion of war,the 18 of civilization that the soldiers shared with each other and the civilians:coffee,tobacco,whiskey,shelter,sleep.19 Egypt,France,and a dozen more countries,G.I.Joe was any American soldier,20 the most important person in their lives.1选？A.performedB.servedC.rebelledD.betrayed答案：B 本题解析：词义辨析【直击答案】本空格所在句是To the men and women who 1 in World War II and the people they liberated。空格中需要填入一个动词，该动词所在的定语从句修饰限定其先行词the men and women,由定语从句中the people they liberated意为“被他们解放的人”，再结合前面World War II，可判断出答案应为B项served。serve in the war意为“服兵役，当兵”。【命题思路】本题根据上下文语义信息做出判断，同时也考查对相近含义词汇的辨析。【干扰排除】纵观四个选项都是动词，所以就要分析词义，如果不认识这几个词，此题的难度就会变大。A项perform作及物动词时多为“履行，完成”，后面需要带宾语，其次带入句中意为“二战中执行的男男女女”，执行什么不得知，可以排除。C项rebel带入句中意为“二战中反抗的男男女女”，意思和下文无法衔接。D项betray带入句中意为“二战中背叛的男男女女”，也排除。8.Text 4 Europe is not a genderequality heaven.In particular,the corporate workplace will never be completely familyfriendly until women are part of senior management decisions,and Europes top corporategovernance positions remain overwhelmingly male.Indeed,women hold only 14 percent of positions on Europe corporate boards.The Europe Union is now considering legislation to compel corporate boards to maintain a certain proportion of womenup to 60 percent.This proposed mandate was born of frustration.Last year,Europe Commission Vice President Viviane Reding issued a call to voluntary action.Reding invited corporations to sign up for gender balance goal of 40 percent female board membership.But her appeal was considered a failure:only 24 companies took it up.Do we need quotas to ensure that women can continue to climb the corporate Ladder fairy as they balance work and family?“Personally,I dont like quotas，”Reding said recently.“But I like what the quotas do.”Quotas get action:they“open the way to equality and they break through the glass ceiling,”according to Reding,a result seen in France and other countries with legally binding provisions on placing women in top business positions.I understand Redings reluctanceand her frustration.I dont like quotas either;they run counter to my belief in meritocracy,government by the capable.But,when one considers the obstacles to achieving the meritocratic ideal,it does look as if a fairer world must be temporarily ordered.After all,four decades of evidence has now shown that corporations in Europe as the US are evading the meritocratic hiring and promotion of women to top positionno matter how much“soft pressure”is put upon them.When women do break through to the summit of corporate poweras,for example,Sheryl Sandberg recently did at Facebookthey attrac