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非谓语动词,非谓语动词种类与作用比较,Infinitive,动词不定式,to+动词原形 ，其否定形式是 “not to do”， 不定式可以作主语、宾语、宾语补足语, 状语、表语和定语，没有人称和数的变化，但有时态和语态的变化。,不定式的构成:,作宾语 作宾语 补足语 作状语 作定语 作表语 作主语,Its easy_ me to work out the math problem. Its generous _you to donate so much money.,for,of,= To work out the math problem is easy. =You are generous to donate so much money.,可用it 作形式主语.用 for 或of 来表示逻辑主语. for前面的形容词表不定式的特点; of前面的形容词表人的特点 1.Its difficult for you to study English. 2.Its foolish of you to ask her for help,动词不定式和动名词作主语或表语时的用法比较,一般说来，在表示比较抽象的一般行为时多用动名词；在表示具体的动作，特别是将来的动作时，多用不定式。 注：动词不定式和动名词作主语时谓语 动词一定是单数的。,Smoking is not allowed here. (表习惯、爱好、经常做的事情。) To smoke so much is not good for you. (表具体的、一次性动作、要做的事情。) 3. Their job is building houses. (经常的动作) 4. Their work is to build another bridge across the river. (具体、要做的动作),游泳有益健康，但在这条污染如此严重 的河里游泳是有害的。 Swimming is good for health, but to swim in such a polluted river is harmful to health. (To swim in such a polluted river 指特定情况下的动作。),3. 当it作形式主语时，真正的主语可以 是 doing or to do. It is difficult to make the air clean. making the air clean. It is nice to meet you. meeting you here.,注： 当表语是important, necessary, easy 时后面只能用不定式作真正的主语。 在it is +adj /n. +for/of sb to do sth句型只能用不定式作真正的主语； 而表语no use, no good, a waste of time, worth时常用动名词。 e.g. It is important (for us) to protect our environment. It is no use at all arguing with him.,动名词作主语的句型总结： 1 Doing + v. + no use no good no fun Its + a shame + doing a waste of time/money useless There is no + doing.,4. 在there is no 后面只用动名词。 There is no knowing whether he will come . There is no telling where he has gone.,动词不定式和动名词作宾语时的用法比较,1. 有些动词只能用动词不定式作宾语 afford offer agree ask decide expect hope wish refuse pretend manage,2. 有些动词只能用动名词作宾语 avoid advise appreciate suggest admit permit keep consider delay enjoy complete finish deny practise mind excuse escape risk miss, imagine,注意,【1】在like ,hate, prefer 等动词之后，如果表示一般倾向，多用动名词作宾语；如指特定的或某次行动，则用不定式更多一些。,I like reading books of this kind, but I dont like to read that book. She prefers walking to cycling, I prefer to stay at home today.,【2】在begin, start, cease后，如果表示有意识地开始（停止）做某事，多用动名词；如果动作自动或突然开始（停止），则多用不定式。,He began talking about his plan for summer holiday. Suddenly she began to cry. The factory has ceased making motorcycles. After that she ceased to worry about her daughter.,在以下三种情况下只能用不定式形式。 A. begin, start本身为进行时态 B.主语为非生物的名词或it时 C.后接表示心理状态的动词时，如 know see understand feel realize,Im beginning to feel better. 我渐渐觉得好些了。 The snow began to melt. 雪开始融化了。 He started to understand the situation. 他开始了解情况了。,【3】有些动词后既可用动名词又可用不定式 作宾语，但含义有所不同,这样的动词有：.,forget, remember, stop, try, mean, regret 等 remember/ forget/ regret +v-ing 表已经发生的动作 remember/ forget/ regret + to do 表动作还没有发生。 mean doing 意思是；意味着 mean to do 意欲，打算要做 stop to do 停下来要做 stop doing 停止正在做的动作 try doing 试着做 try to do sth. 试图做,4】在动词want , require, need, deserve 等后 动词不定式（短语）作宾语时，用人作主语； 动名词作宾语时,用物作主语。