商务英语文化.doc

国际商务文化题库 答题说明：请阅读以下表述并判断表述是否正确，若表述正确，请在正确的表述前括号中标示T；若表述错误，请在正确的表述前括号中标示F。1. (T ) The terms of intercultural communication and international communication can be used interchangeably.2. ( T ) Stereotypes, like culture itself, are learned in a variety of ways. They are the products of limited, lazy and misguided perceptions.3. ( F ) Verbal communication is not as clarified and efficient as other ways of communication, e.g. written communication.4. (F ) We put the index finger and mid-figure apart with palm against the receiver to mean “OK,” which was first used by Winston Churchill.5. ( T ) Personal territory can be large or small, which is much related to certain elements such as place, sex, age and character.6. ( T ) Where the power distance is large, the society believes that there should be a well-defined order of inequality in which everyone has a rightful place.7. ( F ) Asian, Latin American, and West African nations are societies high in individualism but low in collectivism.8. ( T) In high masculinity societies, people tend to believe that matters of material comfort, social privilege, etc. are related to ability. 9. (T ) For some multinational firms, they can alleviate culture shock by selecting employees for overseas assignments who possess certain personal and professional qualifications.10. ( F ) Nonverbal greetings include shaking hands, kissing, bowing and making introductions. 答题说明：请阅读以下表述并判断表述是否正确，若表述正确，请在正确的表述前括号中标示T；若表述错误，请在正确的表述前括号中标示F。1. ( F ) With the integration of language into the fabric of culture, confusion and dysfunction would reign and the culture would fail.2. ( T ) Language is a means to express and exchange thoughts, concepts, knowledge and information as well as to transmit experience and so on.3. ( T ) Personal territory can be large or small, which is much related to certain elements such as place, sex, age and character.4. ( T ) Where uncertainty avoidance is low, the society is comfortable with a low degree of certainty and is open to the unknown.5. (T ) In high-context communication, the listener is already “contexted” and so does not need to be given much background information.6. (T ) In U.S., a businessman who is invited for dinner to the private home of a business contact is expected to write a thank-you note shortly after the event.7. ( F ) American negotiators tend to be competitive in their approach to negotiation, beginning with a realistic offer.8. ( F ) It is not advisable to make a high offer at the beginning of negotiation.9. (T ) The effective management principle and method for a local corporation might not achieve expected result if employees come from different countries in international corporation. 10. ( F ) Nonverbal greetings include shaking hands, kissing, bowing and making introductions. 答题说明：请阅读以下表述并判断表述是否正确，若表述正确，请在正确的表述前括号中标示T；若表述错误，请在正确的表述前括号中标示F。1. ( T ) Stereotypes, like culture itself, are learned in a variety of ways. They are the products of limited, lazy and misguided perceptions.2. (T ) Language and culture are closely related, reflecting, influencing and shaping each other.3. (F ) Eye looking sideways can show ones coldness and superciliousness. It is impolite to move your head side to side while you are communicating with people, e.g. in India or Pakistan. 4. ( F ) Postures send same messages to all people, e.g. when you stand in an upright position, you impress others as being energetic.5. ( T ) Individualists prefer self-sufficiency while collectivists give more recognition to their interdependent roles and obligations to the group.6. ( F ) Large power distance countries such as the United States, Austria, Finland, and Denmark hold that inequality in society should be minimized. 7. ( T ) German businessmen have serious principles about interpersonal relationship and they focus on personal credit.8. (T ) Control of the schedule often leads to control of the negotiating agenda. 9. ( F ) The goal at a cocktail party is to meet as many people as possible. Everyone expects to get into deep discussions.10. ( F ) Culture offers ways of identifying with the organization and creates a “you-feeling.” 答题说明：请阅读以下表述并判断表述是否正确，若表述正确，请在正确的表述前括号中标示T；若表述错误，请在正确的表述前括号中标示F。1. （T ）Culture is all mens medium; there is no aspect of human life that is not touched and altered by culture.2. ( F ) Verbal communication is not as clarified and efficient as other ways of communication, e.g. written communication. 3. (T ) A simple eye gesture might be interpreted in a diversity of meanings across cultures.4. ( F ) How closely people position themselves to one another during a discussion or talk cannot communicate what type of relationship exists between them.5. (F ) Where individualism id high, the society emphasizes the role of the group.6. (T ) In high-context communication the listener is already “contexted” and so does to need to be given much background information. 