考研考博-英语-长白山职业技术学院考研模拟卷I【3套】含答案详解

住在富人区的她考研考博-英语-长白山职业技术学院考研模拟卷【3套】含答案详解（图片大小可任意调节）全文为Word可编辑，若为PDF皆为盗版，请谨慎购买！第一卷一.单项选择题(共100题)1.Text 3 University used to be for a privileged few.In some countries it is now almost a rite of passage.Although that is excellent news,rew countries have worked out how to pay for it.In some of continental Europe,where the state often foots the bill,the result has usually been under investment.In America,where students themselves pay,many have little choice but to take on huge debts.English policymakers thought they had struck the right balance,with a mix of student fees and generous state loans.But,nearly two decades after youngsters were first required to contribute to tuition costs,the system has dwindling support at home.Jeremy Corbyn,Labours leader,speaks as though it were designed to keep the poor from spoiling the ivory towers.He has called for an end to thedebt burdenon students,and has claimed thatfewer working-class young people are applying to university,Labours showing at the recent election suggests many young voters agree.Mr Corbyns argument betrays a disregard for the facts and a poor understanding of student finance.Twenty years ago English students could go to university free,with the state covering the cost.The result was many struggling institutions and strict limits on the numbers of students universities were allowed to take.Annual tuition fees allowed an expansion of higher education,from around 30%of 18-year-olds to more than 40%-and the proportion of youngsters going to university from poor parts of the country has grown from one-in-ten to three-in-ten.That is because loans for tuition are combined with gentle repayment terms.Graduates only pay back based on their income above21,000 a year,meaning that their debts never become unmanageable.Outstanding loans are written off after 30 years.Critics argue that tuition fees aggravate inequality between generations（rich oldsters attended university free,after all）,but the alternative would be greater inequality within generations-as poorer students were once again frozen out when capacity fell,and relatively wealthy graduates were subsidised from general taxation.The real problem with the English system is not fairness,but that fees have not driven up standards.Almost all universities charge the maximum,whatever the course-not because they are acartel,but because no university wants to suggest that it offers a cut-price,second-rate degree.Nevertheless,surveys indicate that students have seen little improvement in teaching.One answer would be to promote competition by giving students better information.The government has relaxed the rules for new institutions in the hope that they will develop new teaching methods and drive down prices.It could also encourage students to hold universities to account,with devices such as learning contracts specifying what undergraduates should expect,and by helping them switch courses if they are dissatisfied.If students think they are not getting value for money,support for a scheme that is fair and progressive will dwindle.And that could lead to the most regressive step of all:scrapping tuition fees.Byfees have not driven up standards,the author meanshigh tuition fees_.A.are beyond studentsaffordabilityB.contribute little to university rankingsC.fail to satisfy the needs of universitiesD.are meant to meet what students expect答案：D 本题解析：信息锁定第五段首句指出，划线句所述内容是英国教育体制真正应该关注的问题，句具体解释：几乎所有大学都按最高学费标准收费，因为没有哪家高校愿意暗示自己学费打折、提供二流学位，即，大学意欲表明：学生缴纳高学费就会享受高质量教学、得到高含金量的学位；句转折说明实际相反情况“大学教学水平并未提高”。综上推知，作者借划线句意在表明高学费本应该帮助学生获取应有的学业价值，但实际却没有，如何提高教学质量、满足学生所需才是大学真正应该关注的问题，D.正确。解题技巧A.根据第五段句“大学按最高标准收赞”并杂糅第四段末句“贫困学生被排挤出大学之外”而主观臆断出高学费超出学生支付能力B.根据个别词汇second-rate degree而杜撰出“大学排名”，并与“高学费”强加联系；C.将“学生需求：大学应提高教学水平”偷换为“大学需求”。2.Text l How,when and where death happens has changed over the past century.As late as 1990 half of deaths worldwide were caused by chronic diseases;in 2015 the share was two-thirds.Most deaths in rich countries follow years of uneven deterioration.Roughly two-thirds happen in a hospital or nursing home.They often come after a ctimax of desperate treatment.Such passionate intervention can be agonising for all concerned.These medicalised deaths do not seem to be what people want.Polls find that most people in good health hope that,when the time comes,they will die at home.They want to die free from pain,at peace,and surrounded by loved ones for whom they are not a burden.But some deaths are unavoidably miserable.Not everyone will be in a condition to toast deaths imminence with champagne,as Anton Chekhov did.What people say they will want while they are well may change as the end nears.Dying at home is less appealing if all the medical kit is at the hospital.A treatment that is unbearable in the imagination can seem like the lesser of two evils when the alternative is death.Some patients