,Someone needs to see you , sir. The wall needs repairing(= to be repaired) I want to go to the barbers because my hair wants cutting(= to be cut).,注意1： 在 feel，hear，listen to，look at， notice，observe，see，watch， have，1et，make 等词后的补足语 中，不定式不带to。 但是这些句中 如果变成被动结构时，就必须带to。,3. 作宾语补足语,He asked me to do the work with him.,注意2 ： 不定式动词在介词 but，except，besides 后面时，如果这些介词之前有行为动词do的各种形式，那么，这些介词后的不定式不带to，否则要带to。,She could do nothing but cry. 她只会哭。 I have no choice but to go 我不得不走。 The thing for them to do is manage to raise enough money for this project. 他们要做的就是设法筹集到这项工程所需 的足够的资金,She was the only one in her family to survive the earthquake. 她是这次地震中家里唯一的幸存者。,4 . 不定式作定语,I have some books for you to read. 我有几本书供给你读。,注：作定语的不定式如果是不及物动词，或者不定式所修饰的名词或代词是不定式动作的地点,工具等，不定式后面须有相应的介词。,例如： 他在找一个房间住。 无什么可担心的。 请给我把刀子来切东西。,He is looking for a room to live in ,There is nothing to worry about,Please give me a knife to cut with,注： 当作定语的不定式所修饰的名词或代词是不定式动作的承受者时，不定式既可以用主动语态，也可用被动语态，但其意义有所不同。 试比较： Do you have anything to send? Do you have anything to be sent?,Do you have anything to send? 你有什么东西要寄吗? (不定式to send的动作执行者是you) Do you have anything to be sent? 你有什么要(我或别人)寄的东西吗? (不定式to be sent的动作执行者是已被省略的me或someone else),不定式作状语，表示目的、原因、条件 或结果。 I came here to see you (表目的) 目的状语还可以用in order to(句首/句中) 或so as to(句中)来表示。,In order to pass the exam，he worked very hard We ran all the way so as not to be late,We were very excited to hear the news （表原因） To look at him，you would like him （表条件） He hurried to the school to find nobody there . （表结果）,too to , adj./adv. enough to do, only /just to do , so + adj / such+n. + as to do 句型也表结果状语。 He reached the station too late to catch the train. The room is big enough to hold us He hurried home only to find his house stolen. He spoke so quickly as to make us not understand what he expressed.,不定式作独立成分 说实话，我不同意你的观点。,To tell the truth，I dont agree with you,不定式与疑问词who，which，when， where ,how，what等连用， 在句中起名词作用， 可充当主语、表语、宾语等。 例如： He didnt know what to say. (作宾语) How to solve the problem is very important （作主语） My question is when to start (作表语),注意:在与why连用时,只用于why或 why not开头的简短疑问句中,后 面紧跟的动词不定式不带to。 例如： Why go there without my permission? Why not have a rest?,动词不定式的时态与语态,不定式的时态，语态： （以动词do为例）,否定式：not + to do,To teach English is my job. To catch the first bus, he got up early. We plan to pay a visit. The meeting to be held tomorrow is put off The teacher ordered the work to be done.,1）一般式：所表示的动作与谓语动词动作同时 发生或发生在谓语动词动作之后,The boy pretended to be working hard. He seems to be reading in his room. 3）完成式：表示的动作发生在谓语动词动 作之前 I regretted to have told a lie. He is pleased to have met his friend,2)进行式：表示的动作与谓语动词动作同时发生,动词不定式的语态,A) 不定式和它前面被修饰的名词或代 词构成逻辑上的动宾关系，又和该句主 语构成逻辑上的主谓关系时，不定式常 用主动形式。 I have got a letter to write,He needs a room to live in,B) . 不定式作表语形容词的状语，和句中的主语构成逻辑上的动宾关系时，不定式多用主动形式，这是因为人们往往认为形容词后省去了for one或for people例如： He is hard to talk to,The book is difficult to understand,C). 但当不定式逻辑上的主语是这个不定式所表示的动作的承受者时，不定式一般要用被动形式。