基础语法-主谓一致

主谓一致主谓一致三种原则：1语法一致 2意义/概念一致 3就近/邻近一致。（一）语法一致：指谓语动词的形式应与主语的人称和数在语法形式上保持一致。1以单数名词或代词、抽象名词、物质名词、不可数名词、不定式、动名词短语或从句作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。复数名词或代词作主语时，跟复数动词。如：1） The book is on the table. 2）He is reading English.3）To work hard is necessary. （It is necessary to work hard.）4）How you get there is a problem. 5）Children like to play toys.6）Water is a kind of matter.7）The news at six oclock is true.8）Reading is helpful.9）That he cant take part in the activity adds to our difficulty.注意：what 引导的主语从句若表示单数概念或整体概念，谓语动词用单数；若表示复数概念，谓语动词用复数。如：What he needs are more books.2由and或bothand连接并列主语时，and后的名词有定冠词，谓语用复数；如果它表示同一个人、事物，或同一概念时，and后的名词没有定冠词，谓语用单数形式。如：1）Bread and butter is their daily food. (类似：a knife and fork/a needle and thread/ a cup and saucer）2）The teacher and the writer are famous all over the country.这个老师和这个作家3）The teacher and writer is famous all over the country.这个老师兼作家在全国都有名气。4）How and where to spend the holiday is not decided. 3由everyand (every), each and (each)连接的两个单数名词作主语，或由no修饰的并列单数名词作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。如：1）Each boy and（each）girl is allowed to read in the library.2）Every boy and girl has been invited to the party.3）No teacher and no student is absent today.4就远原则如果主语后面跟有with, like, besides, but, except, including, along with, together with, as well as, no less than, more than, rather than, in addition to等介词（结构）引起的短语，谓语动词只与介词（结构）前的主语保持一致，用单数（或是复数）。如：1）His sister, no less than you, is wrong. 2）Tom, like you and Xiao Liu is very diligent.3）The parents, rather than the brothers, are responsible for the accident.4）Every picture except these two has been sold.5）Alice as well as her friends was invited to the concert.6）Nobody but Mary and I was in the classroom at that time.7）The mother（together）with her son is going to attend the meeting this afternoon.5由each, either, neither, one, another, onethe other，及由some, any, no, every构成的复合代词作主语时，都作单数看待；或当他们修饰单数名词时，谓语动词用单数形式。1）Each takes a cup of tea.2）Either is correct.3）Neither of them likes this picture.4）Is everyone here?5）Nothing is to be done. 6) Each student has an English book.7) Someone is asking for you outside. 8) Every one of the people here knows him.6more than one / a, many a 加单数名词作主语，表示复数概念，但谓语动词与其形式保持一致，用单数。如：1）More than one / a person has done it. 2）Many a student (many students) takes part in the activity7关系代词who, that, which 在定语从句中作主语，从句的谓语动词应与先行词的数保持一致。如：1）Those who want to go please sign their names here.2）Anyone who is against this opinion may speak out.3）He is one of the students who were praised at the meeting.4）I, who am your friend should help you.8在强调结构“It is that”中，如被强调部分是主语，that 后的谓语应与被强调部分保持一致。如：It is he who is going to teach you English.（二） 意义一致 指谓语动词的形式应与主语表达的实际数量/概念保持人称和数的一致。9表示人名、地点、国家、组织、书籍、报刊、组织机构等复数形式的专有名词作主语时作为整体看待，表示单一概念，动词用单数形式。如：1）Engles is Marxs best friend. 2）The United States is in North America 3）The United Nations has passed a resolution(决议)。4）“The Arabian Nights”（天方夜谭）is an interesting book.5）The New York Times is a world-famous paper. 注意：The next Olympic Games are going to be held in Australia.10表示时间、距离、金钱、价格、度量衡等的复数名词或短语作主语时，如作为一个整体看待，其谓语动词常用单数形式；作为个体概念时，其谓语动词常用复数形式。