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2009届高考英语专题复习Tan Guoqiong年年年的新高考中所有年的新高考中所有的试题都是在语篇中考查，听力，阅的试题都是在语篇中考查，听力，阅读，写作，完型填空，语法填空，无读，写作，完型填空，语法填空，无一例外全都突出语篇的重要性，所以一例外全都突出语篇的重要性，所以在备考中必须高度重视在备考中必须高度重视语篇能力语篇能力语篇能力语篇能力How to grasp the main idea of a passageHow to grasp the main idea of a passagein reading and writingPart one How to grasp the main idea of a passage-In reading part阅读中主旨大意题的题型阅读中主旨大意题的题型分类分类主旨题主旨题标题类标题类文章主旨文章主旨段落主旨段落主旨标题类试题常见的题干形式标题类试题常见的题干形式(1)The best title for this passage is.(2)The suitable headline for this passage may be(3)The title that best expresses the idea of the passage is.(4)Which of the following can be the best title of this passage?(体现概括性体现概括性,避免远离主题避免远离主题)2.文章主旨类试题常见的题干形式文章主旨类试题常见的题干形式(1)What is the passage mainly about?(2)The passage talks about.(3)The passage tells us that.(4)This passage mainly deals with.(5)Whats the main idea/topic of the passage?(体现全面性体现全面性,避免以偏概全避免以偏概全)3.段落主旨类试题常见的题干形式段落主旨类试题常见的题干形式(1)The main idea of the second paragraph probably is that.(2)What is the last paragraph chiefly concerned with?(3)Which of the following can best summarize Paragraph one?(4)Whats the main idea discussed in the first paragraph?(体现针对性体现针对性,避免张冠李戴避免张冠李戴)解题解题技巧技巧技巧一：识别文体技巧一：识别文体技巧二：技巧二：找关联词找关联词技巧三技巧三:抓线索抓线索技巧四技巧四:找高频词找高频词技巧一：识别文体技巧一：识别文体新闻报道新闻报道导语提携全文导语提携全文议论文议论文 总总-分分-总总（论点论据结论）（论点论据结论）说明文说明文主题句主题句（首中尾）（首中尾）记叙文记叙文记叙文六要素记叙文六要素 On 26 January,Australia Day,in over 200 locations across the nation,more than 9,000 people will become Australian citiziens.“By these citizenship ceremonies we welcome those who have come from overseas from many different cultural and social backgrounds into our communities and our nation,”said the Minister for Citizenship and Multicultural Affairs.“Australia Day celebrations that include people from so many birthplaces are an ezcellent way to encourage tolerance,respect and friendship among all the people of Australia.”Most citizenship ceremonies will be followed by displays of singing and dancing from many of the migrants homelands and the tasting of food from all over the world.On Australia Day,_.A.people sing and dance together B.people enjoy Australia food C.some people from overseas were accepted as the citizens in Australia D.people can travel all over Australia Eg.2 Smoking cigarettes is harmful to your health.Experiments show that cigarette smoking can cause cancer.Besides the most serious and terrible disease(illness),cancer,cigarette smoking also can cause other health problems.For example,it can give one a“smokers cough”.Finally,studies have shown it is easy for cigarette smokers to catch colds.Whether you get an unimportant cold or terrible killer,cancer,smoking is harmful.Is it worth it?议论文议论文总总-分分-总总55What is the main idea?A.cigarette smoking can cause cancerB.smoking can cause the most serious and terrible disease(illness)C.smoking also can cause other health problemsD.smoking is harmful.DEg.3 Passage B(NMET2003)Reading to dogs is an unusual way to help children improve their literacy skills(读写能力).With their shining brown eyes,wagging tails,and unconditional love,dogs can provide the nonjudgmental listeners needed for a beginning reader to gain confidence(自信心),according to Intermountain Therapy Animals(ITA)in Salt Lake City.The group says it is the first program in the country to use dogs to help develop literacy in children,with the introduction of Reading Education Assistance Dogs(READ).The Salt Lake City Public Library is sold on the idea.