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Grammar 介词和介词短语 介词是高考中的一个重要考点，在连续 六年的广东高考中都有专门考查介词的， 占语法填空的五分之一。主要考点有： 考点解密 the villagers who had gathered around me were arguing as to who should have the honour of receiving me _a guest in their house. (2007NMET) 思路分析：句意是 “ 把我作为客人接待 ” ， 表示 “ 当作，作为 ” 用介词 as。 as I wanted to reward the old woman _the trouble I had caused her. (2007NMET) 思路分析：句意是 “ 我想酬谢我给她造成 了麻烦的那个年迈的妇女。 ” 表示 “ 因 而酬谢 /报答某人 ” ，是 reward sb. for sth,即用 for引出原因 ,故填 for。类似的 还有 thank you sb. for sth; praise sb. for sth.; punish sb. for sth. for He was very tired _ doing this for a whole day. (2008NMET广东 ) 思路分析：累了必定是在干了一整天活之 后，故填 after；另外，表示 “ 因 而 累 ” ， be tired from也是固定短语，故也 可填 from。 Be tired of 对 厌倦 I am tired of living abroad. 我对生活在国外感到厌倦了。 after/from Chinese proverbs are rich and they are still widely used in Chinese people s daily life. _ these proverbs there are often interesting stories. (2008NMET广东 ) 思路分析：因 these proverbs是名词，且不 是作主语、宾语、表语等，前面很可能是 填介词；句意是 “ 在中国的这些成语故事 的背后常常有有趣的故事 ” ，表示 “ 在 背后 ” ，用介词 behind。 Behind/In Jane stopped where a small crowd of men had gathered. She found some good quality pipes _ sale. (2009) 因表示 “ 出售 ” 的 on sale是固定搭配。 on When Jane got home, with her small but well-chosen present in her bag, her parents were already _ table having supper. Her mother was excited. “ Your father has at last decided to stop smoking,” Jane _ (inform). (2009NMET广东 ) at was informed His teacher took a deep drink,smiled _(warm), and thanked his student very much for the sweet water. The young man went home_ a happy heart.(2010广东 ) We understand this lesson best _ we receive gifts of love from children. Whether it is a cheap pipe on a diamond necklace, the proper response is appreciation. We love the idea within the gift rather than the thing. warmly with when I didn t want to be laughed at for talking to him but I didn t like leaving him_ 23_his own either.(2011广东） .the new boy looked at the teacher _ 23_ a few seconds .（ 2012广东） on for 1. 什么情况下可能是填介词？ 我们首先必须知道两点： (1)介词必须要接宾语 ，其宾语可以是名 词、代词、动名词，或者 what从句； (2)名词、代词或动名词在句中通常作 主 语、动词的宾语、介词的宾语 。 因此，我们在解答语法填空时， 若空格 后是名词、代词或动名词时，且他们不是 在句中作主语，也不是在动词后作宾语时， 这个格空就很可能是填介词。 解题技巧 2. 应该填哪个介词？ 在判断可能填介词之后，要根据具体的 语境来确定填哪个介词，特别是根据空格 所在句子的意思来选择一个恰当的介词。 第一类：和时间有关的介词 1. in at on 1) _ the day 2) _ the evening 3) _ daybreak 4) _ midnight 5)_ six oclock 6) _ dusk 7) _ a cold day 8) _ a summer evening 9) _ Sunday 10) _ December 12th 2009 早、晚 都要用 in at 黎明、午、夜、点与分 on在特定的某一天或某天的上午 ,下午 ,晚上等 inin at at at at on on on on 注： 1)_ weekends 2)_ Christmas/ Easter 3)_ May 4) _ a week 5)_ the fall 6) He will come back _ ten days 7) _ arriving, we started to work. 8） He jumped with joy_ hearing the news. 