变电站建设外文翻译参考文献

变电站建设外文翻译参考文献（文档含中英文对照即英文原文和中文翻译）General Requirements to Construction of SubstationSubstations are a vital element in a power supply system of industrial enterprisesThey serve to receive ，convert and distribute electric energy .Depending on power and purpose ,the substations are divided into central distribution substations for a voltage of 110-500kV;main step-down substations for110-220/6-10-35kV;deep entrance substations for 110-330/6-10kV;distribution substations for 6-10kV;shop transformer substations for 6-10/0.38-0.66kV .At the main step-down substations, the energy received from the power source is transformed from 110-220kV usually to 6-10kV(sometimes 35kV) which is distributed among substations of the enterprise and is fed to high-voltage services.Central distribution substations receive energy from power systems and distribute it (without or with partial transformation) via aerial and cable lines of deep entrances at a voltage of 110-220kV over the enterprise territory .Central distribution substation differs from the main distribution substation in a higher power and in that bulk of its power is at a voltage of 110-220kV;it features simplified switching circuits at primary voltage; it is fed from the power to an individual object or region .Low-and medium-power shop substations transform energy from 6-10kV to a secondary voltage of 380/220 or 660/380.Step-up transformer substations are used at power plants for transformation of energy produced by the generators to a higher voltage which decreases losses at a long-distance transmission .Converter substations are intended to convert AC to DC (sometimes vice versa) and to convert energy of one frequency to another .Converter substations with semiconductor rectifiers are convert energy of one frequency to another .Converter substations with semiconductor rectifiers are most economic. Distribution substations for 6-10kV are fed primarily from main distribution substations (sometimes from central distribution substations).With a system of dividing substations for 110-220kV, the functions of a switch-gear are accomplished by switch-gears for 6-10kV at deep entrance substations.Depending on location of substations their switch-gear may be outdoor or indoor. The feed and output lines at 6-10kV substations are mainly of the cable type .at 35-220kV substations of the aerial type .When erecting and wiring the substations, major attention is given to reliable and economic power supply of a given production.Substations are erected by industrial methods with the use of large blocks and assemblies prepared at the site shops of electric engineering organizations and factories of electrical engineering industry .Substations are usually designed for operation without continuous attendance of the duty personnel but with the use of elementary automatic and signaling devices.When constructing the structural part of a substation .it is advisable to use light-weight industrial structures and elements (panels ,floors ,etc.) made of bent sections .These elements are pre-made outside the erection zone and are only assembled at site .This considerably cuts the terms and cost of construction.Basic circuitry concepts of substations are chosen when designing a power supply system of the enterprise .Substations feature primary voltage entrances .transformers and output cable lines or current conductors of secondary voltage .Substations are mounted from equipment and elements described below .The number of possible combinations of equipment and elements is very great .WhenTT *elaborating a substation circuitry ,it is necessary to strive for maximum simplification and minimizing the number of switching devices .Such substations are more reliable and economic .Circuitry is simplified by using automatic enclosure or automatic change over to reserve