7. ( F ) Some businesspersons maintain that American humor is helpful to export and appreciate. 8. ( T ) Taboos often are rooted in the beliefs of the people of a specific region or culture and are passed down from generation to generation.9. (F ) Japanese negotiators tend to put more emphasis on the literal meanings of words used in negotiation and less emphasis on the relationships established before negotiating begins. 10. ( T ) Culture serves to create a general consensus on fundamental issues and facilitates decision-making during crises. 答案： 1. T 2. T 3. F 4. F 5. T6. T 7. F 8. T 9. T 10. F 1. F 2. T 3. T 4. T 5. T6. T 7. F 8. F 9. T 10. F 1. T 2. T 3. F 4. F 5. T6. F 7. T 8. T 9. F 10. F 1. T 2. F 3. T 4. F 5. F6. T 7. F 8. T 9. F 10. T答题说明：请将以下表述与表中的概念对应，并将选项写在表述前的括号中， 每个选项只能使用一次。A. uncertainty avoidance B. nonverbal communication C. personal territory D. taboos E. culture F. low-context culture G. verbal communication H. customs I intercommunication J. memo 1. ( E ) The total accumulation of beliefs, customs, values, behaviors, institutions and communication patterns that are shared, learned and passed down through generations in an identifiable group of people.2. ( G ) It is carried out either in oral or in written form with the use of words.3. ( C ) It refers to the space that people have for their own activities.4. ( I ) The communication between people from different cultures when a member of one culture produces a message for consumption by a member of another culture.5. ( A ) The degree to which the society is willing to accept and deal with ambiguity and uncertainty.6. ( J ) It is a hard-copy document, used for communicating inside an organization, usually short.7. ( B ) The process by which nonverbal behaviors are used, either singly or in combination with verbal behaviors, in the exchange and interpretation of messages in a given situation or context. 8. ( F ) It refers to groups of cultures that value individual orientation and overt communication codes and maintains a heterogeneous normative structure with low cultural demand characteristics.9. ( D ) Practices or verbal expressions considered by a society or culture as improper or unacceptable.10. ( H ) They are behaviors generally expected in specific situations and are established, socially acceptable ways of behaving in given circumstances.答题说明：请将以下表述与表中的概念对应，并将选项写在表述前的括号中， 每个选项只能使用一次。A. personal territory B. kinesics C. high-context culture D. communication E. superstitions F. proxemics G. intercommunication H. teamwork I. negotiation J. individualism 1. ( D ) A process by which information is exchanged between individuals through a common system of symbols, signs, or behavior, or the exchange of thoughts, messages, or information, as by speech, signals, writing or behavior.2. ( G ) The communication between people from different cultures when a member of one culture produces a message for consumption by a member of another culture.3. ( B ) The nonverbal behavior related to the movement of the body or part of the body.4. ( J ) The degree to which individual decision-making and action is accepted and encouraged by the society.5. ( A ) It refers to the space that people have for their own activities.6. ( F ) The study of peoples perception and use of space.7. ( C ) It refers to groups of cultures that value group identity orientation and covert communication codes and maintains a homogeneous normative structure with low cultural demand characteristics.8. ( E ) Beliefs that are inconsistent with the known laws of science or what society considers to be true and rational. 9. ( I ) A discussion between two or more disputants who are trying to work out a solution to their problem.10. ( H ) The cooperation among employees and employers.答题说明：请将以下表述与表中的概念对应，并将选项写在表述前的括号中， 每个选项只能使用一次。A. individualism B. memo C. corporate culture D. intercommunication E. uncertainty avoidance F. proxemics G. communication H. culture shock I. personal territory J. etiquette1. ( G ) A process by which information is exchanged between individuals through a common system of symbols, signs, or behavior, or the exchange of thoughts, messages, or information, as by speech, signals, writing or behavior.2. ( B ) It is a hard-copy document, used for communicating inside an organization, usually short.3. ( D ) The communication between people from different cultures when a member of one culture produces a message for consumption by a member of another culture.4. ( I ) It refers to the space that people have for their own activities.5. ( E ) The degree to which the society is willing to accept and deal with ambiguity and uncertainty.6. ( A ) The degree to which individual decision-making and action is accepted and encouraged by the society.7. ( H ) This term expresses the lack of direction, the feeling of not knowing what to do or how to do things in a new environment, and not knowing what is appropriate or inappropriate.8. ( C ) The look, the feel, the atmosphere of an organization and people within it.9. ( J ) It refers to manners and behavior considered acceptable in social and business situations.10. ( F ) The study of peoples perception and use of space.