在周末和泛指圣诞节、复活节、感恩节等前用 at 说到星期，月份，季节，世纪等较长的时间时， 要用 in 在将来时中， in加一段时间表示多久以后 on+ doing “一 就 . ” = on +该动词的名词形 式 at at in in in in on On 2. before / after ; ago / later 1) _ supper 2) _1970 3) _ coming to college 4) A week _ 5) a minute _ 6) Ten days _ before, after表时间点； ago, later表时间段 注： 1) He had studied French for four years _ he came here. 2) He fell ill three days _ before可接完成时， ago过去时有限 before/after before/after before/after ago/later ago/later ago/later before ago 3. to till/ until 1) They worked from five _ ten 2) Let s start now and work _ dark 3) He usually pays me on Friday but last week he didn t pay me _ the fol- lowing Monday 4) We ll stay here _ it stops raining from.to till / until not.until to till/until till/until till/until 4. from, since , for 1) She is singing_ morning to night. 2) He has been here_ Monday 3) He left school in 1983 I haven t seen him _ then 4) I haven t seen Tom _ two years. 5) He travelled in the desert _ six months from和 to不可分； since只用完成时 , 从句常是一般过去时 for常接一段时间 from since since for for 5. by +时间 “在这一时刻或者是在这一时刻 之前”，且常常可以和完成时连用 火车 6点 10分发车，所以你最好在 6点之前到 达火车站。 The train starts at 6 10， so you had better be at the station by 6 00. 到 7月底我将已把那些书全读完了。 By the end of July I ll have read all those books 6. during in within 1) I learned a lot _ the holiday/my stay there. 2) She was born _ 1997. 3) Mr Black visited our school _ 2009, not 2008 4) They worked hard. They finished the work _ 2 days at last. During和 in两者在一般情况下可以相互替换，但是 强调动作的 延续性 时候常用 during，而强调动作 发生在段时间中的 某一点 时候常用 in，同 时，当表示 对比 的时候，常用 in。 within强调的是 不超过 . ， 在 之内 During in in within 7. over+时间 强调“过完 ” ，有时表示 “一 边 一边 ” 他的孙儿孙女们将在这过完周末。 His grandchildren will stay over the weekends. 他们一边喝咖啡一边聊天。 They chatted over a cup of coffee. 8. throughout强调 “从头至尾”， “至始至 终” 整个会议过程中他一句话都没有说。 He kept silent throughout the meeting. 9. towards +时间 表示 “接近，快到 ” 快到半夜了他们才离开。 They left towards midnight. 注： 1) Our teacher is very patient towards us. 2) The little boy ran towards his mother. towards 还可表示对待 (某人 )和 (朝 )方向 相当于 to 2. in + 时间段 在 之后（内）， 多用于将来时 after +时间段 在 之后， 多用于过去时 1. Mr Brown has gone to Canada.He will be back _ two weeks. A. for B. after C. in 2. Our manager came back _ an hour. A. in B. after C. at 3. They have been here _ an hour. A. for B. after C. in 第二类 表示方位的介词 1. in at 1)He lives _ a great city while his parents live _ a village. 2)There is a shop _the corner of the street. 3) He hid the book _ the corner of the desk. 4). He was swimming _ the lake. 5). They were walking _ the lake. 小地方 at, 大地方 in; at表附近， in表里 注意： at sea in in in at at at 2. in into 1) I poured the beer _ the cup. 2) He put his hands _ his pockets. 3) Someone must have broken _. into常常表示进入 . ；而 in一般无此用 3. in to on 1) Taiwan lies _ the east of China 2) Taiwan is _ the southeast of Fujian . 3) China faces the Pacific _ the east. in内 to外， on表接壤 into into in in to on 4. on above over; below under 1) There is a lake_ the village, further down the valley. 2) There s a bridge _ the river. 3) There s a bag _ the desk. above, below斜上 /下方， over, under垂直上 /下方， on是一般要接触 They are children above six years old. In the company, Dick ranks above Tom He considered himself above doing such things. above还可表年龄、职位和不屑 The car is under repair. under还可以表示正在 之中 under discussion/ construction below over on 5. beneath 太阳此刻落到地平线下了。 