考研英语历年翻译真题解析

考研英语历年翻译真题解析(1990-2006)Text1.2006年试题Is it true that the American intellectual is rejected and considered of no account in his society? I am going to suggest that it is not true. Father Bruckbergen told part of the story when he observed that it is the intellectuals who have rejected America. But they have done that. They have grown dissatisfied with the role of intellectual. It is they, not America, who have become anti-intellectual.Frst, the object of our study pleads for definition. What is an intellectual?(46) I shall define him as an individual who has elected as his primary duty and pleasure in life the activity of thinking in Socratic(苏格拉底)way about moral problems. He explores such problem consciously, articulately, and frankly, first by asking factual questions, then by asking moral questions, finally by suggesting action which seems appropriate in the light of the factual and moral information which he has obtained.(47) His function is analoaous to that of a judge, who m ust accept the obligation of revealing in as obvious a matter as possible the course of reasoning which led him to his decision.This definition excludes many individuals usually referred to as intellectuals-the average scientist for one.(48) I have excluded him because, while his accomDlishments may contribute to the solution of moral problems, he has not been charged with the task of approachinq any but the factual aspects of those problems. Like other human beings, he encounters moral issues even in everyday performance of his routine dutieshe is not supposed to cook his experiments, manufacture evidence, or doctor his reports.(49) But his primary task is not to think about the moral code, which governs his activity, any more than a businessman is expected to dedicate his energies to an exploration of rules of conduct in business. During most of his walking life he will take his code for granted, as the businessman takes his ethics.The definition also excludes the majority of teachers, despite the fact that teaching has traditionally been the method whereby many intellectuals earn their living.(50) They may teach very well, and more than earn their salaries, but most of them make little or no independent reflections on human problems which involve moral judgment. This description even fits the majority em inent scholars. Being learned in some branch of human knowledge is one thing; living in “public and industrious thoughts/ as Emerson would say, is something else.重点词汇：intellectual：adj 1通常作定语of the intellect智力的；理智的：【例】the intellectual faculties 智能。2 of, interested in or able to deal with things of the mind (eg the arts, ideas for their own sake) rather than practical matters思维的，善思考的，能运用聪明才智的(如艺术、思想等方面，并非指实际事情):【例】intellectual people善思考的人;intellectual interests, pursuits, etc 需用脑力的爱好、研究等。n intellectual person知识分子；脑力劳动者：【例】a play, book, etc for intellectuals 以知识分子为对象的剧、书等。plead ：/ pli:d; plid/v 1(with sb)(for sth) make repeated urgent requests (to sb)(for sth)再三恳求或请求(某人)(做某事)：【例】plead for mercy祈求发慈悲；He pleaded with his parents for a more understanding attitude.他求父母多加谅解。2 offer （sth） as an explanation or excuse, esp for failing to do sth or for doing sth wrong提出（理由或藉口）（尤指因未做某事或做错某事）：【例】They asked him to pay for the damage but he pleaded poverty.