will want to fight until all hope is lost.But too often patients receive drastic treatment in spite of their dying wishesby default,when doctors doeverything possible,as they have been trained to,without talking through peoples preferences or ensuring that the prediction is clearly understood.The legalisation of doctor-assisted dying has been called for,so that mentally fit,terminally ill patients can be helped to end their lives if that is their wish.But the right to die is just one part of better care at the end of life.The evidence suggests that most people want this option,but that few would,in the end,choose to exercise it.To give people the death they say they want,medicine should take some simple steps.More palliative care is needed.Providing it earlier in the course of advanced cancer alongside the usual treatments turns out not only to reduce suffering,but to prolong life,too.Most doctors enter medicine to help people delay death,not to talk about its inevitability.But talk they must.Medicare,Americas public health scheme for the over-65s,has recently started paying doctors for in-depth conversations with terminally ill patients;other national health-care systems,and insurers,should follow.Cost is not an obstacle,since informed,engaged patients will be less likely to want pointless procedures.Fewer doctors may be sued,as poor communication is a common theme in malpractice claims.The last paragraph suggests that Medicares move may_.A.build doctor-patient harmonyB.reduce the cost for MedicareC.lessen malpractice claimsD.encourage pointless procedures答案：C 本题解析：信息锁定文末句明确指出联邦医疗保障制度“付费让医生与晚期病人深谈”这一举措的意义：（因为加强了医患之间的沟通，从而）可以让医生少吃官司。换言之，该举措有助减少医疗事故索赔案，故C.正确。解题技巧A.由首句in-depth conversations、末句Fewer doctors may be sued所传递出的“医患沟通增强、关系缓和”直接夸大化为“创建出一个和谐的医患关系”；B.根据句“有些患者可能会因此放弃无意义的治疗（从而节省一定费用）“而来，但该句旨在消除“Meclicare费用高涨”这一疑虑，并不能由此推出“能减少Medicare费用”；D.只见句want pointless procedures却未见其前面的be less likely即，对文意做了反向曲解。3.Text 2 Britains flexible labour market was a boon during the economic slump,helping keep joblessness down and then,when the recovery began,allowing employment to rise.Yet one of its bendier bits is causing politicians to fret.Ed Miliband,the leader of the Labour Party,has promised a crackdown onzero_hours contractsif he wins the next election.The government has launched a consultation.Zero-hours contracts allow firms to employ workers for as few or as many hours as they need,with no prior notice.In theory,at least,people can refuse work.Fully l.4m jobs were based on these contracts in January 2014,according to a snapshot taken by the Office for National Statistics.That is just 4%of the total,but the share rises to a quarter in the hospitality business.The contracts are useful for firms with erratic pattems of demand,such as hotels and restaurants.They have also helped firms to expand during the recovery-allowing them to test new business lines before hiring permanent staff,who would be more costly to make redundant if things went wrong.Flexibility suits some workers,too.According toone survey,47%of those employed on zero-hours contracts were content to have no minimum contracted hours.Many of these workers are in full-time education.The ability to tum down work is important to students,who want to revise（or sit in the sun）at this time of year.Pensioners keen for a little extra income can often live with the uncertainty of not having guaranteed hours.Yet that leaves more than a quarter of workers on zero-hours contracts who say they are unhappy with their conditions.Some of this is cyclical.During recessions,a dearth of permanent positions forces people into jobs with no contracted hours even if they do not want them（the govemment has just said that unemployed people who refuse to accept zero-hours contracts could be cut off from benerits）.Underemployment is particularly prevalent among these workers,35%of whom would like more hours compared with 12%in other jobs.As the economy recovers,many should be able to renegotiate their contracts or find permanent jobs.But the recovery will not cause unwanted zero hours contracts to disappear.Some workers will never have much negotiating power:they are constrained by geography,family commitments and lack of competition for their skills among a small number of big employers.Zero-hours contracts make it easier for employers to abuse their labour-market power.Some use them to avoid statutory obligations such as sick and maternity pay.Workers are penalised for not being available when requested.And some contracts contain exclusivity clauses which prevent workers from taking additionaljobs.These can harm other employers as well as workers,and actually reduce labour market flexibility.That,at least,is worth doing away with.Zero-hours contractwould be helpful for some firms in that_.A.working hours for works should be agreed onB.people can refuse work practicallyC.it would bc less costly to cut jobs than hire permanent staffD.it would cut cost to scale up the company答案：C 本题解析：事实细节题。