The sun is now beneath the horizon beneath 可以代替 under He is beneath his brother intellectually. He considered that job beneath him beneath也可表抽象和比喻 “低于 ” “ 不适合” 6. through, across, over, by 1) He went _ the forest by himself. 2) He walked _ me without speaking. 3) You must be careful when you walk _ the road. 4) He jumped _ the wall across (从物体 表面 )跨越 , 越过 through (从物体 中间 )穿透 , 穿越 over (从物体 上面 ）跃过 by 在 .旁边 through by across over across (从物体 表面 )跨越 , 越过 through (从物体 中间 )穿透 , 穿越 over (从物体 上面 ）跃过 7. to at 1) He shouted _ me with anger. 2) He shouted _ me so that I could hear him. at 侧重是攻击， to一般是善意 come to/at talk to/ at present (a knife) to/at at to 8. between, among 1). The girl sits _ Jane and Mary. 2). The teacher is standing _ the students. between 是两， among 是大于等于三 注： 1) She takes some medicine _ three meals. 三者以上事物 , 把这些事物分别看待，强调两两之间 的时候仍用 between 2) I am _ the top students. among还可表示包括在其中 =be included in between among 9. beyond 在 的那一边 山那边是一片浓密的森林。 Beyond the mountains is a thick forest. 注： 1) Its benefits go beyond this. 2) Dont stay there beyond the visiting hours. 3) The road continues beyond the village up into the hill. beyond还可以表示超出 . 范围 beyond the ordinary/ the age of 20/one s reach/ one s description/ one s grasp 10. against 表示靠着，依着 他的办公桌靠墙放着。 His desk lies against the wall. 注： 1) We bought some warm clothes against the coming winter 2) The little red house looks so beautiful against the green woods. 3) She has said nothing against you. 4) It is against the school rules to speak in class. against还可以表示 预防 ， 以 为背景 ， 不利 于 ， 违反 等意思 11. along 沿着，顺着 沿着长平路一直往前走 , 穿过两个十字路口 后你就会发现沃尔玛超市在你的左手边 . Walk along Changping Road and go across two crossings. And then you will find the Wal- Mart Market is on your left. 注： 1). Come along with us. 2). Get along well with others. along还可以表示 “和 .一起” 12. off (从 上 )移开、落下、离开 see / take / set / fall. off 在 (离岸边不远的 )海面 ; 与 相距 islands off the coast The ship sank off the harbor. 注： 1) My hometown is more than 1,000 off. 2) The day for CEE is about 200 days off. 空间或时间上的相距 3) I will be off tomorrow. 离开或休假 4) The electricity is off. 断电 5) He offered to take 10% off the price. 低于 .; 折价 第三类 和原因有关的介词 1. for表示原因经常用在一些固定搭配中： thank /forgive/reward/admirefor 2. with 后面接词或短语 他们欣喜若狂。 They were wild with joy. tremble with fear/laughter/ cold be tired with/ hands are rough with work 3. at 常放在表示情绪变化的此后 be shocked at/ puzzled at/ amused at/ delighted at/ angry at sth in 用材料、语言、声音、现金等 with 用具体的工具、身体器官等 （有形的） by 用方式、方法、手段 （无形的） ;交通通讯工具 1. My mother often go to work _ bike. 2. If you are able to get the tickets tomorrow, please tell me _ phone. 3.The teacher is writing on the paper _ red ink and the blackboard _ a piece of chalk. 4.Can you say it _ English? 5. Please pay _ cash. 6. My American friend is learning to eat _ chopsticks. 7. One smells _his nose. 第四类 表示方式、手段的介词 by by in with in in with with 注 : by+交通工具的名词 =in /on+冠词 +交通工具 by bike= on a bike by bus= on a bus by car= in a car 但是 on foot 例外 第五类 表示除外的介词 1. but 表示排除 , 多与 nobody, none, no one, nothing, anything, everyone, all, who 等连用。当 but前有 do的任何形式，后接动词原形。 2. besides 表示包含 , 除 . 之外还有 . 3. except 表示排除 , 除 .之外。指的是同一类中除去 其他个体。 