初中定语从句讲解

一、 定语从句：定语从句：修饰一个名词或代词的从句称为定语从句，一般紧跟在它所修饰的先行词后面先行词：定语从句所修饰的词称为先行词关系词：引导定语从句的关联词称为关系词Mary likes music that is quiet and gentle. 玛丽喜欢轻柔的音乐。关系词：引导定语从句的关系词有关系代词和关系副词，常见的关系代词包括that， which， who（宾格whom，所有格whose）等，关系副词包括where， when， why等。关系代词和关系副词放在先行词及定语从句之间起连接作用，同时又作定语从句的重要成分。1. 关系代词用法：1. who， whom两者都用于指人，who 用作主语，whom用作宾语（可省略）。在口语中，有时可用who代替whom， 也可省略。例如：The girl who often helps me with my English is from England.Yesterday I came across a few friends with whom I went to the supermarket.（直接跟在介词后面，不能用who，只能用whom，且不能省略）2. whose： whose一般指人，但有时也指物。在从句中作定语。He has a friend whose father is a doctor.whose指物时，常用以下结构来代替:Please pass me the book whose cover is green.= Please pass me the book the cover of which is green改写：The classroom whose door is broken will soon be repaired. ？3. which： which用于指物，在句中作主语或宾语，作主语不可省略，作宾语可省略The building which stands near the train station is a supermarket.The film （which） we saw last night was wonderful.4. that: that既可以用于指人，也可以用于指物。指人时可与who、whom互换，指物时可与which互换。在从句中作主语、宾语或表语，作主语时不可省略，作宾语可省略，不可直接跟在介词后面作宾语。The coat （that/which） I put on the desk is blue.Where is the man( that/whom)I saw this morning?5. As: as引导定语从句主要用于两种结构：用于as we all know类句型中，用于such.as.,the same.as.等固定结构中There was a supermarket around here, as I remember. （作宾语）Such people as have made great contributions to the world should be greatly respected.（作主语）那些对世界做出极大贡献的人应当受到极大的尊重。注意：1.关系代词在定语从句中做介词宾语时，从句常由介词+关系代词引导The school (that/which) he once studied in is very famous.= The school in which he once studied is very famous.有些“动词+介词”习语如look after，look for，call on等不可把介词提前This is the watch which/that I am looking for.2.关系词只能用that的情况(1) 先行词被序数词或形容词最高级所修饰，或本身是序数词、基数词、形容词最高级时，只能用that，而不用which.This is the best film that i have seen.He was the first person that passed the exam.(2) 当先行词是anything, everything, nothing, something, few, all, none, little, some 等代词时,只能用that，而不用whichAll that can be done has been done.(3) 先行词被the only， the very， the same， the last， little， few ，all， any， much， many等词修饰时，只能用that，而不用which.This is the same bike that I lost.This is the very dictionary I want to buy.(4)先行词里同时含有人或物时，只能用that， 而不用whichI can remember well the persons and some pictures that I saw in the room.(5) 以who或which引导的特殊疑问句，为避免重复，只能用that.Who is the girl that is crying？2. 关系副词1. when指时间，其先行词表示时间(time， day， year， month， week等)，when在句中作时间状语I still remember the day when I first came to the school.2. where指地点，其先行词表示地点（如place， room， mountain， airport等），where在句中作地点状语。The house where I lived ten years ago has been pulled down.3. why指原因，其先行词表示原因的词（reason），why起原因状语作用。Please tell me the reason why you missed the plane.注意: 1. 关系副词when, where, why的含义相当于介词+ which结构，因此常常和介词+ which结构交替使用.There are occasions when (on which) one must yield.Hangzhou is the place where (in which) I was born.Is this the reason why (for which) he refused our offer?2. 当表示时间的先行词在从句中不是作状语，而是作主语、宾语或表语时，必须用关系代词that或which引导定语从句，而不是用when。例如:The film reminded me of those miserable days (thatwhich）I spent in my childhood.这部电影使我想起了我童年时代度过的那些苦难日子。3. 当表示地点的先行词在从句中不是作状语，而是作主语、宾语或表语时，必须用关系代词that或which引导定语从句，而不是用whereThe Great Wall is a beautiful place (thatwhich）people all over the world look forward to visiting.长城是个美丽的地方，全世界的人都渴望来参观。3. 限制性定语从句及非限制性定语从句限制性定语: 从句紧跟先行词，主句与从句不用逗号分开; 从句不可省去，否则句意含糊不清.China is a country which has a long history.非限制性定语从句: 主句与从句之间有逗号分开，起补充说明作用; 如省去，主句意思依然清楚His mother, who loves him very much, is strict with him.要注意区分以下几个句子的不同(1) His brother who is now a doctor always encourages him to go to college.他那当医生的哥哥常鼓励他要考上大学。（他还有其他的哥哥）(2) His brother, who is now a doctor, always encourages him to go to college. 他的哥哥是当医生的，常鼓励他要考上大学。