根据定位词定位到文章的第二段和第三段，其中第三段的第二句可以体现题目的内容，即They have also helped firms to expand during the recovery-allowing them to test new business lines before hiring permanent staff,who would be more costly to make redundant if things went wrong.（它们还有助于公司在经济复苏时扩大规模，其方式是在雇用固定员工前测试应聘者的业务水平。因为一旦雇用同定员工后，如果出现问题，裁员的代价会更高。）而与这个信息相对应的选项C项it would be less costly to cut jobs than hire permanent staff“缩减岗位比聘用固定员工成本低”所以C项为正确选项。【干扰排除】剩余的选项在段落中没有体现，因此应该排除。4.Given the advantages of electronic money,you might think that we would move quickly to the cashless society in which all payments are made electronically.1 a true cashless society is probably not around the corner.Indeed,predictions have been 2 for two decades but have not yet come to fruition.For example,Business Week predicted in 1975 that electronic means of payment would soonrevolutionize the very 3 of money itself,only to 4itself several years later.Why has the movement to a cashless society been so 5 in coming?Although electronic means of payment may be more efficient than a payments system based on paper,several factors work 6 the disappearance of the paper system.First,it is very 7 to set up the computer,card reader,and telecornmunications networks necessary to make electronic money the 8 form of payment Second,paper checks have the advantage that they 9 receipts,something that many consumers are unwilling to 10.Third,the use of paper checks gives consumers several days offloat-it takes several days 11 a check is cashed and funds are 12 from the issuers account,which means that the writer of the check can cam interest on the funds in the meantime.13 electronic payments arc immediate,they eliminate the float for the consumer.Fourth,electronic means of payment may 14 security and privacy concerns.We often hear media reports that an unauthorized hacker has been able to access a computer database and to alter information 15 there.The fact that this is not an 16 occurrence means that dishonest persons might be able to access bank accounts in electronic payments systems and 17 from someone elses accounts.The 18 of this type of fraud is no easy task,and a new field of computer science is developing to 19 security issues.A further concern is that the use of electronic means of payment leaves an electronic 20 that contains a large amount of personal data.There are concerns that government,employers,and marketers might be able to access these data,thereby violating our privacy.11选？A.beforeB.afterC.sinceD.when答案：A 本题解析：词义辨析【直击答案】本题空格所在句为Third,the use of paper checks gives consumers several days of“float”11 it takes several days check is cashed。本句是来解释“float（浮动的）”。联系日常生活中支票兑换现金流程，空格处句意为“需要花几天时间纸支票才能兑现”。A项before“在之前”。结合上下文意思，很明显只有A项符合语境。【命题思路】本题考查考生对表达时间概念的连词的掌握和应用。【干扰排除】B项after“在之后”，C项since“自从”。D项when“当的时候”。本题所给四个答案都和时间有关系，但干扰程度不强。5.Recognizing when a friend or colleague feels sad,angry or surprised is key to getting along with orhers.1 a new study suggests that a skill for listening in on feelings may sometimes come with an extra dose of stress.This and other research 2 the prevailing view that emotional intelligence is uniformly 3 to its bearer.In a study published in the September 2016 issue of E7notion,psychologists Myriam Bechtoldt and Vanessa Schneider asked 166 male university students a series of questions to 4 their emotional smarts.5,they showed the students photographs of peoples faces ancl askecl them 6 what extent feelings such as happiness or disgust were being expressed.The students 7 had to give job talks in front of judges displaying stern facial expressions.The scientists measured concentrations of the stress hormone cortisol in the studentssaliva before and after the talk.In students who were 8 more emotionally intelligent,the stress measures increased more during the experiment and took 9 to go back to baseline.The 10 suggest that some people may be too emotionally clever for their own good,says Hillary Anger Elfenbein,a professor of organizational behavior at Washington University in St.Louis.Sometimes you can be so good at something 11 it causes trouble,she notes.Indeed,the study adds to previous research hinting at a（n）12 side of emotional intelligence.A study published in 2002 in Personalr.t,y and Individual Di f ferences suggested that emotionally 13 people might be particularly 14 to feelings of depression and hopelessness.15,several studies,including one published in 2013 in PLOS ONE,have implied that emotional intelligence can be used to manipulate others for personal 16.More research is needed to see how exactly the relation between emotional intelligence and stress woulcl 17 0ut in women anclin people 18 different ages and education levels.19,emotional intelligence is a useful skill to have,as long as you learn to also properly 20 emotions-both othersand your own.19选？