非谓语动词——动名词【教资类别】

第十五讲：非谓语动词动名词教学重点：掌握动名词这一语法知识。了解这一语法知识在高考中的应用。命题趋势：动名词的考点依次为作宾语，作主语，作定语，作表语。一些固定的基本知识应记牢。知识点回顾在句子中充当除谓语以外的句子成分的动词形式叫做非谓语动词。非谓语动词分为三种形式：不定式，动名词，和分词（分词包括现在分词和过去分词）。动名词1.动名词简述：动名词是三种非谓语动词的一种。由动词+ing构成，与现在分词的形式相同。动名词在句中可以作主语、宾语（介词宾语和动宾）和表语，还可以作定语。同时，动名词仍然具有动词的若干特点，它可以有自己的宾语和状语。2.动名词在句中所能充当的成分：主语宾语表语定语状语补语动名词2.1动名词作主语Talking mends no holes.空谈无济于事。Seeing is believing.眼见为实。Having done the work is an experience youll never forget.做过这种工作，就会使你永生难忘。注意：动名词作主语时，谓语动词一律用单数。（详见上三例）2.1.1用It作形式主语用动名词作主语时，和动词不定式一样，有时也用It作形式主语。It is no use (useless) talking too much. = Talking too much is no use (useless).It is no good crying.= Crying is no good.It trains the ear listening to music. = Listening to music trains the ear.2.1.2在there be句型中只能用动名词作主语（不用不定式）There is no + -ing. （.是不可能的）= It is impossible to.= No one can.There is no telling what will happen.= It is impossible to tell what will happen.= No one can tell what will happen.无法预言将会发生什么事情。There is no getting along with him.= It is difficult to get along with him.他这个人很难相处。2.2动名词作表语His hobby is painting.What he likes best is making jokes.动名词作表语时，一般表示比较抽象的习惯动作，表语和主语常常可以互换。His hobby is painting.Painting is his hobby.What he likes best is making jokes.Making jokes is what he likes best.One of his bad habits is not speaking clearly.Not speaking clearly is one of his bad habits.2.3动名词和不定式在句中做主语和表语的区别2.3.1一般情况下两者区别不大，有时可以通用。Seeing is believing. = To see is to believe.It is dangerous playing with explosives. = It is dangerous to play with explosives.2.3.2有时，动名词和不定式也有区别，主要表现在动名词所表示的动作比较抽象，或者是习惯性的，而不定式多表示某次比较具体的动作，特别是将来的动作。His hobby is painting.In summer what he wants to do is to paint.2.4动名词作宾语Our monitor suggested having a discussion of this subject.The rain prevented us from going out.2.4.1只能用动名词作宾语的动词有：admit承认，appreciate感激，赞赏，avoid避免，complete完成，consider考虑，delay耽误，deny否认，detest讨厌，endure忍受，enjoy喜欢，escape逃脱，prevent阻止，fancy想象，finish完成，imagine想象，mind介意，miss错过，postpone推迟，practise训练，recall回忆，resent讨厌，resist抵抗，resume继续，risk冒险，suggest建议，face面对，include包括，stand忍受，understand理解，forgive宽恕，keep继续例如：Would you mind turning down your radio a little, please?The squirrel was lucky that it just missed being caught.2.4.2只能用动名词作宾语的词组有：admit to承认，add to加上，be (get) used to习惯于，be accustomed to习惯于，be tired of厌烦，be fond of喜欢，be capable of有的能力，be afraid of为而害怕，be proud of为自豪，骄傲，be successful in在成功，be good at擅长于，be interested in对.感兴趣，be engaged in从事于.，be busy with忙于，be sentenced to宣判，burst out突然，cant help禁不住，come to谈到，confess to承认，count on / upon依靠，信赖，devote oneself to把贡献给，dream of梦想，depend on依靠，excusefor为而原谅，feel like愿意做什么，give up放弃，hold off推迟，insist on坚持，Its worth值得，Its no use / good没有用/不好，无益keep on坚持，know of对了解，look forward to期盼，盼望，lead to导致，object to反对，put off推迟，preventfrom阻止免受，pay attention to注意，preferto比起更，stick to坚持，set about着手去做，think of / about想到/考虑There be句型中动名词的使用。