例如： He asked to be sent to work in the countryside,D) 在there be结构中，当说话人考虑的是必须有人去完成某件事时，不定式用主动形式，如果说话人强调该工作本身必须完成，则用被动形式。 There is a lot of work to do (Somebody has to do the work) There is a lot of work to be done (The work has to be done （by others）),请注意下面句子的含义是不同的： There is nothing to do 意为无事可做，感到十分乏味。 There is nothing to be done 因为某种原因，无法做。 There is nothing to see . 没什么值得看 There is nothing to be seen. 看不见什么。,The Function of Gerund,动名词的句法功能,动名词的语法特征及用法 动名词由动词加ing词尾构成，既有动词的特征: 可以带宾语、状语或表语，有语态和时态变化。 又有名词的特征: 在句中充当主语、宾语、表语、定语。 例如：,Subject 作主语： In many countries, shaking ones head means “no” and nodding means “yes”. Object 作宾语: Do you mind my smoking here? We can learn a lot about what a person is thinking by watching his or her body language.,Predicative 作表语： A way of saying “I am hungry” is patting the stomach before a meal. Attribute 作定语: No one is allowed to speak aloud in the reading room,动名词作定语说明被修饰名词的用途。 the smoking room. a walking stick an operating table building material shopping centre the dining room 与现在分词作定语比较： 现在分词与被修饰的名词构成主动关系 (相当于一个定语从句) a sleeping bag = a bag for sleeping a sleeping boy = a boy who is sleeping,动名词作主语时要注意以下几点: 动名词作主语有三种位置 A:动名词放在句首 Making eye contact-looking directly into someones eyes -is in some countries a way to show interest.,B: 动名词放在句子末尾，用it 作形式主语放在句首。 It is no use trying to persuade him.He wont listen to you at all。 Its no fun being lost in rain Its a waste of time reasoning with him,C. 还可用于there be no 句型中, e.g： There is no joking about such matter 对这样的事不可开玩笑。 There is no getting along with him 简直无法与他相处。,动名词作主语的句型总结： 1 Doing + v. + no use no good no fun Its + useless a shame + doing a waste of time/money There is no + doing.,动名词作宾语要注意以下几点: 作动词的宾语 1、有些动词后只能用动名词作宾语，构成固定搭配，需特别记忆。常见的这类动词有： admit ， advise， allow， appreciate avoid， deny， cant help，consider， enjoy， escape， excuse， finish， imagine，involve， keep， mind， miss ， permit， recommend，suggest，resent， risk， cannot stand 等,We do not permit smoking in the office 我们不允许在办公室吸烟。 In fighting the fire，he risked being burnt to death 在救火中，他冒着被烧死的危险 She denied having stolen anything 她否认偷过任何东西。 I suggest doing it in a different way 我建议换一个方法做这件事。,还有一些要求接动名词的动词短语:,习惯于be/get used to 坚持 stick to 反对 object to 导致 lead to 献身于 devote to 加上 add to 谈到 come to 诉诸 resort to 期待 look forward to 被宣判 be sentenced to,Note: 下列词组可以省略介词,No one can prevent/stop us (from) doing the job. He had no trouble (in) finding the school There is no difficulty (in) doing sth. I spent the whole afternoon (in) copying my team paper. to have a good / bad time (in) doing sth.,动名词作介词的宾语 He left without saying goodbye to me. Is there any possibility of coming back alive?,动名词的动词特征 由于动名词是由动词变化而来，它仍保留着动词的某些特征，具有动词的某些变化形式，用以表达名词所不能表达的较为复杂的意念。动名词的动词特征主要表现在以下几点：,1、动名词可带状语，如果是及物动词，需跟宾语。如： It was obvious that he was trying to avoid answering that question 显然他在试图避免回答那个问题。 （跟宾语） Reading without thorough comprehension is no good 没有透彻理解地阅读是无用的。 （跟状语） Getting a job in a large city in Japan is very difficult 在日本的大城市获得一份工作是很难的。 （既跟宾语又跟状语）,2、动名词可具有时态意义 动名词可以像动词那样表现时态意义，有一般式（doing）和完成式（having done）之分。 一般式表示动名词的动作与谓语动词的动作同时发生或在其后发生，或表示一般性动作，没有时间概念； 完成式表示动名词的动作在谓语动词的动作之前发生。例如：,She is proud of being beautiful （同时） I am thinking of going to the Industrial Exhibition this afternoon （在其后） I prefer making an outline before I do my oral composition（一般情况） I apologize for not having kept my promise（之前发生）,3. 动名词可有被动式,动名词的逻辑主语是其所表示的动作的对象 时，要使用被动式。例如： They couldnt stand being treated like that 他们无法忍受这样的待遇。 （与其逻辑主语They构成被动关系）,不邀请我我是不会去的 I wont go without being invited. The computers being put to use has greatly raised work efficiency. 正在使用中的计算机极大地提高了工作效率， 承担很多工作他们从来不抱怨。 They never complained of being given too much work. 我很感激两年前给我出国学习的机会。 I appreciate having been given the opportunity to study abroad two years ago.,某些动词后接动名词主动表被动： want (需要) need (需要) require (需要) Sth. + stand (经受) + doing bear (忍受) be + past (超过) be worth (值得) be + in need of (需要),These flowers want = to be watered. Farming methods require (改进) The machine needs .（检查）,watering,improving,checking,C.f. need Sth. + require 还可以 + to be done want 但 be worth ( + while) 只能 + doing Sth. + be worthy of + n. / being done Sth. + be worthy + to be done,e.g. The house needs repairing. The house needs to be repaired. The book is worth reading. The book is worthy of being read. The book is worthy to be read.,4、动名词可带有自己的逻辑主语 一般情况下，动名词的逻辑主语可泛 指任何人或与句中主语一致。例如： I dont remember having ever promised you that我不记得曾经答应过你这件事。 （逻辑主语为句子的主语I）,动名词的逻辑主语：,人称代词： 物主代词(my,his)+doing 宾格(me, him)+doing His leaving is a great loss. Mother disliked me/my working late. 指示代词，不定代词或数词+doing: I am doubtful of this being the best choice. In spite of the four telling the same story, I could not believe it.,名词： 所有格（Toms ）+ doing Toms coming is what we have expected 名词（Tom）+doing(宾语) Mother disliked Tom(s) working late 无生命，抽象名词(coffee, idea)+doing I am fond of coffee being served after dinner. I am sorry for your idea being turned down.,用括号里词的适当形式填空： Do you mind _ (我) opening the window? 2. _(他)refusing to come added to our difficulty. 3. How about the two of us _ (take) a walk ?,my/me,His,taking,Participles分 词,分词包括现在分词和过去分词。 现在分词：V+ing 过去分词：规则动词 V+ed 不规则动词,现在分词与过去分词的区别,两者之间的区别主要体现在时态和语态上： （1）在时态上：现在分词表示正在进行，而过 去分词表示已经完成。 （2）在语态上：现在分词表示主动；而过去分 词表示被动。 总之，现在分词表主动、进行； 过去分词表被动、完成。,语态上：现在分词表主动，过去分词表被动 Do you know the woman talking to Tom? The soldier wounded in the war has become a doctor. 时态上：现在分词表进行，过去分词表完成 developing country， boiling water developed country ， boiled water 在句法功能上它们都可以作定语、表语、状语和宾补，它们的具体区别如下：,1、作定语时,1、现在分词作定语表示正在进行的动作，或表示经常性的动作, 或现在 (或当时) 的状态； 2、过去分词作定语时，过去分词所表示的动作可 以在谓语所表示的动作之前发生，也可以是没 有一定的时间性。,The meeting held last week is very important. Tell the children playing there not to make so much noise. I hate to see letters written in pencil.,2、作表语时,现在分词多表示主语所具有的特征或属性；过去分词多表示主语所处的状态。现在分词表示“令人的”，过去分词表示“感到”.