facility which allows rapid and faultless redundancy of individual elements and using equipment.When designing transformer substations of industrial enterprises for all voltages, the following basic considerations are taken into account:1. Preferable employment of a single-bus system with using two-bus systems only to ensure a reliable and economic power supply;2. Wide use of unitized constructions and bustles substations;3.Substantiated employment of automatics and telemetry ;if the substation design does not envisage the use of automatics or telemetry ,the circuitry is so arranged as to allow for adding such equipment in future without excessive investments and re-work.4.Use of simple and cheap devices-isolating switches ,short-circuiting switches ,load-breaking isolators ,fuses ,with due regard for their switching capacity may drastically cut the need for expensive and critical oil ,vacuum ,solenoid and air switches .Substation and switch-gear circuitries are so made that using the equipment of each production line is fed from individual transformers ,assemblies ,the lines to allow their disconnection simultaneously with mechanisms without disrupting operation of adjacent production flows.When elaborating circuitry of a substation, the most vital task is to properly choose and arrange switching devices (switches, isolators, current limiters, arresters, high-voltage fuses).The decision depends on the purpose, power and significance of the substation.Power System Substation is an important and indispensable component of the power it assumed the task of conversion and distribution of grid security and the economy play a decisive role in running is to contact the users power plants and intermediate links. With economic development, expanding grid capacity, reliability of operation of the power grid is getting higher and higher requirements. Development of science and technology, intelligent switches, photoelectric current and voltage transformer, a run-line state detection, training simulation Substation Operation matures, such as high-tech, as well as fiber-optic technology, computer high-speed network system in the development of real-time applications, bound to the existing substation automation technology have a profound impact, all-digital substation automation system development trend.Power system is operated by the production, transmission, distribution and consumption of a variety of power linked to the composition of electrical equipment. As a result of a large number of powers can not be stored, we must ensure that the production of electricity and energy balance. With the scientific and technological advances in the technological development of our country has reached a certain level. Intelligent switches, photoelectric current and voltage transformer, a run-line state detection, training simulation Substation Operation matures, such as high-tech, as well as fiber-optic technology, computer high-speed network system in the development of real-time applications, significantly increase the transformation degree of automation.Design of our substation cable programs tend to be simple, many of the recent domestic new 220 k V substation and 110kV voltage levels of wiring without the use of dual-bus bypass bus. The use of GIS, the priority sub-bus single wire. Terminal Substation, the line as far as possible, such as transformer unit wiring. A large number of the introduction of new technology, transformer substation rising level of electrical equipment, power distribution devices from the traditional form of moving toward oil-free, vacuum switches, SF6 switches and mechanical, electrical equipment combination of the development of small-scale integration. In recent years the world famous high-voltage electrical equipment companies have been developing, the development of the various