A.IndeedB.MoreoverC.NeverthelessD.Thus答案：C 本题解析：本题考查上下文逻辑。上文指出新研究以及之前研究的结伦，揭露了商情商的不利面：带来压力、（情感敏锐的人）容易沮丧和绝望、用来操纵他人；空格句指出情商是有用的技能，两部分内容之问为明显的转折关系，C.Ncvcrthclcss符合文意。6.Text 2 Pretty in pink:adult women do not remember being so obsessed with the colour,yet it is pervasive in our young girlslives.It is not that pink is intrinsically bad,but it is such a tiny slice of the rainbow and,though it may celebrate girlhood in one way,it also repeatedly and firmly fuses girlsidentity to appearance.Then it presents that connection,even among twoyearolds,between girls as not only innocent but as evidence of innocence.Looking around,I despaired at the singular lack of imagination about girlslives and interests.Girlsattraction to pink may seem unavoidable,somehow encoded in their DNA,but according to Jo Paoletti,an associate professor of American Studies,it is not.Children were not colourcoded at all until the early 20th century:in the era before domestic washing machines all babies wore white as a practical matter,since the only way of getting clothes clean was to boil them.Whats more,both boys and girls wore what were thought of as genderneutral dresses.When nursery colours were introduced,pink was actually considered the more masculine colour,a pastel version of red,which was associated with strength.Blue,with its intimations of the Virgin Mary,constancy and faithfulness,symbolized femininity.It was not until the mid1980s，when amplifying age and sex differences became a dominant childrens marketing strategy,that pink fully came into its own,when it began to seem inherently attractive to girls,part of what defined them as female,at least for the first few critical years.I had not realized how profoundly marketing trends dictated our perception of what is natural to kids,including our core beliefs about their psychological development.Take the toddler.I assumed that phase was something experts developed after years of research into childrens behavior:wrong.Turns out,according to Daniel Cook,a historian of childhood consumerism,it was popularized as a marketing trick by clothing manufacturers in the 1930s.Trade publications counselled department stores that,in order to increase sales,they should create a“third stepping stone”between infant wear and older kidsclothes.It was only after“toddler”became a common shoppersterm that it evolved into a broadly accepted developmental stage.Splitting kids,or adults,into evertinier categories has proved a surefire way to boost profits.And one of the easiest ways to segment a market is to magnify gender differencesor invent them where they did not previously exist.According to Paragraph 2,which of the following is true of colours?A.Colours are encoded in girlsDNAB.Blue used to be regarded as the colour for girlsC.Pink used to be a neutral colour in symbolizing gendersD.White is preferred by babies答案：B 本题解析：推理题【命题思路】这是一道封闭式推理题，需要对第二段内容进行锁定，然后根据选项的关键词进行一一的判断从而得出答案。【直击答案】B项谈到“蓝色”，根据该关键词可以定位到本段信息“Blue,symbolized femininity.”由此可知，蓝色曾经被认为是女孩的代表色，故为正确答案。【干扰排除】A项根据“DNA”定位到第二段的首句，该句后面出现了明显的转折，表明女孩对粉色喜爱并非蕴藏在基因中并不成立，故排除。C项可定位到本段第三、四句，第三句提及的中性化服装是指上句提到的白色并非粉色衣服，第四句谈到“粉色实际上是被认为更加男性化的颜色”，综合而知，白色曾是中性化的颜色，而粉色曾经代表了男性特质，故该项与原文意思相反。D项可以定位到第二段第二句，该句表示在洗衣机问世以前，为了实用的目的，婴儿都穿白色，并未提到婴儿对颜色有什么偏好。7.Text 2 For years,studies have found that first-generation college studentsthose who do not havea parent with a college degreelag other students on a range of education achievement factors.Their grades are lower and their dropout rates are higher.But since such students are most likely to advance economically if they succeed in higher education,colleges and universities have pushed for decades to recruit more of them.This has created“a paradox”in that recruiting first-generation students,but then watching many of them fail,means that higher education has“continued to reproduce and widen,rather than close”an achievement gap based on social class,according to the depressing beginning of a paper forthcoming in the journalPsychological Science.But the article is actually quite optimistic,as it outlines a potential solution to this problem,suggesting that an approach（which involves a one-hour,next-to-no-cost program）can close 63 percent of the achievement gap（measured by such factors as grades）between first-generation and other students.The authors of the paper are from different universities,and their findings are based on a study involving 147 students（who completed the project）at an unnamed private university.First generation was defined as not having a parent with a four-year college degree.Most of the first-generation students（59.1 percent）were recipients of Pell Grants,a federal grant for undergraduates with financial need,while this was true only for 8.6 percent of the students with at least one parent with a four-year degree.Their thesisthat a relatively modest intervention