4. except for 表示除去整体中的部分 ,指的是同一物中 除去例外的一部分 “只是 , 只不过” 5. apart from =except / besides 1. There is no one here _ me. 2. Last night I did nothing _ watch TV. 3. We go there every day _Sunday. 4. The composition is quite good _ the spelling. 5. _ basketball, I like playing Pingpang. 6. You have no choice _ to wait. 7. Li Long is a good student _ his laziness. but but except except for Besides but except for 第六类 表示所属关系的介词 to, of, for 1) Have you got the key _ the lock? 2) Do you know the answer _ the question? 3) He broke one leg _ the table. 4) Are you used to the customs _ the country? 5) There is not enough food _ supper. 6) I have two tickets _ the film. to key、 answer、 reply、 invitation、 Monument、 note、 exit、 entrances 、 bridge、 road、 way、 solution、 visit of 表“所有”关系。 (即 : 介词 of前的事物是后面 事物不可分割的部分 ) for 表 “适合”关系 .(即 :介词 for前的事物只适合后 面这一特定事物 ) to to of of for for 第七类 表示关于的 on和 about 1) The teacher told us a story _ Lei Feng. 2) Were going to listen to a lecture _ African history this afternoon. on与 about 一般情况下，二者可以互相替换。 about 常用于简单的或浅显的论述等，是一 般用语，多用于讲故事，谈话；思考等 on 多用于系统论述或专题讲演、论著等， 具有学术性 about on 第八类 表示增加或减少 1) Compared with last year, the price has risen _ 30%. 2) The population has increased from 1.2milion _ 1.8 million. by表示在原有的基础上增加或减少 了 to表示总数增加或减少 到 . by to 第九类 表示价格 ,比率 ,标准 ,速度的介词 at 表示价值，价格 , 比率或速度 , 表单价 . for 表示交换 , 指总价钱 by 表示度量单位或标准 . 后接表计量单位的名词一 般是单数 ,前面需加定冠词 the. 数词或复数名词 前不加 . 1. We are flying _ a speed of 400kms/hr. 2. I bought these books _ 5 dollars each. 3. I bought these books _ 30 dollars. 4. He is paid _ the week. at at for by 第十类 as , like He has been playing tennis as a professional for two years. He plays tennis like a professional. The wine improves with age. Do as I do. as: 介词 -作为，如同 连词 -随着 ; 按照 with-介词 随着” like: 介词 -像，跟 .一样 unlike; “比如” 动词 -喜欢 dislike 1. 随着时间的流逝，她原谅了他。 As time went by, she forgave him. With time going by, she forgave him. 2. _ a student, you should study hard. 3. _ many students, he studies hard. As Like 1. The old man cannot walk _ a stick. 2. We got there _ any trouble. 3. It wasnt very polite of you to serve yourself _ asking. 4. We were _ electricity for three hours but its on again now. without without without without 1. without +宾语 +形容 词 All the things in his house were stolen without the door open. 他屋里的所有东西都被偷了，而门没有打开。 2. without+宾语 +副词 Id be lost without you here. 没有你在这儿，我会一筹莫展。 3. without+宾语 +介词短语 I dont like sweet coffee; I like it better without sugar in it. 我不喜欢加糖的咖啡，里边不加糖我更喜欢。 4. without+宾语 +动名词 He left without saying goodbye. 没说再见，他就走了。 5. without+宾语 +不定式 It was boring to sit there without anything to do. 无所事事地坐在那里太无聊了。 6. without+宾语 +过去分词 Without any problem solved , they left. 没有 解决任何问题 ，他们就 走 了。 第十一类 用于复合结构的 without 1. With +n./pron. + adj. He went to bed with the door open. 2. With +n/pron.+adv. She left the classroom with all the lights on. 3. With + n/pron. + prep. Phrase Mother came home with a basket in her hand. 4. With +n/pron. +doing Jack lay on the grass with his eyes looking at the sky. 5. With +n/pron.