（他只有一个哥哥）二、 单选练习1. The bridge _ a big ship can go has been built. A. under which B. under that C. in which D. on which2. He talked about the classmates and the school _ he had visited. A. who B. that C. which D. about which3. We should do all _ is useful to people. A. / B. that C. it D. which4. We came to a place _ they had never paid a visit before. A. which B. in which C. on which D. to which5. I shall never forget those years _ I lived in the country with the farmers, _has a great effect on my life.A. that; which B. when; which C. which; that D. when; who6. _is known to all, China will be an _powerful country in 20 or 30 years time.A. That; advancing B. This; advanced C. As; advanced D. It; advancing7. Do you know the worker _?A. whom I often talk B. with who I often talk C. I often talk with D. that I often talk8. You have seen the girl _ sister is a Chinese teacher. A. whom B. of whom C. whose D. of which 9. Those _ finished doing it put up your hands. A. who have B. who has C. which have D. have10. I went to the school _ my f ather once worked. A. that B. which C. where D. on which11. After living in Paris for fifty years, he returned to the small town _ he grew up as a child.A. which B. where C. that D. when12. Can you lend me the dictionary _ the other day? A. about that you talked B. That you talked C. which you talked D. that you talked about13. The book _ isnt in the library. A. what I need B. I need C. that I need it D. which I need it14. The treatment will continue until the patient reaches the point _ he can walk correctly and safely.A. when B. where C. which D. whose15. I hope that the little _ I have been able to do does good to them all.A. which B. what C. that D. when三、 阅读理解： 找出下面文章中的定语从句并回答以下问题 Most people have never heard of Tim Berners-Lee. He is not nearly as rich or famous as Marc Andreessen, who was cofounder of Netscape, or Bill Gates, whose name has become a household word.Berners-lee, who works in a small office at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, is the creator of the World Wide Web. The creation of the Web is so important that some people compare Berners-lee to Johann Gutenberg, who invented printing by moveable type in the fifteenth century. Berners-Lee was born in England in 1955. His parents, who helped design the worlds first commercially available computer, gave him a great love of mathematics and learning. In 1980, Berners-Lee went to work at CERN, a physics laboratory in Geneva, Switzerland, where he had a lot of material to learn quickly. He had a poor memory for facts and wanted to find a way to help him keep track of things he couldnt remember. He devised a software program that allowed him to create a document that had links to other documents. He continued to develop his idea through the 1980s. He wanted to find a way to connect the knowledge and creativity of people all over the world.In 1991, his project became known as the World Wide Web. The number of Internet users started to grow quickly. However, Berners-Lee is not completely happy with the way the Web has developed. He thinks it has become a passive tool for so many people, not the tool for creativity that he had imagined.In 1999, Berners-Lee published a book which is called Weaving the Web, in which he answers questions he is often asked: “What were you thinking when you invented the Web?” “What do you think of it now?” “Where is the Web going to take us in the future?”1. Which is the true statement?A. Tim Berners-Lee is much richer than Bill Gates.B. Tim Berners-Lee is very happy with the way the Web has developed.C. Berners-Lee helped design the worlds first commercially available computer.D. Berners-Lees parents gave him a great love of mathematics and learning.2. Who invented printing by moveable typeA. Berners-lee B. Johann Gutenberg C. Marc Andreessen D. Bill Gates3. At the very beginning, why did Berners-Lee develop the project later called Weaving the Web?A. He thought it was interesting and could bring him much money.B. His parents asked him to do the research.C. To help himself keep track of things that he couldnt remember.D. To find a way to connect the knowledge and creativity of people all over the world.4. Whats the main topic of this article?A. Talk about the World Wide Web.B. Brief introduction of the Berners-Lee, the creator of the World Wide Web.C. Compare Berners-Lee with other famous people.D. Comments on World Wide Web.