他们要他付损害赔偿金，但他藉口贫穷而不偿还。3 for/against sb （law 律）（of a lawyer） speak to a lawcourt （on behalf of the plaintiff/defendant）（指律师）（在法庭上为原告被告）提出申诉、答辩或辩护。4 （law 律）present （a case） to a court of law向法庭陈述（案情）：【例】They employed the best lawyer they could get to plead their case.他们聘请了能请到的最好的律师为他们陈述案情。5 （law 律）put （sth） forward as the basis of a case in a court of law （on behalf of sb）（代表某人）向法庭提出（某事）（作为案件的基础）:【例】Counsel for the accused said that he intended to plead insanity, ie that his client was insane and therefore not responsible for his actions.被告的律师说他想提出案发时被告精神失常这一理由，为被告不需负法律责任进行辩护。6 （for） sth argue in support of sth; support （a cause） by argument 极力主张；以辩论支持（某事业）：【例】plead for the modernization of the citys public transport 力主城市公共交通现代化。【形】pleadingly in a begging or an imploring manner恳求地；乞求地【名】pleadings （律）（原告的）诉状；被告的）答辩状consciously： adv.【形】conscious1 knowing what is going on around one because one is able to use bodily senses and mental powers; awake感觉到的；意识到的；清醒的：【例】He was in a coma for days, but now hes （fully） conscious again.他昏迷了几天，但现在又（完全）清醒了。2 of sth/that. aware; noticing 知道的；察觉的;注意到的：【例】be conscious of being watched/that one is being watched 察觉有人在监视自己3 （of actions, feelings, etc） realized by oneself; intentional （指行为、感情等）自觉的；蓄意的：【例】Ones conscious motives are often different from ones subconscious ones.个人有明显动机的举动跟下意识的举动往往截然不同。4 being particularly aware of and interested in the thing mentioned对所提到的事物具有深刻认识和浓厚兴趣的：【例】trying to make the workers more politically conscious 努力提高工人的政治觉悟。【名】 consciousnessU1（a） state of being conscious（l）知觉；清醒状态：【例】The blow caused him to lose consciousness.那一击打得他失去了知觉.（b）（of sth/that.） state of being aware; awareness 明了；觉悟：【例】my consciousness of her needs 我对她的需求的了解。2 all the ideas, thoughts, feelings, etc of a person or people 意识：J attitudes that are deeply ingrained in the English consciousness深深扎根於英国人意识中的看法。articulateadj 1（of a person） able to express ones ideas clearly in words （指人）能用词语把意思表达清楚的：【例】Shes unusually articulate for a ten-year-old.对一个十岁的孩子来说，她异乎寻常地能说会道。2 （of speech） clearly pronounced （指讲话）发音清晰的。3 having joints 有关节的。v 1 speak （sth） clearly and distinctly 清楚明白地说（某事）：【例】Im a little deaf please articulate （your words） carefully,我有些耳背-请（把话）仔细说清楚。2通常用於被动语态（sth） with sth form a joint or connect （sth） by joints with sth 形成关节；（用关节）连接：【例】bones that articulate/are articulated with others 以关节与其它骨骼相连的骨骼。【副】articulately【名】 articulatenessin the light of按照，根据，当作 analogousadj (to/with sth) partially similar or parallel; offering an analogy 类彳以的：相似的：【例】The two processes are not analogous.这两种过程不相似。encounterv (fml 文)1 meet or find oneself faced by (sth/sb unpleasant, dangerous, difficult, etc)遇到或发现自己面临(令人不快的、危险的、困难的某事某人)：【例】I encountered many difficulties when I first started this job.我开始做这项工作时，遇到许多困难。2 meet (a friend, etc) unexpectedly 邂逅(友人等)。n (with sb/sth) sudden or unexpected (esp hostile) meeting突然的或意外的(尤指敌对的)相遇：【例】an encounter with an enemy 与敌人的遭遇。ethicn 1 system of moral principles; rules of conduct道德标准:行为准则:【例1the Puritan ethic清教徒的伦理观2 ethics n (a)sing v science that deals with morals 伦理学：【例】Ethics is a branch of philosophy.伦理学是哲学的分科。(b)pl moral correctness 道德规范：【例】The ethics of his decision are doubtful.他的这一决定是否合乎道德规范值得怀疑。