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Unit 1 GREAT SCIENTISTSJOHN SNOW DEFEATS “KING CHOLERA”John Snow was a famous doctor in London so expert, indeed, that he attended Queen Victoria as her personal physician. But he became inspired when he thought about helping ordinary people (who were) exposed to cholera. This was the deadly disease of its day. Neither its cause nor its cure was understood. So many thousands of terrified people died every time there was an outbreak. John Snow wanted to face the challenge and solve this problem. He knew that cholera would never be controlled until its cause was found.(expose:1暴露 be exposed to all kinds of weather.经受风吹雨打。Expose sb to danger 使某人面临危险。A student who has been exposed to English for some 6 years.接触英语达六年左右的学生。2.揭露。Expose a politicians lies. He has been exposed as a liar.他说谎的行为被揭穿。）He became interested in two theories（ that possibly explained how cholera killed people）. The first suggested that cholera multiplied in the air, a cloud of dangerous gas floated around until it found its victims. From the stomach the disease quickly attacked the body and soon the affected person died.John Snow suspected that the second theory was correct but he needed evidence. So when another outbreak hit London （There was another outbreak） in 1854, he was ready to begin his enquiry. As the disease spread quickly through poor neighbourhoods, he began to gather information. In two particular streets, the cholera outbreak was so severe that more than 500 people died in ten days. He was determined to find out why.First he marked on a map the exact places（ where all the dead people have lived）. This gave him a valuable clue about the cause of the disease. Many of the deaths were near the water pump in Broad Street (especially numbers 163738 and 40). He also noticed that some houses (such as 20 and 21 Broad Street and 8 and 9 Cambridge Street) had had no deaths. He had not foreseen this, so he made further investigations. He discovered that these people worked in the pub at 7 Cambridge Street. They had been given free beer and so had not drunk the water from the pump. It seemed that the water was to blame,Next, John Snow looked into the source of the water for these two streets. He found that it came from the river（ polluted by the dirty water from London）. He immediately told the astonished people in Broad Street to remove the handle from the pump so that it could not be used. Soon afterwards the disease slowed down. He had shown that cholera was spread by germs and not in a cloud of gas.In another part of London, he found supporting evidence from two other deaths（ that were linked to the Broad Street outbreak.） A woman,（ who had moved away from Broad Street,） liked the water from the pump so much that she had it delivered to her house every day. Both she and her daughter died of cholera after drinking the water. With this extra evidence John Snow was able to announce with certainty that polluted water carried the virus.To prevent this from happening again, John Snow suggested that the source of all the water supplies be examined. The water companies were instructed not to expose people to polluted water any more. Finally “King Cholera” was defeated.COPERNICUS REVOLUTIONAY THEORYNicolaus Copernicus was frightened and his mind was confused. Although he had tried to ignore them, all his mathematical calculations led to the same conclusion: that the earth was not the centre of the solar system. Only (if you put the sun there) did the movements of the other planets in the sky make sense. Yet he could not tell anyone about his theory as the powerful Christian Church would have punished him for even suggesting such an idea. They believed God had made the world and for that reason the earth was special and must be the centre of the solar system. (Only: we can succeed only in this way. Only( in this way) can we succeed.) The problem arose because astronomers had noticed that some planets in the sky seemed to stop, move backward and then go forward in a loop. Others appeared brighter at times and less bright at others. This was very strange if the earth was the centre of the solar system and all planets went around it.Copernicus had thought long and hard about these problems and tried to find an answer. He had collected observations of the stars and used all his mathematical knowledge to explain them. But only new theory could do that. So between 1510 and 1514 he worked on it, gradually improving his theory until he felt it was complete.In 1514 he showed it privately to his friends. The changes (he made to the old theory) were revolutionary. He placed a fixed sun at the centre of the solar system with the planets going round it and only the moon still going around the earth. He also suggested that the earth was spinning as it went around the sun and this explained changes in the movement of the planets and in the brightness of the stars. His friends were enthusiastic and encouraged him to publish his ideas, but Copernicus was cautious. He did not want to be attacked by the Christian Church, so he only published it as he lay dying in 1543.