There is no need use harm + (in) doing hurry例如：When I heard his voice, I couldnt help thinking of my father.Youd better put off having the meeting till next month.2.4.3动名词和不定式作宾语，有以下区别：常见于like, hate, learn, prefer, love这些动词I like skating. But I dont like to skate today.我喜欢滑冰，但是我今天不想去滑冰。（like skating是指一贯的，习惯性的爱好，而like to skate是暂时的动作）The girl has learned to cook.这个小姑娘已经学会做饭了。The girl has learned cooking.这个小姑娘学过做饭。learn to do表示学会做某事learn doing表示曾学过2.4.4下列词组中，动名词和不定式都可以作宾语，但区别很大：（1）stop doing / to dostop to do停止，中断做某事后去做另一件事。stop doing 停止做某事。（2）forget doing / to doforget to do忘记要去做某事。（未做）forget doing 忘记做过某事。（已做）（3）remember doing / to doremember to do记得去做某事（未做）remember doing记得做过某事（已做）（4）regret doing / to doregret to do对要做的事遗憾。（未做）regret doing 对做过的事遗憾、后悔。（已做）（5）cease doing / to docease to do 长时间，甚至永远停做某事。cease doing 短时停止做某事，以后还会接着做。（6）try doing / to dotry to do 努力，企图做某事。try doing 试验，试着做某事。（7）go on doing / to dogo on to do 做了一件事后，接着做另一件事。go on doing 继续做原来做的事。（8）be afraid of doing / to dobe afraid to do 不敢，胆怯去做某事，是主观上的原因不去做，意为“怕”。be afraid of doing担心出现doing的状况、结果。doing是客观上造成的，意为生怕，恐怕。（9）be interested in doing / to dobe interested to do 对做某事感兴趣，想了解某事。be interested in doing 对某种想法感兴趣，doing通常为想法。（10）mean doing / to domean to do 打算去做某事mean doing 意味着某事（11）begin (start) doing / to dobegin / start to do sthbegin / start doing sth（12）learn to do / doinglearn to do表示学会做某事learn doing表示曾学过2.5动名词作定语例如：drinking water饮用水walking stick手杖smoking room吸烟室动名词作定语一般表示所修饰词的用途2.6动名词定语和不定式定语的区别2.6.1动名词定语在它所修饰词的前面，而不定式定语要放在它所修饰词的后面。The swimming pool belongs to our school.I have something important to do.2.6.2动名词定语表示所修饰词的用途或使用目的，而不定式定语表示的动作性较强，所修饰词往往是不定式的承受者（逻辑宾语）。He wants to improve his teaching method.Do you have anything to say?3.动名词的否定式和动名词短语3.1动名词的否定式：not + 动名词I must apologize not letting you know ahead of time.His not getting to the station on the time makes everyone worried.3.2动名词短语物主代词/名词的所有格 + 动名词此时物主代词和名词的所有格是这个动名词的逻辑主语，动名词短语可以作主语、表语和宾语（动词宾语和介词宾语）Li Mings being late made his teacher very angry.I think the big problem is their not having enough time.Do you mind my leaving now?4.动名词的时态和语态4.1动名词的时态4.1.1动名词的一般式表示泛指的一般性动作，即动作发生的时间并不明确；或者动名词所表示的动作与谓语动词的动作同时发生或在它的动作之后发生。Im looking forward to seeing you soon.4.1.2动名词的完成式所表示的动作在谓语动词所表示的动作之前发生。You regret not having taken the doctors advice, do you?Thank you for having helped me so much.4.2动名词的语态4.2.1动名词被动语态当动名词逻辑上的主语是动名词所表示的动作的对象时，动名词一般要用它的被动式。The squirrel was lucky that it just missed being caught.Before being used, the machine must be checked.4.2.2动名词的主动形式代替被动形式主语（通常是物） + want need require（需要） + doing（动名词的主动形式） deserve（值得）=主语 + want/ need/ require/ deserve to be done（不定式的被动形式）The radio wants (needs, requires) repairing.=The radio wants (needs, requires) to be repaired.另外：主语 + be worth doing = 主语 + be worthy + to be done/ of being done.The book is worth reading again.=The book is worthy to be read.=The book is worthy of being read.5教学d