【形】ethical1 of morals or moral questions 道德的；道德上的问题的：【例】largely an ethical problem 主要是道德问题2 morally correct合乎道德的：【例】His behavior has not been strictly ethical.他的行为不太道德。em inentadj.1(of a person) famous and distinguished (指人)著名的，杰出的,卓越的：【例】an eminent architect杰出的建筑师（2） 通常作定语(of qualities) remarkable; outstanding (指品质、特性)明显的；显著的；突出的：【例】a man of eminent goodness 品德优良的人【副】eminentlyobviously; outstandingly 明显地：显著地；突出地：【例】She seems eminently suitable for the job.她看来极适合做这项工作。翻译题解：46、I shall define him as an individual who has elected as his primary duty and pleasure in life the activity of thinking in Socratic （苏格拉底）way about moral problems.句子分段：I shall define him as an individual 11 who has elected as his primary duty and pleasure in life 11 the activity of thinking in Socratic （苏格拉底）way about moral problems.句子分析：本句话的翻译主要难在句子结构的宏观把握，关键要抓住以下两点：第一，who引导的定于从句比较长，所以采取后置翻译的方法；第二，as his primary duty and pleasure in life”是状语成分，本应放在句末作补充说明，由于elected的宾语“the activity of thinking in Socratic （苏格拉底）way about moral problems”比较长，所以as引导的状语作了前置处理，形成倒装。从微观层面来讲，句子的词义把握总体简单，其中的defineas（把定义为），这个词组在2003年就考过，Socratic还给出了中文。考生要注意的是两点：第一，him这个代词需要根据上文译出“知识分子”，否则译文不够完整通顺，而 intellectual这个单词在历年考题中出现过多次,考生应该认识。第二，elect基本的意思是选举，推选，这里需要根据上下文作适当的引申，可以理解为“选择”。其实在翻译时，不用译出elect的意思。参考译文：1、我把知识分子定义为这样的个体：他用苏格拉底的方式思考道德问题，并以此作为其生命中的主要职责与乐趣。2、我把知识分子定义为这样的个体，他把用苏格拉底的方式思考道德问题作为自己的t要责任与乐趣。（47） His function is analogous to that of a judge, who must accept the obligation of revealing in as obvious a matter as possible the course of reasoning which led him to his decision.句子分段：His function is analogous to that of a judge,11 who must accept the obligation of revealing in as obvious a matter as possible 11 the course of reasoning which led him to his decision.句子分析：本句话的翻译和46题相似，仍旧看重句子结构的分析。首先，who引导的定于从句是一个非限制性定于从句而且比较长，所以后置翻译，而且a judge这个名词不够具体，特点不够明显，所以 who引导的定语从句是在限定a judge.其次，“in as obvious a matter as possibleM 是状语成分，用来说明reveal的方式，“the course of reasoning which led him to his decision M 是 reveal的宾语。由于动词语宾语被状语隔开，所以考生在历届时有一定困难。最后，which led him to his decision”这个定语从句较短,可以先行词前面翻译。从微观的词义方面来看，本句话要注意以下几个方面：第一,His function最好译出“知识分子的作用”；第二，analogous表示相似的，可理解为 similar,很多考生不能较好把握这个单词：第三， in as obvious a manner as possible 中包含 in an obvious manner（明显的方式）和 as obvious as possible （尽可能明显）两个词组,翻译时需要准切理解词组的结合。参考译文：1、知识分子的作用与法官的作用类似，后者必须承担用尽可能明显的方式来揭示让他做出决定的推理过程的责任。2、知识分子的作用类似于法官的作用，后者必须承担起这样的责任：用尽可能明显的方式来揭示让他做出决定的推理过程。（48） I have excluded him because, while his accomplishments may contribute to the solution of moral problems, he has not been charged with the task of approaching any but the factual aspects of those problems.句子分段：I have excluded him 11 because. while his accomplishments may contribute to the solution of moral problems, he has not been charged with the task 11 of approaching any but the factual aspects of those problems.句子分析：宏观上来讲，本句话不难，主要考察因果关系，虽然在原因部分加入while引导的让步从句，但句子结构仍旧简单。本句话的难点在于微观层面的词义把握。 Exclude与include相反，是排除的意思； accomplishment 表示成就：contribute to 意为有利于，有助于；be charged with应该是考生最难理解的地方，它最普通的意思是控告，但这里be charged with a task应理解为承担一项任务。另外,句子中有个分开的词组，not-any but-,表示only,理解为“仅仅”；可见，考研翻译是以一定的词汇量为基础的。除了这些词义的把握，在翻译时还要注意把句子开头的代词him具体翻译为：average scientist （普通科学家）。参考译文：1、我之所以把普通科学家排除在外，是因为虽然他的成就有助于解决道德问题，但是他只是承担了触及这些问题事实方面的任务。（改进：我之所以把普通科学家排除在外，是因为虽然他的成就有助于解决道德问题，但是他只是触及了这些问题的事实方面。）