常见的分词有：amazed / amazing, excited / exciting, bored / boring, annoyed / annoying, interested / interesting, pleased / pleasing, tired / tiring, surprised / surprising, worried/ worrying , satisfied / satisfying, amused / amusing,The news was exciting. He appeared satisfied with my answer.,3、作宾语补足语时,现在分词与句子的宾语是主动关系，它所表示的动作往往正在进行； 过去分词与句子的宾语是被动关系，它所表示的动作往往已经完成。,I found them painting the windows. （现在分词表主动、进行） I found the windows painted. （过去分词表被动、完成）,五、其它区别,现在分词的被动式（being done）强调某一动作正在被进行中； 过去分词表示某一（被动）动作已经（结束）完成，不强调时间概念； 不定式的被动式（to be done）表示一个还没有发生的被动动作。,The building being repaired is our library. Xiao Wang fell asleep with the window opening and the curtain drawn. Hi, Lucy, the boss has another document to be typed.,分词的作用,分词在句中起形容词和副词的作用, 在句中作: 定语、表语、 状语、宾语补足语,1、作定语,分词作定语有两种形式。可以放在被修饰的名词之前，称为前置定语。也可放在被修饰的名词之后，称为后置定语。 （1）前置定语 He is a promising young man. 他是一个有前途的年轻人。 We only sell used books. 我们只卖用过的书。,（2）后置定语 (短语一般后置) The young man sitting between John and Mary is the editor of the campus newspaper. The flyover built last month needs repairing.,分词短语作定语必须置于被修饰词之后，相当于一个定语从句。如： 想加入本俱乐部的人在这里签名。 Those wishing to join this club should sign here. (=Those who wish to join the club should sign here.) 由于被严重困扰，这个人几乎失去了记忆。 The man, having been disturbed so badly, almost lost his memory. (The man, who had been disturbed so badly, almost lost his memory.),如何将定语从句简化为分词短语 1. 去掉主语的关系代词（who, which, that） 2. 动词改为分词：现在分词表示“正在，主动” 过去分词表示“完成，被动” e.g. The book which belongs to Mary is lost. = The book belonging to Mary is lost. Mary bought a camera which was made in Japan. = Mary bought a camera made in Japan.,2、作表语,分词作表语表示主语的某种性质或状态。如： She was too frightened to move. What you said is really inspiring. This book is very interesting. I am interested in this book.,笑脸 smiling face =the face that is smiling 失望的样子 disappointed look =the look that shows one is disappointed,3、作宾语补足语,可以跟宾语补足语的谓语动词有: see, watch, hear, keep, find, have, get 等: I saw him walking in the street. We found the house stolen.,现在分词与宾语之间是主动关系，而过去分词与宾语之间是被动关系。 I saw the naughty boy hitting the dog. I felt the house shaking. I heard my name called I found the egg eaten by a snake. I cant make myself understood because of my broken English.,该题考查过去分词作宾语补足语的用法。The plan 与carry out 的关系是被动关系。,C,选词填空： A）I heard my brother ( singing , sung ) in the next room. B）I heard the song ( singing , sung ) in English .,注： 1. feel , hear , notice， see , watch等后面既可以用现在分词作宾语补足语，也可用不带to的不定式来充当。 I saw him crossing the street. I saw him cross the street. 用现在分词作宾语补足语，强调分词动作在发生和进行之中；用不带to的不定式来充当宾语补足语，则着重说明不定式动作从发生到结束的全过程。,4、作状语 (句子主语和分词的逻辑主语要一致),（1）表示时间 Arriving in Paris, I lost my way. Seen from the mountain, this city looks very beautiful at night.,表示与主句中谓语动词同时性的现在分词强调时间意义时，分词前可以加上while, when等从属连接词。如： While flying over the channel , the pilot saw what he thought to be a UFO. When crossing the street, do be careful.,（2）表示原因 Having lived in London for years, I almost know every place quite well. 在伦敦住过多年，我几乎对每个地方都很熟悉。 Seriously injured, he had to be taken to hospital.由于伤得严重，只好把他送往医院。