(with宾语1)doing2）/done/3）介词短语/4）形容词5)副词6)to do：He slept with the window open (with the light on).The teacher came with a book in his hand (under his arm).With a lot of homework to do, I had to stay at home last weekend.With the crowds cheering, the royal party drove into the palace.With signal given, the train left the station.)Certainly he was right to be careful. The Christian Church rejected his theory, saying it was against Gods idea and people (who supported it) would be attacked. Yet Copernicus theory is now the basis (on which all our ideas of the universe are built.) His theory replaced the Christian idea of gravity, (which said things fell to earth because God created the earth as the centre of the universe.) Copernicus showed this was obviously wrong. Now people can see that there is a direct link between his theory and the work of Isaac Newton, Albert Einstein and Stephen Hawking.(辨析reject,refuse,turn down, decline.Reject:断然拒绝。 Refuse=turn down不太礼貌地拒绝。Decline有礼貌地拒绝。）小知识：solar太阳的lunar月亮的。Lunar module登月舱。Lunarnaut？astronaut，cosmonautTaikongnaut。P8.sample writing: Dear Nicolaus Copernicus, I am a student studying astronomy and I would very much like to read your new theory about the solar system. I hope you will publish it for several reasons. I understand the problems with the present theory. The way the planets move is not what you would expect if the earth was the centre of the universe. It is also odd (strange) that brightness of some stars seems to change. So I agree with you that we need a new theory. I know your observations have been very carefully carried out over many years. Now you must have the courage to publish them. Science can never advance unless people have the courage of their beliefs. I know you worry about what will happen if you publish your new theory. No matter how people oppose it, time will show whether your ideas are right or wrong. So I hope you will feel you can publish your new theory.Keys to the workbook: p42 exercise3 translation;1. Apart from going to the park, I limit my movements to my neighborhoods.2. It is difficult to draw a conclusion without enough evidence.3. These scientific enquires will contribute to the success of our project.4. Gustave Eiffel was very enthusiastic about his plan to construct the iron tower, which made him world-famous.5. He often puts forward unusual plans. So be cautious about them before you decide to join in.6. Who was the first person to reject the idea that the earth was the centre of the universe? 7. Although his writing doesnt make sense, Fred is positive that his composition will score a high mark.P43.exercise21. I found the broken plate on the floor.2. I saw a tall, dark and handsome man named Xiao Ming.3. I looked at that modern abstract painting colored in yellows and greens.4. Yesterday I got the expected answer to my question on the internet.5. She is my friend devoted(热心的) to my interests.6. On the doorstep I found a lot of bottles marked in green ink.7. We saw many cracked（破裂的） windows in that room.词汇学习：1. expert 1) n.专家，能手an agriculture expert/ an expert psychology / an expert on ancient Greek history2)adj 熟练的， 有专门技术的An expert rider(骑士) an expert job(需要专门知识的工作)He is expert in/at cooking.2.attend vt/vi1)出席，参加(to be present at, go to )He decided to attend the meeting himself.2)照顾，看护 （to look after, serve）Which doctor is attending to(on) you? 3) 伴随（ to go with）The work was attended with much difficulty.这项工作带来许多困难。Attendance n 1)照顾，看护（the act of attending） There is doctors in attendance.2)出席人数 There was a large attendance at the concert.3.control v统治，控制（rule, direct, to have power over）You are trying to control me as I were your slave.The government tries to control the prices.He cannot control his anger.n. 统治，控制1)lose control/be (go) out of control 失去控制The driver lost control his car and it knocked into a tree.The car was out of control and ran into a wall.2) in the control of在控制着The money is under/in the control of Mr. Brown.4.ansorb vt/vi1)吸收/专心于 The girl was absorbed in reading a book.5.severe adj 1） 严厉，严格的（so serious）I think you are too severe on the boy.Hid severe looks( 表情) frightened me.2）剧烈的（ very harmful or painful, serious or uncomfortable）He has a severe pain in his leg.Be severe with =be strict with
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