2、因为虽然普通科学家的成就有助于解决道德问题，但是他只是承担了触及这些问题事实方面的任务，所以我把他排除在外。（49） But his primary task is not to think about the moral code which governs his activity, any more than a businessman is expected to dedicate his energies to an exploration of rules of conduct in business.句子分段：But his primary task is not to think about the moral code 11 which governs his activity,11 any more than a businessman 11 is expected to dedicate his energies to an exploration 11 of rules of conduct in business.句子分析：从宏观框架层面来看，关键是要把握两点：第一，“which governs his activity0这个定于从句可以放在被限定的名词前面，译文会显得简练，当然后置翻译也是可以的；考生最难把握的是 not-any more than ,表示两者类似。所以后半句话是用类比的方式对前半句话进行说明。在词义的微观层面匕有些词组需要注意。moral code中，code表示编码，道德编码不同顺，需要结合汉语表达习惯，译为“道德准则”,“道德标准”等。dedicate to表示致力于，如果这个词组没有准确理解，句子就很难译好。Exploration 是开发探索之意，翻译时需要做一点调整。看见，考研翻译不仅考察对单词的认知，而且考察根据上卜文作意思转换与引申的能力。参考译文：1、但是普通科学家的主要任务并非是思考约束其行为的道德准则，这正如人们不期望商人致力于探究商业行为规范。2、但是普通科学家的主要任务并非思考道德准则，虽然道德准则约束着他的行为；这正如人们不指望商人致力于探究商业行为规范。（50） They may teach very well, and more than earn their salaries, but most of them make little or no independent reflections on human problems which involve moral judgment.句子分段：They may teach very well.| and more than earn their salaries,11 but most of them make little or no independent reflections on human problems | which involve moral judgment.句子分析：本句话相对简单，句子用虽然但是的结构即可从前往后按顺序翻译，为译需要作调整的地方就是句子最后的定于从句。该定语从句较短，可以放在先行词前面翻译。在词义把握的微观层面，要注意more than 表不不仅仅，超过；little具有否定意味，不能翻译为一些等。参考译文：1、教师可能擅长教书，而且不仅仅专注于赚钱，但是大部分教师对涉及人类道德判断的问题很少或没有进行独立的思考。全文翻译：美国的知识分子被他们的所在社会拒绝并不认为是社会组成的一部分，这一情况属实么？我将暗示一下这不是真实的情况。当父亲 Bruckbergen观察发现正是知识分子自己拒绝了美国，他揭露了一部分真相。但是，他们所做的不仅限了此.他们逐渐对知识分子的角色感到不满.正是他们自身，而不是美国，变为了反知识分子。首先，我们的研究口标是来力求一个定义。什么是知识分子？我把知识分子定义为这样的个体：他用苏格拉底的方式思考道德问题，并以此作为其生命中的主要职责与乐趣。他首先提出实际问题，然后提出道德层面上的问题，最后提出看起来和他所获得的实际和道德信息相符合的行动建议。通过这一系列行为来清晰明了真实地探究此类问题。知识分子的作用与法官的作用类似，后者必须承担用尽可能明显的方式来揭示让他做出决定的推理过程的责任。该定义排除了多个通常被称为知识分子的个体一一对了个人而言是普通的科学家。我之所以把普通科学家排除在外，是因为虽然他的成就有助于解决道德问题，但是他只是触及了这些问题的事实方面。和共他人类一样，即使在日常例行职责的表现中也会遇到道德问题一一人们并不会要求他可以烹饪实验，加工事实或医治报告.但是普通科学家的主:要任务并非是思考约束其行为的道德准则，这正如人们不期望商人致力于探究商业行为规范.在其大部分的人生中，他将认同他的行为准则，正如商人认同商人的道德规范。该定义同样排除了多数教师，尽管事实上，教育是许多知识分子用来谋生的传统方法。教师J能擅长教15.而且不仅仅专注于赚钱，但是大部分教师对涉及人类道德判断的问题很少或没有进行独立的思考.大部分著名学者甚至都符合这描述。在人类知识的某一分支是专家是一回事；而生活在如爱默生过去常提到的“公共而勤勉的想法”之中又是另外一回事。Text2.2005年试题(全国卷)The study of law has been recognized for centuries as a basic intellectual discipline in European universities. However, only in recent years has it become a feature of undergraduate programs in Canadian universities.(46) Traditionally, legal learning has been viewed in such institutions as the special preserve of lawyers, rather than a necessary part of the intellectual eciuiDment of an educated person. Happily, the older and more continental view of legal education is establishing itself in a number of Canadian universities and some have even begun to offer undergraduate degrees in law.If the study of law is beginning to establish itself as part and parcel of a general education, its aims and methods should appeal directly to journalism educators. Law is a discipline which encourages responsible judgment. On the one hand, it provides opportunities to analyze such ideas as justice, democracy and freedom.