+ to do With her husband to help her, she will work it out. 6. With +n./pron. +p.p. The murderer was brought in with his hands tied behind his back. 例 1： _ fire, all exits must be kept clear. A. In place of B. Instead of C. In case of D. In spite of 例 2： I have offered to paint the house _ a week s accommodation A.In exchange for B. with regard to C. by means of D. in place of 例 3: _ your advice, I would have been caught in the traffic and I wouldn t have been there on time. A. In spite of B. But for C. Because of D. As for A C B 介词短语的辨析考查 介词与名词、动词、形容词等的搭配 例 1： How different my hometown is _ what it was ten years ago! A.from B. at C. with D. by 例 2： scientists are convinced _ the positive effect of laughter _ physical and mental health. A. of; at B. by; in C. of; on D. on; at A C “介词 +关系代词”在定语从句中的运用 例 : The author _ Beijing University _ all of us are familiar will pay a visit to our company. A.from; whom B. in; to whom C. from; with whom D. in; who C 解题指导：对于介词与其他词的搭配，除了掌 握一些常见的搭配外，要善于从句中找出搭配 形式，特别是分割开了的搭配形式；要注意还 原短语，选出需用的介词。 分词形式的介词 considering（就 而论） given（如果有 , 考虑到 ） including（包括） concerning（关于） 例 1: _ his old age, he is healthy enough. A. Considered B. To consider C. Considering D. consider 例 2: _ his support, I think we will win the election. A. If B. Given C. Giving D. Have C B in addition to= besides 除 以外 ， 还有 in case of 万一发生 in common with 与 有共同之处 ， 与 相同 in face of 面对 in time of 在 时候 in danger of 处于 的危险中 in defence of 为了保护 牢记下列常见的复合介词 in need/want of 需要 in short of 缺 in favour of 有利于 in exchange for 以交换 in memory of 为了纪念 in honour of 为了尊敬 in praise of 为了赞美 in charge of 负责 in the charge of 由 负责 in possession of 拥有 in the possession of 由 拥有 in search of 为了寻找 in touch with 和 保持联系 in preparation for 为 作准备 in place of 代替 ， 而不是 in hopes for/in the hope of 希望 in the course of 在 的过程中 in the habit of 在 的习惯中 in front of 在 的前面 in the front of 在 的前部 in the form of 以 的形式 in the name of 以 名义 in relation to 与 相关； in reply to 作为对 的回答 in answer to 作为对 的回应 in regard to 关于 /至于 in return for 作为对 的回报 in spite of 尽管 in support of 支持 in terms of 就 而言 in harmony with 与 和谐 in line with 与 一致 /符合 in payment for 为了偿还 according to 依据 ， 根据 owing to 因为 because of 因为 on account of 因为 by means of 凭借 thanks to 多亏了 as for/to 至于 due to 由于 apart from 除 以外 except for 除了 (整体的某个不足的部分 ) regardless of 不管 contrary to 与 相反 on behalf of 代表 but for 要不是 out of date 过期的 out of place 不合适的；不相称的 out of order 出故障的 与动词搭配： devote to 为 作贡献 dance to music 伴着音乐跳舞 adapt to 适应 adjust to 调节 以适应 attach to 把 粘贴到 上 owe to 把 归功于 注意下列带介词的词组 （ 2） on的搭配难点词组： depend/rely on 依赖于 be hard on sb. 对某人苛刻 be on a research team 研究队中的一员 take on 雇佣；呈现 注意下列带介词的词组 （ 3） over 可以表示 “ 在某事 /活动进行的 过程中 ” ， 如： over a cup of coffee在喝咖啡的时候； over lunch 在吃中餐的时候 注意下列带介词的词组 （ 4） 考生要熟悉多个 “ 形容词 +介词 ” 的词组以及 “ be done+介词 (done已经形 容词化 ， 表示状态 )” ；如： be conscious of 意识到 be aware of 意识到；明白 be worthy of 值得；配得上 be absent from 缺席 be present at 出席 注意下列带介词的词组 be busy with sth. 忙于 be busy in doing sth. 忙于做 be anxious about为 担心 be ashamed of 因 而惭愧 be suspicious of 怀疑 be different from 与 不同 be similar to 与 相似 注意下列带介词的词组 be familiar with sth. 