“Literacy specialists admit that children who read below the level of their fellow pupils are often afraid of reading aloud in a group,often have lower self-respect,and regard reading as a headache,”said Lisa Myron,manager of the childrens department.Last November the two groups started“Dog Day Afternoon”in the childrens department of the main library.About 25 children attended each of the four Saturday-afternoon classes,reading for half an hour.Those who attended three of the four classes received a“pawgraphed”book at the last class.The program was so successful that the library plans to repeat it in April,according to Dana Thumpowsky,public relations manager.What is mainly discussed in the text?eg.3 Passage B(NMET2003)Reading to dogs is an unusual way to help children improve their literacy skills(读写能力).With their shining brown eyes,wagging tails,and unconditional love,dogs can provide the nonjudgmental listeners needed for a beginning reader to gain confidence(自信心),according to Intermountain Therapy Animals(ITA)in Salt Lake City.The group says it is the first program in the country to use dogs to help develop literacy in children,with the introduction of Reading Education Assistance Dogs(READ).The Salt Lake City Public Library is sold on the idea.“Literacy specialists admit that children who read below the level of their fellow pupils are often afraid of reading aloud in a group,often have lower self-respect,and regard reading as a headache,”said Lisa Myron,manager of the childrens department.Last November the two groups started“Dog Day Afternoon”in the childrens department of the main library.About 25 children attended each of the four Saturday-afternoon classes,reading for half an hour.Those who attended three of the four classes received a“pawgraphed”book at the last class.The program was so successful that the library plans to repeat it in April,according to Dana Thumpowsky,public relations manager.Example and success of the program eg.3 Passage B(NMET2003)Reading to dogs is an unusual way to help children improve their literacy skills(读写能力).With their shining brown eyes,wagging tails,and unconditional love,dogs can provide the nonjudgmental listeners needed for a beginning reader to gain confidence(自信心),according to Intermountain Therapy Animals(ITA)in Salt Lake City.The group says it is the first program in the country to use dogs to help develop literacy in children,with the introduction of Reading Education Assistance Dogs(READ).The Salt Lake City Public Library is sold on the idea.“Literacy specialists admit that children who read below the level of their fellow pupils are often afraid of reading aloud in a group,often have lower self-respect,and regard reading as a headache,”said Lisa Myron,manager of the childrens department.Last November the two groups started“Dog Day Afternoon”in the childrens department of the main library.About 25 children attended each of the four Saturday-afternoon classes,reading for half an hour.Those who attended three of the four classes received a“pawgraphed”book at the last class.The program was so successful that the library plans to repeat it in April,according to Dana Thumpowsky,public relations manager.Example and success of the program59.What is mainly discussed in the text?A.Childrens reading difficulties.B.Advantages of raising dogs.C.Service in a public library.D.A special reading program.eg.4 If you were planning to buy a television set,the following advertisement would certainly draw your attention:“Color TV.Only 79.Two days sale.Hu-rry.”However,when you go to the store ready to buy.You may discover that they are sold out.But the shop assistant is quick to tell you that he has another model.A much better set which is“just right for you”It costs 395.This sales method is called“bait and switch”.Buyers are baited with a sales advertisement,and then they are switched to another more expensive one.Buying things on sale needs careful consideration of the goods and the reason for the sale.The paragraph could be entitled _.A.Buying A TV Set B.A Selling Method C.Buyer Beware D.TV On Sale(detail)(detail)(detail)HoweverButNot onlybut alsoAlthough/thoughAs well as Eg.5 Mrs Turners telephone number was 3463;the number of the cinema in her town was 3464,people often made a mistake and telephoned her when they actually wanted the cinema.One evening the telephone bell rang and Mrs Turner answered it.A tired mans voice came over the telephone:”At what time does your last film begin?”Im sorry”,said Mrs Turner,“but you have the wrong number.This is not the cinema.”