(47) On the other, it links these concepts to everyday realities in a manner which is parallel to the links journalists forge on a daily basis as they cover and comment on the news. For example, notions of evidence and fact, of basic rights and public interest are at work in the process of journalistic judgment and production just as in courts of law. Sharpening judgment by absorbing and reflecting on law is a desirable component of a journalists intellectual preparation for his or her career.(48) But the idea that the journalist must understand the law more profoundly than aa ordinary citizen rests on an understanding of the established conventions and special responsibilities of the news media. Politics or, more broadly, the functioning of the state, is a major subject for journalists. The better informed they are about the way the state works, the better their reporting will be.(49) In fact, it is difficult to see how journalists who do not have a clear grasp of the basic features of the Canadian Constitution can do a com petent job on political stories.Furthermore, the legal system and the events which occur within it are primary subjects for journalists. While the quality of legal journalism varies greatly, there is an undue reliance amongst many journalists on interpretations supplied to them by lawyers.(50) While comment and reaction from lawyers may enhance stories, it is preferable for journalists to rely on their own notions of significance and make their own judgments. These can only come from a well-grounded understanding of the legal system.重点词汇：discipline:记联想记忆：dis （不）+cip （拿）+line （线）不拿老百姓一针一线一纪律n.纪律，规定ij Without discipline, there is no method.没有规矩，不成方圆。学科例We will set up a new academic discipline in our school.我们将在学校设立一门新的理论学科。训练例The mountaineer has been under perfect discipline.那登山队员受过良好的训练。派disciplined a.受过训练的，遵守纪律的 preserve:记词根记忆：pre （预先）+ serve （保持）便于长久保存而预先采取措施一保护，保藏Vt.保护，维持例preserve one s eyesight 保护视力保存，保藏例Tom preserved the meat in the fridge.汤姆将肉保存在了冰箱里。腌制例The local people use smokehouses to preserve tons of fish and other seafood annually.每年，当地人利用熏制室来腌制成吨的鱼和其它海产品。parallel:12para （类似）+llel类似的a.平行的,并联的parallel lines平行线考run parallel to/ with 与平行；parallel to/ with平行的，并联的 competent:记来自 compete（vi.竞争），com （力口强）+ pete （竞争）竞争a。有能力的，胜任的例Young as he is ,this new manager is really competent.这位新来的经理尽管很年轻，但是非常有能力。派incompetent a.不合格的，不胜任的： competently ado胜任地，适合地 interpretations:记来自 interpretinter （在之间）+pret一在两种语言之间一口译Vto 解释，说明例The professor asked me to interpret the long difficult sentence in front of the class.教授让我在全班同学面前解释那句又长又难得句子了解，认为interpreted her answer as a refusal.我把她的回答理解为是一种拒绝。口译例I interpreted the ambassador * s remarks for everybody.我为大家口译了大使的话。派interpretation n.解释：口译：interpreter n.口译者，解释者well-grounded: ad.基础牢固的，有充分根据的翻译题解：46. Traditionally, legal learning has been viewed in such institutions as the special preserve of lawyers, rather than a necessary part of the intellectual equipment of an educated person.句子分段： Traditionally, legal learning has been viewed in such institutions 11 as the special preserve of lawyers,11 rather than a necessary part of the intellectual equipment of an educated person.句子结构：1）主干结构：简单句legal learning has been viewed as.rather than.