答题说明：请将以下表述与表中的概念对应，并将选项写在表述前的括号中， 每个选项只能使用一次。A. culture B. superstitions C. memo D. ethnocentrism E. high-context culture F. taboos G. personal territory H. individualism I. proxemics J. kinesics1. ( D ) The belief that your own cultural background, including ways of analyzing problems, values, beliefs, language and verbal and nonverbal communication, is superior.2. ( A )The total accumulation of beliefs, customs, values, behaviors, institutions and communication patterns that are shared, learned and passed down through generations in an identifiable group of people.3. ( H ) The degree to which individual decision-making and action is accepted and encouraged by the society.4. ( C ) It is a hard-copy document, used for communicating inside an organization, usually short.5. ( G ) It refers to the space that people have for their own activities.6. ( E ) It refers to groups of cultures that value group identity orientation and covert communication codes and maintains a homogeneous normative structure with low cultural demand characteristics.7. ( B ) Beliefs that are inconsistent with the known laws of science or what society considers to be true and rational. 8. ( I ) The study of peoples perception and use of space.9. ( F ) Practices or verbal expressions considered by a society or culture as improper or unacceptable.10. ( J ) The nonverbal behavior related to the movement of the body or part of the body.答案1. E 2. G 3. C 4. I 5. A 6. J 7. B 8. F 9. D 10. H1. D 2. G 3. B 4. J 5. A 6. F 7. C 8. E 9. I 10. H1. G 2. B 3. D 4. I 5. E 6. A 7. H 8. C 9. J 10. F1. D 2. A 3. H 4. C 5. G 6. E 7. B 8. I 9. F 10. J1. Stereotype2. Individualism3. Etiquette4. Negotiation5. Corporate culture6. Ethnocentrism7. Nonverbal communication8. Globalization9. Uncertainty avoidance10. Cultural Patterns11. Paralanguage12. Melting pot13. High-context communication14. Power Distance答案：1. Stereotype is perceptions about certain groups of people or nationalities, existing with nearly all of people which live in different cultures. It is a complex form of categorization that mentally organizes peoples experiences and guides peoples behaviors toward a particular group of people.2. Individualism is defined as the degree to which people in a country prefer to act as individuals rather than as members of groups. In individualistic culture, values of individual achievement, freedom and competition are stressed. 3. Etiquette refers to manners and behavior considered acceptable in social business settings.4. Negotiation refers to a process in which two or more entities discuss common and conflicting interests in order to reach an agreement of mutual benefit.5. Corporate culture is the set of important understanding that members of a community share in common. It represents a common perception held by the organizations members.6. Ethnocentrism is the belief that ones own cultural background, including ways of analyzing problems, values, beliefs, languages, and verbal and nonverbal communication is correct. 7. Nonverbal communication refers to nonword messages such as gestures, facial expression, interpersonal distance, touch, eye contact, smell and silence.8. Globalization is defined as the growing economic interdependence of countries through increasing volume and variety of cross-border transactions and international cash flows, and also through the more rapid and widespread diffusion of technology. 9. Uncertainty avoidance is defined as the extent to which people within a culture are made nervous by situations which they perceive as unstructured, unclear, or unpredictable, situations which they therefore try to avoid by maintaining strict codes of behavior and a belief in absolute truths.10. Cultural Patterns can be defined as a system of beliefs, attitudes and values that work in combination to provide a coherent, if not always consistent, model for perceiving the world.11. Paralanguage is related to oral communication; it refers to the rate, pitch, and volume qualities of the voice, which interrupt or temporarily take the place of speech and affect the meaning of a message. 