types of 145-550 kV outdoor high-pressure and ultrahigh-pressure combination of electrical appliances, some high-voltage switchgear plant has also started production of 145 k V compact outdoor portfolio electrical appliances. Smart plug-in type outdoor switchgear is a more complete high-pressure and ultrahigh-pressure switch system, which includes electrical first and second equipment, as well as the associated fiber optic cable, such as plug-type compound. The entire distributed substation automation system; the introduction of advanced network technology; substation and the construction area covers an area of reduced substation program to simplify wiring, switchgear, bus and steel pipes, such as the use of stents to substation layout is more simple, the abolition of the former station area and optimize the layout to make a substantial decline in an area substation.With technological advances, the traditional relay protection devices are gradually being replaced by microprocessor-based protection. Microprocessor-based protection is referred to as the protection of PC computer, a digital relay protection, is based on the programmable digital circuit technology and real-time digital signal processing technology of the Power System Protection. At present, both at home and abroad have been developed to 32-bit digital signal processor for hardware-based protection, control, measurement, and data communications integration of microprocessor-based protection control devices, and artificial intelligence technology into a number of relay protection, such as artificial neural networks, fuzzy theory to determine the realization of fault type, fault location, the direction of protection, the main equipment and other new methods of protection. By means of wavelet analysis of the theory of digital signal failure of the entire frequency band information and to achieve fault detection. These artificial intelligence technologies to improve the accuracy of failure to provide a means of identification, but also some single-frequency signal based on the traditional method difficult to identify the problems to be resolved. At present, the microprocessor-based relay protection is along the microprocessor-based protection network, and intelligent, adaptive and protection, control, measurement, signal, data communications integration direction.The most basic request that charged barbed wire net in the city circulates is safe and stable. The core problem of charged barbed wire net safety in the city stability wants to build up to be a with the city mutually accommodative of, reasonable of charged barbed wire net structure. This text passes and programs to the charged barbed wire net with electric power and designs the technique principle of the aspect analysis. Elaborated the standard concerning electric voltage grade, power supply credibility, power supply ability and charged barbed wire net safe power supply requests etc. some problems that should notice in the charged barbed wire net safety; And have already aimed at sexs elaborating request to the concrete design principle opposite charged barbed wire net safe power supply of the 220 kV transformer substation and 110kV transformer substation.How to promise power supply credibility1) Satisfy charged barbed wire net power supply safe standard. The power supply network satisfies the request of power supply credibility. The standard that all satisfies N-l, city area center high burden density important customer in the district satisfies the standard of N-2.Disallow transformer over carry. Help a southern city net power supply credibility rate index sign programming target is 99.99%.2) Press to go together with charged barbed wire net burden to transfer ability in the city satisfies following request: The transformer substation loses any once enter line or one