；2） view.as 中间插入介词词组in such institutions作状语，该词组的含义要到前一句话中去找,指的是 MCanadian universities o 词的处理：institution 机构；special preserve 专门的工作;intellectual equipment知识素养; educated受过良好教育的参考译文：传统上，在加拿大的高等学府里，学习法律一直被看作是律师的专门工作，而不是一个受过良好教育的人所必须具备的知识素养。47. On the other, it links these concepts to everyday realities in a manner which is parallel to the links journalists forge on a daily basis as they cover and comment on the news.句子分段： On the other, it links these concepts to everyday realities in a manner 11 which is parallel to the links 11 journalists forge on a daily basis 11 as they cover and comment on the news.句子结构：1）主语+谓语+which引导的定语从句+省略引导词的定语从句+as引导的状语从句；2） these concepts的含义也要到前边的句子中去找，指的是前面提到的justice, democracy and freedom ：3） which 引导的定语从句 which isthe news修饰manner,其中包含了定语从句 journalists.daily basis,修饰 links 以及 as 引导的状语从句。词的处理：concept 观念：everyday reality 日常生活中的实际情况;in a.manner以方式； parallel类似的，相似的:forge使形成：on a basis 以为基础；cover报道参考译文：另一方面，法律又将正义、民主和自由这些观念与日常生活中的实际联系在起，其方式就如同新闻工作者在报道和评论新闻事件时，以日常生活为基础，使这些观念与实际情况相结合样。48. But the idea that the journalist must understand the law more profoundly than an ordinary citizen rests on an understanding of the established conventions and special responsibilities of the news media.句子分段：But the idea 11 that the journalist must understand the law more profoundly than an ordinary citizen 11 rests on an understanding of the established conventions and special responsibilities of the news media.句子结构：1）主语+that引导的同位语从句+谓语（rest on）+宾语（an understanding of.）：2） the established conventions 和 special responsibilities 均修饰 news media。词的处理：profoundly深刻地；rest on建立在之上，以为基础或根据： understanding 理解，共识；established 既定的，确认的；convention规范；news media新闻媒体参考译文：但是，新闻工作者对于法律的理解应该比普通公民更加深刻，这个观点是在对于新闻媒体的既定规范和特殊的社会责任有深刻认识的基础之上建立的。49. In fact, it is difficult to see how journalists who do not have a clear grasp of the basic features of the Canadian Constitution can do a competent job on political stories.句子分段：In fact, it is difficult to see 11 how journalists 11 who do not have a clear grasp of the basic features of the Canadian Constitution 11 can do a competent job on political stories.句子结构：1）形式主语it +表语+真实主语 how.political stories：2）真实主语是 how 引导的从句，该从句的主语是journalists,谓语部分是can do.； who引导的定语从句修饰 journalistSo词的处理：see设想，想象；grasp领会，理解： basic feature基本特点;competent令人满意的：story新闻报道参考译文：实际上，很难想象那些对于加拿大宪法的基本特点缺乏清晰了解的新闻工作者能够胜任政治新闻报道的工作。50. While comment and reaction from lawyers may enhance stories, it is preferable for journalists to rely on their own notions of significance and make their own judgments.句子分段: While comment and reaction from lawyers 11 may enhance stories,11 it is preferable for journalists 11 to rely on their own notions of significance and 11 make their own judgments.句子结构：while引导的状语从句+形式主语it +真实主语to rely on.and make.o词的处理：reaction反应；enhance提高，提升： preferable更可取的，更好的；rely on依靠，依赖；notion见解，看法；significance重要性，意义：make one, sown judgment作出自己的判断参考译文：律师的评论和反应当然能够提升新闻报道的价值，但是，记者们最好还是依靠自己对于事件重要性的认识来做出判断。全文翻译：几个世纪以来，有关法律的研究一直被看成是欧洲各国大学的一门基本的知识学科。不过，只是在最近几年有关法律的研究才成为加拿大大学教育的一门学科。传统上，在加拿大的高等学府里，学习法律一直被看作是律师的专门工作，而不是一个受过良好教育的人所必须具备的知识素养。幸运的是，加拿大的许多大学正在树立法律教育更传统、更具有大陆特性的观念，有些甚至已经开始授予法律学士学位。如果有关法律的研究正在开始成为普通教育一个不可缺少的学科的话，那么它的目的和方法应该会即刻吸引新闻学教育家。法律是一门学科，这门学科鼓励进行有责任的判断。一方面，它为分析像公正、民主以及自由这样的概念提供机会。另一方面，法律又将正义、民主和自由这些观念与日常生活中的实际联系在一起，其方式就如同新闻工作者在报道和评论新闻事件时，以日常生活为基础，使这些观念与实际情况相结合一样。比如，有关证据和事实、基本权利和公众利益这样的概念在新闻判断和新闻制作过程中起作用，就像在