“Oh,It began twenty minutes ago,”said the man.”Im sorry about that.Well,goodbye.”Mrs Turner was very surprised,so she told her husband.He laughed and said,”No,that wasnt a mistake.The mans wife wanted to go to the cinema,but he was feeling tired,so he telephoned the cinema.His wife heard him,but she didnt hear you.Now they will stay at home this evening,and the husband will be happy!”Why was Mrs Turner surprised?Because the tired man _.A.wanted the cinema but called a wrong number.B.Asked her a silly question which she refused to answer C.Said something that had nothing to do with her answer.D.Was angry with himself for having made a mistake.c Eg.6 Often no one looks more guilty than the innocent.On the other hand,nobody may look more innocent than a professi-onal criminal.And the man who knows“everything”may really only be trying to hide his own weakness.So,it is foolish to try to judge a person only by his appearance（so,therefore,thus,in conclusion,in short,all in all,overall,clearly,plainly,In fact）技巧二：技巧二：找关联词找关联词技巧三技巧三:从段落中从段落中归纳要点归纳要点抓大意，理清线索抓大意，理清线索.有些文章或段落无明显的主题句有些文章或段落无明显的主题句,只是暗示性地体现主只是暗示性地体现主题题.这就要求考生在阅读过程中根据文中所叙述的这就要求考生在阅读过程中根据文中所叙述的事实事实或提供的或提供的线索线索来概括总结主旨大意来概括总结主旨大意 eg.7 Tom studied four years at the University of Paris and decided to leave before his graduation.He transferred to the University of Berlin and graduated with honors.Harvard Law School and,later,Boston College provided him with an excellent legal background.He is presently a corporation lawyer in Miami,Florida.The main idea of this paragraph is that _.A.Tom,who had studied at Paris Universities for four years,moved to another university.B.Tom became a lawyer since his graduation from Harvard Law School and later from Boston College.C.Tom was an excellent student when he studied at Berlin university.D.Tom received an excellent education.detaildetaildetail技巧四技巧四:从段落中从段落中寻找高频率词寻找高频率词 任何一篇文章都是围绕某个主题展开的，因此，任何一篇文章都是围绕某个主题展开的，因此，许多文章中最明显的特点之一是有一个反复出许多文章中最明显的特点之一是有一个反复出现的中心词，即现的中心词，即高频词高频词，也叫做，也叫做主题词主题词 Eg.9A new eight-kilometer road is under construction that links the port area with motorway system.It is expected to carry 20,000 trucks and cars a day,which greatly reduces the overcrowded traffic in the center of the city.As part of the project,two four-kilometer road tunnels are being built below the central area of the city,one for traffic to the north and the other for the traffic to the south.The two tunnels are about 20 meters below the surface and are 12 meters wide,providing for two lanes of traffic in each direction.In the upper part of the tunnel two air-conditioning pipes remove the waste gas of trucks and cars and keep the quality of air inside the tunnel.The lighting is at the top of the tunnel,practically at its highest point.There will also be electric signs at frequent intervals.They show traffic conditions ahead and can be seen clearly by drivers.The wall is made up of four main elements,which include a waterproofing covering and,on the inside of the tunnel,a concrete lining.Each tunnel is roughly round and the lower part of the tunnel is somewhat flat.The surface of the road lies on the base,which is made of concrete and steel.The drainage system,just below the road surface on one side,removes any extra liquid,particularly water.In the event of fire,the fire main,which is made of steel,pipes water to many fire hydrant stations at regular intervals along the length of the tunnel.The fire main is at the side of the tunnel and at the level of the road surface.Other systems in the tunnel will include emergency phones.75.The passage is mainly about _.A.the construction of a road B.the design of a road C.the construction of two tunnels D.the design of two tunnels 六主旨要义题技巧主旨要义题技巧遵循遵循 四字原则四字原则:用精炼的语言概括出文章的中心思想用精炼的语言概括出文章的中心思想要注意文章的内涵和外延要注意文章的内涵和外延,把作者的观点准确地把作者的观点准确地表达出来表达出来.要排除掉那些片面的选项要排除掉那些片面的选项,选取包含文章的主要选取包含文章的主要内容及作者观点的选项内容及作者观点的选项,范围不宜过大或过小范围不宜过大或过小.