set lord transformer but lower power supply ability, win press to go together with charged barbed wire net to have to transfer burden to ensure the ability of power supply. When a female line of transformer substation stops luck because of putting, winning to press to go together with charged barbed wire net should have the ability that transfer all burden. When the 10kV goes together with electric wire road any check to fix or breaks down, going together with the charged barbed wire net should have non- check of transfer to fix, non- breakdown segment ability for carrying. The non- check fixes,The non- breakdown segment carries to the power is off time only for go together with to give or get an electric shock an equipments to pour a Zia operation for time.3) Ask to satisfy a following principle while allowing the capacity of the power outage and the target of the instauration power supply while going together with charged barbed wire net breakdown to make the customer the power is off: The customer of two back track power supplies, after losing a back track, should be unlimited to give or get an electric shock. The customer of three back track power supplies , after losing a back track, should be unlimited to give or get an electric shock, again after losing a back track, should satisfy power supply capacity 50-70% is used an electricity. When all of a back track or much customers the power of back track power supplies stopped, resume target time of power supply broke down to handle for a back track restored of ask. At wreath net power supply method in for open the customer in the wreath network, the lowest instauration power supply request for breaking down wreath net is to need to pass charged barbed wire net operation instaurationPower supply of time, its target time need for operating of asks; it is the power supply that passes to go together with net automation restriction to resume an intact block in the lain to go together with net automation circuit.(3)Power supply ability and safety1)Of each electric voltage layer net capacity in the city net, press definitely change the electric capacity carry to compare an allocation, the all levels electric voltage net changes the electric capacity carry compare satisfy the upper limit request that current electric power net in the city programming design lead stipulates.According to 2001 national economy trade committee promulgation of electric power profession standard electric power system safety stability lead middle finger:N.a standard is under the normal movement method of the any component(is like circuit, generator, and transformer.etc.) In the electric power system have no break down or because of break down break to open, electric power system shouldCan keep stable to circulate with normal power supply, other components however carry, electric voltage and frequency all are allowing inside the scope. This is usually called N. one standard.The charged barbed wire net power supply safe standard has-l standard and quasi- N one 2 standards and Ns is one 2 standards.Citys going together with the power supply safety of charged barbed wire net to usually request is to adopt N one standard. It is one 2 standards to have already adopted quasi- N as well at the power supply safety especially important place one 2 standards or Ns.2) Medium press and go together with charged barbed wire net and have certain back up capacity, generally should have 50% Yu degrees, while being any component check and fixing and breaking down and stopping and carrying should pass and pour a Zia operation can keep a segment the customer continue toward the customer or nontrouble power supply, go together with each component of charged barbed wire net while transferring burden however carry, unlimited electricity. When two set lords happen that the power is off at the same time, that is used circuit should adjust above 60% burden.