虚拟语气 subjective mood

虚拟语气 subjective mood 表示主观愿望或某种强烈情感时，也用虚拟语气。即当一个人说话时欲强调其所说的话是基于自己的主观想法，愿望，假想，猜测，怀疑或建议，而不是根据客观实际，就用虚拟语气。主要是英语语法的一种表达，与真实语气相对。2条件状语编辑条件句可分为两类，一类为真实条件句，一类为非真实条件句。非真实条件句表示的是假设或实际可能性不大的情况，故采用虚拟语气。例如：If he doesnt hurry up,he will miss the bus.如果他不快点，他将错过巴士。( 真实)If he is free,he will ask me to tell stories.如果他是空闲的，他会要求我讲故事。（真实）If I were you,I would go at once.如果我是你，我马上就会去。（我不可能是你。非真实，虚拟语气，与现在事实相反）If there were no air,people would die.如果没有空气，人就会死亡。（不可能没有空气。非真实，虚拟语气，与现在事实相反）1、表示与现在事实相反的情况：从句：If+主语+过去时(Be动词用were)主句：主语+ should/would/might/could+do：1If I were you,I would take an umbrella.如果我是你，我会带把伞。（事实：我不可能是你）2If I knew his telephone number,I would tell you.如果我知道他的电话号码，我就会告诉你。（事实：不知道）3If there were no air or water,there would be no living things on the earth.如果没有水和空气，地球上就不会有生物。(事实：地球上既有空气也有水)4If I had any money with me,I could lend you some.如果我带钱了，我就会借给你些。（事实：没有带钱）5If he studied harder,he might pass the exam.如果他再努力些，就能通过考试了。（事实：没有努力）6If I were you, Id wear a shirt and tie.如果我是你，我就会穿衬衫和领带。(事实：我并不是你）2、表示与过去事实相反的情况从句：If+主语+had+done主句：主语+should/would/might/could+have doneeg：1 If I had gotten there earlier,I should/would have met her. 如果我早到那儿，我就会见到她。（事实：去晚了）2If he had taken my advice,he would not have made such a mistake. 如果他听我的劝告的话，就不会犯这样的错误了。（事实：没有听我的话）3She looked at me as if I had been a stranger.她看我的样子好像我是一个陌生人。（事实：我并非陌生人）3、表示对将来情况的主观推测从句：if+主语+were to do （if 表示未来的虚拟语气独有形式，其他如wish， even if等词都没有该形式来表示未来的虚拟语气）if+主语+should+doif+主语+过去式（be动词用were）主句：主语+should/would/might/could+doeg：1If he should come here tomorrow,I would talk to him.如果他明天来这儿的话，我就跟他谈谈。（事实：来的可能性很小，不可能）2If there were a heavy snow next Sunday,we would not go skating.如果下周日下大雪，我们就不能去滑冰了。（事实：下雪可能性很小，不可能）3If she were to be here next Monday,I would tell her about the matter.如果她下周一来这儿的话，我就会告诉她这件事的始末。（事实：来的可能性很小，不可能）4、 有时，虚拟条件句中，结果主句和条件从句的谓语动作若不是同时发生时，虚拟语气的形式应作相应的调整。这种条件句叫错综条件句。从句的动作与过去事实相反，而主句的动作与现在或现在正在发生的事实不符。eg：If I had worked hard at school,I would be an engineer,too.如果我在学校学习刻苦的话，我现在也会成为一个工程师了If they had informed us,we would not come here now.如果他们通知过我们的话，我们现在就不会来这里了。从句的动作与现在事实相反，而主句的动作与过去事实不符。如：If he were free today,we would have sent him to Beijing.如果他今天有空的话，我们就已经派他去北京了。If he knew her,he would have greeted her.要是他认识她的话，他肯定会去问候她了。5、 当虚拟条件句的谓语动词含有were,should,had时，if可以省略，这时条件从句要用倒装语序，即把were,should,had等词置于句首，这种多用于书面语。eg：Should he agree to go there,we would send him there.要是他答应去的话，我们就派他去了。Were she here,she would agree with us.如果她在这儿的话，她会同意我们的。Had he learnt about computers,we would have hired him to work here.如果他懂一些电脑知识的话，我们已经聘用他来这里工作了。6、非真实条件句中的条件从句有时不表达出来，只暗含在副词、介词短语、上下文或其他方式表示出来，这种句子叫做含蓄条件句，在多数情况下，条件会暗含在短语中，如without，but for（要不是因为.）