12. Melting pot means a sociocultural assimilation of people of different backgrounds and nationalities and the term implied losing ethnic differences and forming one large society or macroculture.13. High-context communication is one in which most of the information is already in the person, while very little is in coded, explicit, transmitted part of the message.14. Power Distance is defined as the degree to which a country accepts the fact that the differences in its citizens physical and intellectual capabilities give rise to inequalities in their well-being. 1. The United States has long been called a melting pot. What does this term mean?2. Explain the concept of cultural values and its characteristics.3. Define cultural shock and explain the five stages of cultural shock.4. Identify differences between gift-giving and bribery in the culture of United States.5. Define the term subculture and macroculture and explain their relations.6. Explain how people in Japan and in U.S. interpret silence. 7. Explain functions culture fulfill in international business management.8. What is international English and explain cultural factors.9. What are the differences in the approach of negotiation in Western countries and in Asian countries?1. Melting pot means a sociocultural assimilation of people of differing backgrounds and nationalities; the term implies losing ethnic differences and forming one large society or macroculture. As large a number of immigrants come to America each year, America has been referred to as a melting pot. 2. Cultural values are shared ideas about what is true, right, and beautiful and those underlie cultural patterns and guide society in response to the physical and social environment. Cultural values have many characteristics. Values help determine how people ought to behave. Values are shared. Values are learned and transmitted by a variety of sources. Values are programmed early in our lives.3. Cultural shock is the trauma people experience when moving into a culture different their home culture. Cultural shock is basically a communication problem that involves the frustrations accompanying a lack of understanding of the verbal and nonverbal communication of the host culture, its customs, and its value systems. Culture shock generally goes through five stages: excitement or initial euphoria, crisis or disenchantment, adjustment, acceptance and reentry.4. Gift giving is an art and is considered as an integral part of building intercultural and social relationships. Bribery is the giving or promising of something, often money, to influence another persons action. In business world, the purpose of gift giving is to build good will while the purpose of bribery is to gain a business advantage. In America, the value of gifts needs to be considered because gifts with great value may be associated with bribery. According to the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act, the value of the gift should be limited to $25. If the value is more than the limit, it will be considered as bribery.5. Macro culture is defined as the dominating culture within a society, with the implied meaning of losing ethnic differences and forming one large society. Subcultures are groups of people possessing characteristic traits that set apart and distinguish them from others within a larger society or macroculture. All subcultures will have similarities to the macroculture but will also have some differences.6. In America, people are uncomfortable with periods of silence and they use fillers such as comments on weather to avoid silence; while the Japanese is quite comfortable with silence and used it as a bargaining tool. In Japan, people who converse with no pauses are viewed as having given little thought to what they are saying and that their thinking lacks focus.7. Culture fulfills four functions in international business management:Integration: Culture serves to create a general consensus on fundamental issues and facilitates decision making during process.Coordination: Shared values and norms can help to coordinate actions.Motivation: Culture imparts meaning and satisfies basic need and increases motivation within the company and legitimizes external actions.Identification: Culture offers ways of identifying with the organization and creates a “we-feeling.”8. International English is English for businesspeople that either deal with other cultures whose native language is not English or for whom English maybe a second language. In order to utilize international English, three cultural factors are important: an understanding of business communication in the other culture or residence in the other culture, an idea of how business communication i