所选择的标题要新颖所选择的标题要新颖,对读者有吸引力对读者有吸引力,能激发读能激发读者的阅读兴趣者的阅读兴趣.Part twoHow to grasp the main idea of a passage-In Task-Writing The skills are used in writinga summaryHow to write a summary of a passagewith topic sentencewithout clear topic sentence In most countries in the world,advertising is common.You can see posters on doors,signs on buses,pictures in magazines,and commercials on TV.Though these signs of advertising are often disliked,I feel that,overall,advertising has very positive results.The harmful effects of advertising are obvious.When you are listening to beautiful music on the radio,a commercial is disturbing when it interrupts your program and changes your mood.Television commercials are the worst of all.Your program is stopped,and you are forced to watch an advertisement unless you actively change the channel or leave the room.I think that there should be laws to limit the advertisers right to interrupt TV and radio programs.In general,however,the positive results of advertisements are beneficial to society and individuals.When you do shopping,you can use advertisements in newspapers to compare prices,features,and quality of the product that you want to buy.By being more informed,you can buy something that will benefit you in the long run.With advertisements,people save a lot of time in shopping,looking for jobs and so on.All in all,for a wise and educated shopper,the helpful effects of advertising outweighthe harmful effects.Preparation for writing a summaryFind key wordsFind key sentencesFind the main idea任务一：概括短文要点任务一：概括短文要点常见错误常见错误应对策略应对策略1.无法抓住无法抓住短文要点短文要点2.无法摆无法摆脱原文句子脱原文句子a.a.仔细阅读全文；仔细阅读全文；b.b.找出关键词（句）找出关键词（句）;c.c.理清关键词（句）间的关系理清关键词（句）间的关系d.d.借助关键词，用自己的语言借助关键词，用自己的语言恰当地概括要点。恰当地概括要点。Practice Practice 1)Read the passage carefully and find some key words/sentences in it.Topic:_Effect:_Conclusion:_the effects of advertisinggood and bad(harmful and helpful)more helpful effects Express the main idea of the passage in our own words using about 30 words.The passage mainly tells usthe effects of advertising which are harmful and helpful.But the writer thinks there are more helpful effects if people dont blindly accept everything in the ads One morning,Mr.Hare was running on the road.Suddenly he saw Mr.Tortoise,who was also running on the road towards him.Mr.Hare ran up to Mr.Tortoise and laughed at him.Mr.Tortoise got angry and wouldnt take failure lying down,so he suggested having a race to see who could first get to the big tall tree by the roadsides.Mr.Hare agreed with him without hesitation.The race began.Mr.Hare and Mr.tortoise started from the same line at the same time.When Mr.Hare was far ahead of Mr.Tortoise and even couldnt see Mr.Tortoise,he thought that Mr.Tortoise fell behind and couldnt catch up with him.So he stopped and lay down to have a nap.But soon he fell asleep.At the same time,Mr.Tortoise kept on running and running.When Mr.Hare woke up,he found Mr.Tortoise had already sat under the tree and was smiling at him!Express the main idea of the passage in our own words using about 30 words.写作指导写作指导 (1)认真阅读，概括要点：可按记叙文的六大要素来概括要点，如下:Who(人物)When(时间)Where(地点)How(情节)Why(原因)What(事情)What(事情)Mr.Hare lost a race with Mr.Tortoise Who(人物)Mr.Hare and Mr.Tortoise When(时间)one morning Where(地点)on the road How(情节)be proudlie down and naplose Why(原因)Mr.Hare was proudThe folktale mainly tells us that in a race Mr Hare proudly thought he would be sure to beat Mr Tortoise,so he lay down to have a nap.As a result,he lost the race.How to organize a summary?Brainstorm搜索搜索(筛选筛选)信息信息Organize组织信息组织信息Sort out the information分类组合信息分类组合信息T+S P 主题句主题句+辅助句辅助句 段落段落Arrange the structure安排结构框架及段落衔接安排结构框架及段落衔接2.How to check the summary 看要点看要点 看人称看人称 看时态看时态 看语法看语法 看结构看结构Any questions?1.Do some reading exercises2.Write a summary Good luck&Successs ahead!Your criticism will be appreciated!eg.9 06湖南)The coyote(丛林狼).that eleven animal of wide-open space.has come to the nations captial.In fact,coyotes have spread to every comer of the United States,changing their behaviors to fit new environments and causing researchers to deal with a troublesome new kind of creature:the