等eg：But for his help,we would be working now.要不是他的帮助，我们还会在工作呢。Without your instruction,I would not have made such great progress.要是没有你的指导，我不会取得如此大的进步。We didnt know his telephone number,otherwise we would have telephoned him.我们不知道他的电话号码，否则我们就会给他打电话。7、 有时，虚拟条件句中，主、从句可以省略其中的一个，来表示说话人的一种强烈的感情。省略从句He would have finished it. 他本该完成了。You could have passed this exam. 你本能通过这次考试的。省略主句If I were at home now. 要是我现 在在家里该多好啊。If only I had got it. 要是只有我得到它了该多好啊。8.注意，在虚拟语气的从句中，动词be的过去时态一律用were，不用was。eg：If I were you,I would go to look for him.如果我是你，就会去找他。3目的状语编辑1、在for fear that,in case,lest引导的从句中，若用虚拟语气时，从句谓语为：（should） + do。并且should能省略（for fear that，lest），in case不能省略She examined the door again for fear that a thief (should) come in.她又把门检查了一遍，以防盗贼的进入。He started out earlier lest he (should) be late.他早早的就出发了以防迟到。2、在so that / in order that 所引导的目的状语从句中，从句中的谓语为：can / could / may / might / will / would / should + do。He goes closer to the speaker so that he can hear him clearer. 他走近说话的人以便能听得更清楚。He read the letter carefully in order that he should not miss a word. 他把信读得很仔细以便不漏掉一个字。4宾语从句编辑1一、I wish后的宾语从句动词wish后接宾语从句时，从句谓语要用虚拟语气。若要表示与现在事实相反的愿望，从句谓语用一般过去时或过去进行时(同样be动词换成were)；若表示与过去相反的愿望，从句谓语用would / could+have +过去分词或者过去完成时had done(注意这里的情态动词不能用should)；若表示将来没有把握或不太可能实现的愿望，用would (could)+动词原形。注意如果将wish改为过去式wished, 其后that 从句中的动词形式不变。如：I wish I could be of some use. 我希望我能有什么用处。We wish he didnt smoke. 我们希望他不吸烟。I wish prices would come down. 我希望物价能降下来。I wish the train would come. 我希望火车将会来。I wished I hadnt spent so much money. 但愿我没有花这么多钱。二、表示“坚持”后的宾语从句主要是指insist的宾语从句，从句谓 语由“should+动词原形”构成，其中的should在美国 英语中通常可以省略。如：I insisted that he (should) stay. 我坚持要他留下。He insisted that I (should) go with them. 他坚持要我同他们一起去。Rose insisted that he be present. 罗斯坚持要他出席。The detective insisted that he should have a look. 警探坚持要查看。注意：动词insist后接宾语从句时，除可用虚拟语气外，也可用陈述语气，两者的区别是：若谓语动词所表示的动作尚未发生，或尚未成为事实，则用虚拟语气；若谓语动词所表示的动作已经发生，或已经成为事实，则要用陈述语气。比较：He insisted that I had read his letter. 他坚持说我看过他的信。He insisted that I should read his letter. 他坚持要我看他的信。三、表示“命令”后的宾语从句主要是指order, command的宾语从句，从句谓语由“should+动词原形”构成，其中的should在美国英语 中通常可以省略。如：He ordered that it (should) be sent back. 他命令把它送回去。Thejudge ordered that the prisoner should be remanded. 法官命令被告还押。The King ordered that the man be released. 国王命令释放那人。He commanded that we (should) attack at once. 他命令我们立即发起进攻。四、表示“建议”后的宾语从句主要是指advise, suggest, propose, recommend等的宾语从句，从句 谓语由“should+动词原形”构成，其中的should在美国英语中通常可以省略。如：He suggested that we should leave early. 他建议我们早点动身。The doctor advised that he change his job. 医生劝他换工作。They recommend that this tax be abolished. 他们建议取消这种税。I suggest that we (should) have lunch right now. 我建议我们现 在就吃午饭。The committee proposed (that) Mr. Day be elected. 