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Chapter 2MANAGEMENTYESTERDAYAND TODAY Prentice Hall,2002You should learn to:Summarize the contributions of the scientific management 科学管理科学管理advocates Describe the contributions of the general administrative theorists一般行政管理一般行政管理 Summarize the quantitative approach定量方法定量方法 to management Describe the contributions of the early organizational behavior组织行为组织行为 advocates Explain the importance of the Hawthorne Studies to managementLearning Objectives Prentice Hall,2002Development Of Major Management TheoriesHistoricalBackgroundScientificManagementGeneralAdministrativeTheoristsQuantitativeApproachManagement TheoriesIndustrialRevolutionAdam Smith（division of labor)Early AdvocatesHawthorne StudiesOrganizationalBehavior Prentice Hall,2002Early Examplesof ManagementHistorical Background Of ManagementOrganizations Have Existed for Thousands of Years testifies to the existence of early management practice ability to create the Pyramids,Great Wall of ChinaSignificant Pre-Twentieth-Century Events Wealth of Nations-Adam Smith division of labor-breakdown of jobs into narrow and repetitive tasks increased productivity Industrial Revolution substitution of machine power for human power large organizations required formal management Prentice Hall,2002古典管理理论古典管理理论科学管理理论科学管理理论这是由美国人（这是由美国人（Frederick W.Taylor）泰罗及其追随者所创立，标志是泰罗及其追随者所创立，标志是1911年出版的年出版的科学管理原理科学管理原理，泰罗被，泰罗被誉为誉为“科学管理之父科学管理之父”。Scientific ManagementF.W.Taylor-Principles of Scientific Management use of scientific methods to define the“one best way”for a job to be done perspective of improving the productivity and efficiency of manual workers applied the scientific method to shop floor jobs Frank and Lillian Gilbret use of motion pictures to study hand-and-body movements classification system for 17 basic hand motions Prentice Hall,2002 TAYLORS FOUR PRINCIPLES OF MANAGEMENT Prentice Hall,2002一般管理理论General Administrative Theorists 法国人（法国人（HenriFayol）法约尔创立的，标志就是）法约尔创立的，标志就是1916年年出版的出版的工业管理与一般管理工业管理与一般管理一书。一书。一般管理理论的主要内容：一般管理理论的主要内容：1.企业经营的六项活动，即技术活动、商业活动、财务企业经营的六项活动，即技术活动、商业活动、财务活动、安全活动、会计活动和管理活动。活动、安全活动、会计活动和管理活动。2.管理的五大职能，即计划、组织、指挥、协调、和控管理的五大职能，即计划、组织、指挥、协调、和控制。制。3.管理的十四条原则，即劳动分工、权利与责任、纪律管理的十四条原则，即劳动分工、权利与责任、纪律、统一指挥、统一领导、个人利益服从整体利益、合理、统一指挥、统一领导、个人利益服从整体利益、合理的报酬、适当的集权和分权、等级链、秩序、公平、保的报酬、适当的集权和分权、等级链、秩序、公平、保持人员稳定、首创精神、团结精神。持人员稳定、首创精神、团结精神。4.法约尔的一般管理理论的主要贡献是：以整个企业为法约尔的一般管理理论的主要贡献是：以整个企业为研究对象，认识到管理的活动的普遍性，提出了管理的研究对象，认识到管理的活动的普遍性，提出了管理的职能和原则。区分了经营与管理，奠定了组织管理理论职能和原则。区分了经营与管理，奠定了组织管理理论的基础，至今仍具有指导意义。的基础，至今仍具有指导意义。FAYOLS 14 PRINCIPLES OF MANAGEMENT Prentice Hall,2002行政组织理论行政组织理论 这是由德国人（这是由德国人（MaxWeber）韦伯创立）韦伯创立的，标志就是的，标志就是1947年出版的年出版的社会与经社会与经济组织理论济组织理论韦伯认为等级、权威和行韦伯认为等级、权威和行政制是一切社会组织的基础。权威可分政制是一切社会组织的基础。权威可分为三类：一是理性为三类：一是理性-合法权；二是传统权合法权；二是传统权；三是个人崇拜权。只有理性；三是个人崇拜权。只有理性-合法权合法权才能作为行政组织体系的基础才能作为行政组织体系的基础 WEBERS IDEAL BUREAUCRACY Prentice Hall,2002Quantitative Approach To Management(Management Science)The quantitative approach,is the use of quantitative techniques to improve decision making,and it evolved out of the development of mathematical and statistical solutions to military problems during World War II.After the war,many quantitative techniques that had been used for military problems were applied to the business sector.The quantitative approach has contributed most directly to management decision making in planning and control.Prentice Hall,2002Toward Understanding Organizational BehaviorOrganizational Behavior study of the actions of people at work early advocates late 1800s and early 1900s believed that people were the most important asset of the organizationemployee selectionemployee motivation Prentice Hall,2002EARLY ADVOCATES OF OB Prentice Hall,2002Hawthorne Studies started in 1924 at Western Electric Company began with illumination studies intensity of illumination not related to productivity Elton Mayo-studies of job design revealed the importance of social norms as determinants of individual work behavior changed the dominant view that employees were no different from any other machinesOrganizational Behavior(cont.)Prentice Hall,2002 1工人是社会人而不是经济人。以前的管理把人假设为经济人，认为金钱是刺激积极性的唯一动力；霍桑实验证明人是社会人，是复杂的人际关系中的成员。因此要调动人的积极性，还必须从社会、心理等方面努力。2生产效率的提高，主要取决于职工的工作态度，以及和周围人的关系。以前的管理认为生产效率主要受工作方法和工作条件的制约，霍桑实验证明工作效率主要取决于工作的积极性、取决于职工的家庭及社会、生活和组织中的人与人之间的关系。因此提高生产率的主要途径是提高职工的满足度。3组织中存在着“非正式的组织”。以前的管理只注意组织的机构、职权化分、规章制度等，霍桑实验发现除了正式团体之外，还存在着非正式团体，这种无形的组织有它特殊的感情和倾向，左右成员的行为，对生产率的提高有着重要的影响。因此，管理者要充分认识到非正式组织的作用。Current Trends And IssuesGlobalization all organizations are faced with the opportunities and challenges of operating in a global market no longer constrained by national borders Workforce Diversity heterogeneous workforce in terms of gender,race,and age workforce is getting older Asians and Hispanics are an increasingly large percentage of workforce Prentice Hall,2002Current Trends And Issues(cont.)Need for Innovation and Flexibility Quality Management Total Quality Management(TQM)-philosophy of management based on continual improvement and responding to customer needs and expectations customer-refers to internal and external entities that interact with the organizations product or service Prentice Hall,2002 WHAT IS TQM?Prentice Hall,2002Current Trends And Issues(cont.)Learning Organizations and Knowledge Management learning organization-one that has developed the capacity to continuously learn,adapt,and change create learning capabilities throughout the organization understanding that knowledge is an important resource判断一个组织是否是学习型的组织，有以下四条基本标准：（1）人们能不能不断检验自己的经验；（2）人们有没有生产知识；（3）大家能否分享组织中的知识；（4）组织中的学习是否和组织的目标息息相关。Prentice Hall,2002Current Trends And Issues(cont.)Workplace Spirituality“a recognition of an inner life that nourishes and is nourished by meaningful work that takes place in the context of community”growing interest in spirituality at work by workers at all levels and in all areas of organizations employees looking for meaning,purpose,and a sense of community from their work and their workplace Prentice Hall,2002
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