变电站建设的一般要求Carpentier J国际电力与能源系统杂志 SCI,EI 2011年 2月变电所在电源系统和工业企业中至关重要。他们接收 ,转换和输 送电能,根据能源需求,变电站分为电压为 110-500kV 的中央枢纽变电 站；电压为110-220/6-10-35kV的主降压变电站；110-330/6-10kV区 域变电站；电压为 6-10kV 的地方变电站；电压为 6-10/0.38-0.66kV 的车间变电所。在主要的降压变电所中，电源转化为110-220kV电压, 通常使用6-10kV变电所（有时为35kV变电所）将电压分配给企业和满 足某些高压服务。中央枢纽变电站从电力系统接收能量 ，并通过电压为 110-220kV 的空中电缆和地下电缆线路分发 （不包括或者包括部分变换） 给不同 区域。 中央枢纽变电站不同于主配电变电站，它是一个更强大的电力 设施，它的电压大部分在110-220kV。它可以简化初级电压、中级电压 或地区的开关电路。中低级别变电站改造的能量来自6-10kV的电压, 它的二次侧 电压为380/220kV或660/380kV。升压变电站用于将电厂电机产生的电压升高 ，从而有效地减少在 远距离输电过程中的能量损失。变电站的能量转换是用半导体整流器 来变频,目的是将直流转换成交流（有时相反）以及改变频率。带半导体整流器的变电站最经济。6-10kV的变电站主要是配电变电站（有时为 中央配电变电站）。110-220kV变电站出线根据6-10kV变电站的容量 进行分配。根据变电站的地理位置，电站设备有露天的和室内的。 6-10kV 变电站的电缆主要是输出线。在35-220kV变电站中，空中线路的排布 架设,主要注重供电的可靠性和经济性。变电站依据大量块积组织的和工业电气行业编写的程序集来搭 建。变电站中通常为无连续出勤值班人员操作的基本自动信号设备。 变电站中的一部分结构应当采用薄型建造材料和由弯段组成的组件 （板材、地板等）。这些元件是在安装区外面建造，然后在这个位置组装 的，这样可以有效的削减变电所建造成本。变电站基本电路的设计，是根据企业的供电系统特征选择的。变电 站电压的主接线，变压器和输出电缆线路，当前导体的二次电压，变电 站安装的设备和元件等多种设备的组合要非常合理。变电站的电路设 计要争取切换装置的最简化，和数目的最少化。这样的变电站更可靠、 更经济。电路简化是采用自动接入或自动转入储备的方法 ，允许快速 和无错误的自动接入每一个元件和用电设备。当设计工业用变电站时，下面的基本因素都要考虑在；1. 优先采用两编组的单总线系统 ，可以确保可靠和经济的供应电 力；2. 配套建设和广泛使用；3. 变电站使用自动化设备并且支持遥测技术，如果变电站的设计 并不支持自动化或遥测、线路要安全而且不允许添加设备，确保以后 没有过度投资和返工；4. 使用简单、便宜的装置，有绝缘装置的断路器、断路开关、过 载保护隔离器、保险丝,预估计他们的交换容量,可考虑大幅度削减昂 贵的器件需要和临界油、真空管、螺线管和空气开关的使用。变电站 中开关电路的使用,要采用合理的流程来装配,允许它们同时断开而不 破坏断开连接的生产流程；变电站线路的架设过程中最重要的一点是要妥善安排与选择转 换器件（开关、隔离器、电流限制器、避雷器、高低压熔断器等）,这决 定了变电站的用途、功能和意义。变电站是电力系统中不可缺少的重要组成部分，它担负着电能转 换和分配的任务，对电网的安全和经济运行起着举足轻重的作用，是 联系发电厂和用户的中间环节。随着经济的发展，电网容量不断扩大， 对电网运行的可靠性要求也越来越高。科学技术的发展、智能化开关, 光电式电流电压互感器 ,一次运行设备 ,在线状态检测 ,变电站运行操 作培训仿真等高新技术日趋成熟 ,以及光纤技术、计算机高速网络在 实时系统中的开发应用,势必对现有的变电站自动化技术产生深刻的 影响,全数字化的变电站自动化系统成为发展的趋势。电力系统是由生产、输送、分配和消费电能的各种电气设备连接在一起组成。由于电能无法大量储存，必须保证用电和电能生产的平 衡。随着科学技术的不断进步，我们国家的电力技术发展已经达到一 定的水平。智能化开关,光电式电流电压互感器,一次运行设备在线状 态检测,变电站运行操作培训仿真等高新技术日趋成熟,光纤技术、计 算机高速网络在实时系统中的开发应用 ,大大的提高了变电自动化程 度。我国变电站的设计开始向接线方案简单方面趋近，近期国内新建 的许多220 kV及110kV电压等级的变电站，采用双母线而不带旁路母 线主接线。在 GIS 的情况下，优先采用单母线分段接线。终端变电站 中，尽量采用线路变压器组接线等。大量采用新的技术，变电站电气 设备档次不断提高，配电装置也从传统的形式走向无油化、真空开关、 SF6 开关和机-电组合一体化的小型设备。近年来世界各国著名的高 压电气设备公司都相继开发、研制了各种类型的 145-550 kV 户外高 压和超高压组合电器，国内一些高压开关厂也已经开始生产145 K V 户外紧凑型组合电器。户外插接式智能型组合电器是一种功能更完备 的高压和超高压开关系统，它内含电气一次、二次设备，以及相关联 的插接式复合光缆等。全分散式变电站自动化系统，引入先进的网络 技术。变电站占地及建筑面积减少，变电站接线方案的简化，组合电 器、管母线及钢支架等的采用，使变电站布置更为简单，取消站前区 和优化布置使变电站占地大幅度下降。随着技术的进步，传统的继电保护装置正逐步被微机保护所取 代。微机保护是微型计算机保护的简称，是一种数字式继电保护，是 基于可编程数字电路技术和实时数字信号处理技术实现的电力系统 继电保护。目前，国内外已经研制出以 32 位数字信号处理器为硬件 基础的保护、控制、测量、及数据通信一体化的微机保护综合控制装 置，并将一些人工智能技术引入继电保护中，如用人工神经网络、模 糊理论实现故障类型的判断、故障测距、方向保护、主设备保护等新 方法。用小波理论的数字手段分析故障产生信号的整个频带信息 ,并 用于实现故障检测。这些人工智能技术不仅为提高故障判别精度提供 了手段，而且使某些基于单一工频信号的传统算法难以识别的问题得 到了解决。目前，微机继电保护正沿着微机保护网络化、智能化、自 适应、控制、测量、信号、数据通信一体化的方向发展。城市电网运行的最基本要求是安全与稳定。城市电网安全稳定的 核心问题是要建立一个与该城市相适应的、合理的电网结构。通过对 电网规划和电力设计方面的技术原理分析，阐述在电网安全中关于电 压等级、供电可靠性、供电能力以及电网安全的供电准则等方面应注 意的一些问题；以及有针对性的阐述了对 220kV 变电站和 110kV 变 电站的具体设计原则相对电网安全供电的要求。如何保证供电可靠性：1) 满足电网供电安全准则。供电网络满足供电可靠性的要求。全 部满足 Nl 的准则，城区中心高负荷密度区域重要用户满足 N-2 的准则。不允许变压器过载，城网供电可靠率指标规划目 标为 99.99。2）城市中配电负荷转移能力满足以下要求： 变电站失去任何一回进线或一台主变压器而降低供电能力时， 中压配电网具有转移负荷,确保供电的能力。 变电站的一段母线因故停运时，中压配电网应具有转移全部负 荷的能力。 10kV配电线路任何一段检修或故障时，配电网应具备转移非 检修、非故障段负荷的能力。非检修、非故障段负荷停电时间仅为配 电设备倒闸操作时间。3）配电网故障造成用户停电时，允许停电的容量和恢复供电的目 标时问满足以下原则： 两回路供电的用户，失去一条回路后，应不限电。 三回路供电的用户，失去一条回路后，应不限电，再失去一条 回路后，应满足供电容量 50-70用电。 一回路或多回路供电的用户电源全停时，恢复供电的目标时间 为一回路故障处理恢复的时问。 在环网供电方式中对于开环网络中的用户，环网故障时的最低 恢复供电要求是需通过电网操作恢复供电的时间，其目标时间为操作 所需的时问；配网自动化线路是通过配网自动化限制在l分钟内恢复 完好区段的供电。（3）供电能力和安全性1）城网中各电压层网容量之间，按一定的变电容载比配置，各级 电压网变电容载比满足现行城市电力网规划设计导则规定的上限 要求。根据 2001 年国家经济贸易委员会颁布的电力行业标准电力 系统安全稳定导则中指出：N-1准则为正常运行方式下的电力系统 中任一元件 （如线路、发电机、变压器等） 无故障或因故障断开，电力 系统应能保持稳定运行和正常供电，其他元件不过负荷，电压和频率 均在允许范围内，这通常称为N-1准则。电网供电安全准则有：N1 准则、准N 2准则和N 2准则。城市配电网的供电安全通常要 求是采用N 1准则。在供电安全特别重要的地方也有采用准N 2准则或N 2准则。2）中压配电网具有一定的备用容量，一般应有50裕度，当任一 元件检修和故障停运时，应通过倒闸操作保持向用户或非事故段用户 继续供电，转移负荷时配电网的各元件不过负荷、不限电。变电站两 台主变同时停电时，公用线路应调出 60以上负荷外文资料翻译