委员会建议推选戴先生。The doctor advised suggested that he (should) not smoke. 医生建议他不要抽烟。I propose that the matter be put to the vote at once. 我提议对此问题立刻进行表决。He proposed that Mr. OLeary be the chairman. 他提议奥列利先生担任主席。She suggested that I (should) be responsible for the arrangements. 她建议我来负责进行安排。注意：与动词insist相似，动词suggest后接宾语从句时，除可用虚拟语气外，也可用陈述语气，两者的区别也是：若谓语动词所表示的情况尚未成为事实，则用虚拟语气，此时suggest通常译为“建议”；若谓语动词所表示的情况为既成事实，则要用陈述语气，此时的suggest通常译为“表明”、“认为”。比较并体会：He suggested that we (should) stay for dinner. 他建议我们留下吃饭。What he said suggested that he was a cheat. 他说的话表明他是个骗子。I suggested that you had a secret understanding with him. 我觉得你与他心照不宣。五、表示“要求”后的宾语从句主要是指ask, demand, require, request等后的宾语从句，从句谓语 由“should+动词原形”构成，其中的should在美国英语中通常 可以省略。如：I ask that he leave. 我要求他走开。He requires that I (should) appear. 他要求我出场。They require that I go at once. 他们要求我立刻走。I demand that John (should) go there at once. 我要求约翰立即到那里去。I requested that he should use his influence on my behalf. 我请求他为我施用他的影响。He asked that the message be given to Madame immediately. 他要求把信息立即带给夫人。They demanded that the right to vote be given to every adult man. 他们要求给予每个成年男子以选举权。六、表示“提议”“投票”后的宾语从句主要是指move, vote等后的宾语从句，从句谓语由“should+动词原形”构成，其中的should在美国英语中通常可以省略。如：I move that we accept the proposal. 我提议通过这项提案。Mr. Chairman, I beg to move that the meeting be adjourned. 主席先生，我提议休会。Congress has voted that the present law be maintained. 国会投票决定维持现 在这条法律。Claudel moved that Norwood should be made a member of the committee. 克洛戴尔提出动议，让诺伍德当一名委员。七、表示“敦促”后的宾语从句主要是指动词urge后的宾语从句，从句谓语由“should+动词 原形”构成，其中的should在美国英语中通常可以省略。如：He urges that the restrictions be lifted. 他敦促取消这些限制。He urged that they go to Europe. 他敦促他们到欧洲去。He urged that the rates should be reduced. 他敦请减轻捐税。He urged that the matter should go to arbitration. 他极力主张这件事要提交仲裁。They urged that relief work should be given priority. 他们敦促将救济工作放在优先位置。八、表示“安排”后的宾语从句主要是指动词arrange后的宾语从句，从句谓语由“should+动词原形”构 成，其中的should在美国英语中通常可以省略。如：He arranged that I should go abroad. 他安排我去国外。I arranged that Tom should meet them. 我安排好叫汤姆去接他们。They arranged that the minister should be met at the airport. 他们安排在机场迎接这位部长。It was arranged that they should leave the following spring. 已安排好他们第二年春天离开。Theyve arranged that I should absent myself for part of the meeting. 他们安排好让我一部分时间不在开会现场。九、表示“希望”“打算”后的宾语从句主要是指动词desire, intend后的宾语从句，从句谓语由“should+动词原形”构成，其 中的should在美国英语中通常可以省略。如：She desires that he do it. 她希望他做此事。They intended that the news (should) be suppressed. 他们打算封锁这条消息。I desire the patient should have a bath every day. 我希望病人每天洗澡。十、表示“指示”后的宾语从句主要是指动词direct后的宾语从句，从句谓语由“should+动词原形”构成，其中的should在美国英语中通常可以省略。如：The general directed that the prisoners should be set free. 将军指示释放那些俘虏。