如：1）Three years is not a long time. 2）Ten dollars is what he needs.3）Five hundred miles is a long distance. 4) Five dollars is enough.5）Ten years have passed since I left my hometown.6）One million tons of oil have been produced this year.11people（人民，人）, police, cattle, militia（民兵）等名词做主语，形式是单数，但表示复数概念，谓语动词在任何情况下都用复数形式。如：1）Are there any police here? 2）The cattle are taken care of by Tom.12有些物质名词或表示学科的名词如news, plastics, physics, mathematics, economics, politics呈复数形式，但表示单数概念，谓语动词用单数形式。如：1）Mathematics is difficult to learn. 2）No news is good news.13population当 “人口”讲时，谓语动词用单数形式；当“人们”讲时，谓语动词用复数。如： 1）The population of China is larger than that of Japan. 2）One third of the population here are workers.14集合名词如：group, class, family, army, enemy, team, crew, crowd, government, public, audience, committee等，如视为整体，作单数看待；如视为个体，则作复数看待，主要根据要表达的意思来决定。 15单、复数同形的名词如means, works, fish, sheep, deer等作主语时，谓语动词应根据具体情况决定。由all, both, those修饰时用复数；由a, every, each修饰时用单数。如：1）Every means has been tried to improve the situation.2) Deer are eating grass and playing at the foot of the mountain. 注意：works 意为“工厂”时为单数，当“作品”讲时则需据具体情况而定。1) The works produces bicycle parts. 2) This work is made by a famous painter. 2) The works of Karl Marx are of great meaning to us.16只有复数形式的表示工具或物品的名词如clothes, trousers, goods, compasses, glasses, shoes, scissors等单独作主语时谓语动词用复数。但是，如果有量词短语a/two/three pair/pairs of, a/two set/sets of, a/five suit/suits of 等修饰时，谓语动词与量词的数保持一致。如： 1) Where are my glasses? 2) How much is the pair of shoes?3) Two pairs of glasses cost them 300 yuan.17all, more, most, some, any, none, half, part, the rest, the majority/minority等作主语或与of构成的词组作主语时，谓语动词要根据实际情况而定。代替复数名词时谓语动词用复数；代替单数名词或不可数名词时谓语动词用单数。如： 1）All of the apple is rotten. 2）All of the apples are rotten. 3）Most of the wood was used to make furniture (家具)。注意：None做主语，谓语动词多用复数形式，有时也可以用单数形式。None与of构成的词组作主语时，如代替不可数名词，谓语动词用单数；如代替复数名词，谓语动词用复数，也可以用单数形式（一般用于非正式文体/场合）。18分数、百分数 与of构成短语作主语时，谓语与其后的名词或代词的数保持一致。如：1) 71% of the earth surface is covered by water.2) Three fifths of the people agree to the plan.19the加形容词、现在分词、过去分词表示一类人作主语时，谓语动词常用复数形式；如指单个人时，谓语则用单数形式。如：1）Almost all the wounded have been sent back to the front.2）Only the wounded has to stay there because he was seriously wounded.3）The young are usually very active.20one and a half + 复数名词作主语，谓语动词用复数形式。如：One and a half apples are rotted away. One and a half bananas are left on the table.但：One and a half years (=A year and a half ) is a long time. 21a great（large）quantity of 加不可数名词作主语，谓语用单数形式；加可数名词复数作主语，谓语动词用复数形式。large quantities of 加名词（不论可数名词复数或不可数名词）作主语，谓语一律用复数形式。如：1) Quantities of food are being sold now. 2) Quantities of books have been s old out.22the number of + 名词复数作主语时，是表示“的数字/数量”，谓语动词用单数形式；a (large / great) number of + 名词复数作主语时，表示“许多/大量的”，谓语动词用复数形式。如： 1）The number of the students in our school is increasing year after year. 2）A number of students have gone for an outing.（三）就近一致 指由并列连词连接的名词或代词作主语时，谓语动词欲醉阶级的主语保持一致。23当一个句子有两个主语由or, eitheror, neithernor, whetheror, not onlybut also等连接起来时，谓语和最近的主语一致。如： 1）Either you or I am going to the movies. 2）Not only you but also he is wrong. 3）Either you or he goes there to attend the meeting. 