熟悉某物 be fond of 喜爱 be strict with sb. 对某人严格 be strict in sth. 在某方面严格 be popular with 受到 的欢迎 be tired of 厌倦 be lost in 迷失在 专心于 be related to 与 有关 注意下列带介词的词组 以下为一些介词的特殊用法： 介词 in 1. 在阳光、灯光、树荫下，雨中，穿衣服 in the light/ the rain/ uniform/ disguise/irons 2. 表示状态和心情 in power/ruins/rags/tears/holes/flower ages/ love /debt/anger/good health/hope/sorrow/confusion. 介词 on 1. 收音、农场、值日、队伍、委员、董事 on on the radio/the wireless/ TV/ the phone/ a farm/duty/ the team 2. 依靠 依赖 depend /live/rely/base/feed. on 3. 在进行之中 on the march / fire/strike/sale/ show/display/ business/ a trip/leave 特殊： on purpose/ time/schedule /sb(某人支付 ) 介词 at 1.在山脚下、门口、目前；以 的速度、速率； 日出、日落；温度；价格等等用 at at the foot/bottom / gate of./the door/present/ a speed of / a rate of/ ten degrees/ a good price/ a great cost/ the cost of. 2. 开始和结束 at the beginning of/ end of/ first （ in the beginning/in the end） 3.at也可以表示一中状态 at war/ work/home 介词 by 表示偶然 by chance, by accident 介词 for 1. 表示找或获得 ask/ write/look/search/pay .for 2. 前往 leave/head/make/sail/ be for 介词 to 表示“令人 . ” to one s surprise/delight. 1. above/over/on/below/under/beneath Be careful! There is a snake _ your head. The sun is _ the mountain in the east. There is a glass _ the table. Mr Brown was _ his wife in social standing. 2. over/ across/ past/ through The Great Wall winds its way from west to east, _ deserts, _ mountains, _ valleys, till at last it reaches the sea. The crowd of people walked _the City Wall. over above on/ under below across over through past 3. in/on/at He is _ the station now. His glasses are right_ his nose. I am _ classroom now. 4. in/on/to Japan lies _ the east of China. England lies _ the southeast of Britain. Great changes have taken place in Guangzhou, which lies _ Zhujiang River. at on in to in on 1. by/in/on _ sea/air/land/water _ plane/ship/train go to school _ my bike/ _ my father s car _ foot/horseback 2. over/through/with/by/in He was writing _ a pencil. We see _ our eyes. _ hand/ _ ink/_ the radio/ _ the telescope by on in with with by in over through by on 1. at/for/with I am angry _ her words. He went red _ excitement. She is often afraid to speak in public _shame. 2. because of/due to/ thanks to Mistakes _ carelessness may have serious consequences. _ your help, I have great progress. I am late _ the heavy rain. at/about with for due to Thanks to because of 作定语或表语 作状语，位于句首或句尾 多用于句首 besides, except, except for, but/apart from We need fifteen more people _ our team to do the job. _a desk or two, the classroom was empty. She seldom talked of anything _ painting. _ his wife, his daughter also went swimming. We all attended the meeting _ Xiao Li. There is no one here _ Mary and Tom. Who _ a fool would do such a thing? besides Except for but Besides except but but besides also， another， more， other， else， too except 句末 except for句首或句末 but句末 every, any, all, everybody, anything, anywhere, nobody, no, none/who, what, where 注意：有些时间名词前 不接介词 。 如： next day / last Sunday / that morning / t
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