city coyote.The coyote originally lived in the middle of the continent.One of its most obvious characters is its smartness,which has made the animal a notorious（臭名昭著的）pest.Hunters trapped,shot and poisoned more than a million coyotes in the 1900s.Its still one of Americas most hunted animals.Yet the coyote has survived.How has the coyote shown this extraordinary ability?”I guess if you wanted to use one wordlists be plasticity.”says Erie Gese,an expert at Utah State University.Coyotes can live along,in pairs,or in large packs like wolves,hunt at night or during the day,occupy a small region or an area up to 40 square miles,and live on all sorts of food,from lizards（蜥蜴）and shoes,to ants and melons.detaildetaildetailUnbelievably people helped coyotes increase when they kilted most of the wolves in the United States.The shredding of coyotes into city areas,though.is rccent.They travel at night,crossing sidewalks and bridges.running along roads and ducking into coiners(钻入 洞and underpasses.No one knows why coyotes are moving into cities.but experts explai that clevcter,more human-tolerant(不怕人的)coyotes are teaching urban survival skills to new generations.Occasionally.coyotes might attack human beings.There have been about 160 attacks on people in recent years Therefore,people have bacon consistently told not feed coyotes or leave pct food unseeurcd.That,plus a large trapping program in the neighborhood.has cur down on the coyote population.detaildetail64.The aim of the passage is to_.A.tell pcople how to fight against coyotesB.tell us why the coyote is the most hunted animalC.supply the reason why the coyote is a kind of motorious pestD.explain how the coyote has spread to and survived in cities Magellans men were the first to make the trip around the world.It took them more than two years to do so by ship.Magellan was from Portugal,but he sailed for the King of Spain.On September 20,1519,he left Spain with five ships and 240 men.After passing the tip of South America,they reached the Pacific Ocean,on which they sailed more than one year.Very often they could not see a piece of land for months and they suffered greatly from the lack of food and fresh water.Many of them died of hunger and diseases.They even had to live on sawdust.Finally in April 1521,Magellan got to the Philippine Islands,where he was killed.His men fled and continued their voyage across the Indian Ocean.It was with the greatest difficulty that they passed the Cape of Good Hope.By the time they returned to Spain on December 21,1521,seven out of every eight men had died.Magellans voyage proved that men could sail around the world and that our earth is but a huge ball.Magellans men were the first to make the trip around the world.It took them more than two years to do so by ship.Magellans voyage was the first trip around the world.Magellan was from Portugal,but he sailed for the King of Spain.On September 20,1519,he left Spain with five ships and 240 men.After passing the tip of South America,they reached the Pacific Ocean,on which they sailed more than one year.Very often they could not see a piece of land for months and they suffered greatly from the lack of food and fresh water.Many of them died of hunger and diseases.They even had to live on sawdust.Finally in April 1521,Magellan got to the Philippine Islands,where he was killed.His men fled and continued their voyage across the Indian Ocean.It was with the greatest difficulty that they passed the Cape of Good Hope.By the time they returned to Spain on December 21,1521,seven out of every eight men had died.1.time2.ships and people3.route4.Sufferingsand difficultiesa.Lack of food and freshwaterb.Hunger and diseases c.DeathsThe process of Magellans long difficult voyage5.success Magellans voyage proved that men could sail around the world and that our earth is but a huge ball.Magellans voyaged proved the earth is round.Magellans men were the first to make the trip around the w
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