4）Neither my wife nor I am able to persuade Tom to change his idea. 5）Not only my teacher but also my friends are planning to celebrate my birthday.24在倒装句中，谓语动词的数应和它后面的主语的数保持一致。如一个句子由there或here引起，而主语又不止一个，谓语和最邻近的主语保持一致。如：1）There is a desk and five chairs in the classroom. There are five chairs and a desk in the classroom.2）Here comes the bus and the passengers. / Here come the passengers and the bus.3）There is a dog near the door. 4）There were no schools in this area before liberation.5）On the wall were two famous paintings.【专项训练】1、Nothing but carsin the shop.Ais soldBare soldCwere sold Dare going to sell2、No one except Jack and Tomthe answer.AknowBknowsCis knowing Dare known3、Seventy percent of the students in our schoolfrom the countryside.AisBareCcomes Dare coming4、of the moneyused up.AThree-five, areBThree-fifths, have beenCThree-fifths, has beenDThird-fifths, is5、The number of the people whocarsincreasing.Aowns, areBowns, isCown, isDown, are6、One of Marxs workswritten in English in the 1860s.AwasBwereCwould beDare7、The sheets for your bedwashing.AneedsBare needingCwantDare wanting8、On each side of the streeta lot of trees.AstandsBgrowCis standingDare grown9、Some personcalling for you at the gate.Aare BisCis beingDwill be10、All that can be eateneaten up.Aare beingBhas beenChad beenDhave been11、Toms teacher and friendMr. Smith.AareBisCare beingDhas12、Your new clothes fit you, but mineme.Adoesnt fitBdont fitCdoesnt fit forDdont fit for13、Neither he nor Ifor the plan.AamBareCisDwere14、Many a studentthat mistake before.Ahas madeBhave madeChas been madeDhad made15、Peter, perhaps John,playing with the little dog.AisBareCwereDseems16、Laying eggsthe ant queens full-time job.AisBareChasDhave17、Between the two buildingsa monument.AstandBstandsCstandingDis standing18、I, whoyour good friend, will share your joys and sorrow.AamBisCareDwas19、The United Nationsin 1945.Awere foundBwere foundedCwas foundedDwas found20、were also invited to the party.AMr. SmithBThe SmithCThe SmithsDSmiths21、The glass worksin 1959.Awere set upBwas set upCwere put upDwere built22、Three hours with your girl friendto be a short time.AseemBseemsCis seemingDhas seemed23、It was reported that sixincluding a boy.Awas killedBwere killedCwas killingDhad killed24、The policea prisoner.Ais searching for Bare searching for Cis searchingDare searched for25、Deerfaster than dogs.ArunBrunsCare runningDwill run26、The woundedgood care of here now.Ais takenBare being takenCare takingDis taking27、The whole classgreatly moved at his words.AwasBwereChadDis28、Over 80 percent of the population of Chinapeasants.AwasBisCareDwill be29、Therea knife and fork on the table.Aseems to beBseem to beCis seeming to beDare30、Those whosinging may join us.Aare likingBlikesCenjoyDis fond of31、His familymusic lovers.Aall areBare allCisDare being32、A professor and a writerpresent at the meeting.AwasBisCwereDhad been33、The pair of shoesworn out.AwasBwereChave beenDhad been34、The students in our school eachan English dictionary.AhaveBhasChadDare having35、More than one answerto the question.Ahave been givenBhas been givenCwere givenDhad given答案：ABBCC ACBBB BBAAA ABACC BBBBA BBCAC BCAAB6