,（3）表示方式或伴随情况 I stood by the door, not daring to say a word./ waiting for the bus. The bandits fled into the mountains, pursued by the policemen. （4）表示条件 United, we stand; divided, we fall. Being more careful, you can make fewer mistakes.,（5）表示结果 大火持续了近一个月，几乎没剩下什么有用的东西。 The fire lasted nearly a month, leaving nothing valuable. 80多个国家都踢足球，因此足球成了一种很流行的运动 Football is played in more than 80 countries, making it a popular sport. 。,现在分词的被动式和完成式,被动式： being done 表示一个现在进行的动作。 The building being repaired is our library. The question being discussed is very important. As we approached the village, we saw new houses being put up.,完成式：having done 所表示的动作在谓语动词所表示的动作之前发生。 Having been to the Great Wall many times, he didnt go there last week. Having turned off the radio, he began to go over his lessons. Not having received his fathers letter, he decided to make a call to him.,如何将状语从句简化为分词短语 分词短语是由状语从句变换而来的，用以表示 时间、原因、条件、让步及伴随情况。 I. 若状语从句与主句的主语相同时： 1）去连词 2）去主语 3）动词变分词 即：(从句) 连词+ 主语 + V. , （主句）主语 + V. V.ing / Done, 主语+ V. e.g. If you turn to the right, youll find the school. Turning to the right, youll find the school.,As he was driven by hunger, he stole a cake. Being driven by hunger, he stole a cake. Driven by hunger, he stole a cake. When it is seen from the mountain, this city looks very beautiful at night. Seen from the mountain, this city looks very beautiful at night.,II. 若状语从句与主句的主语不同时： 1）去连词 2）前面的主语留下 3) 动词分词 e.g. As it was fine, I went fishing with my father. It being fine, I went fishing with my father.,独立主格结构 分词短语作状语时，其逻辑主语就是句子的 主语，否则，就必须在分词前另加上自己的 逻辑主语, 这个结构叫独立主格结构。 独立主格结构常放在句首。表示时间、条 件、原因时，其作用分别相当于个时间、条 件、原因状语从句。表示伴随方式时，相 当于一个并列句。如：,If weather permits, well have a picnic. = Weather permitting, well have a picnic. As there was no taxi, we had to walk last night. =There being no taxi, we had to walk last night.,吃完晚饭后，我们开始讨论野餐的事。 Supper finished (=After supper was finished), we started to discuss the picnic. 由于所有的票都卖出去了，我们只好等着看下周的演出。 All the tickets having been sold out (=As all the tickets had been sold out), we had to wait for the next weeks show.,The soldier lay there, his leg _ (流血). The soldier lay there and his leg _. There _ (有) no bus, we had to take a taxi. Since there _ no bus, we had to take a taxi. We sat outside the operating room, she _ (哭)and I_ (安慰)her.,bleeding,was bleeding,being,was,crying,comforting,The electricity _(切断), we couldnt watch TV. As the electricity _ , we couldnt watch TV.,was cut off,cut off,表示独立主格结构中的being常省略。如： The football match (being) over, crowds of people poured out into the street. 足球赛刚结束，人群便涌到大街上。 Nobody (being) in, I didnt enter the hall. 里面没有人，我没进大厅。,表示伴随方式的独立主格结构，有时可用 “with宾语宾语补足语”的结构来替换，其宾 语补足语可以是现在分词、过去分词、不定式、 形容词、副词、介词短语等，。如： He came out of the office with his eyes shinning. Mr. Smith made his experiment with the door locked. I would miss the train, with no one to wake me up.,He lay there thinking, with his hands behind his head (= his hands behind his head). 他双手放在头下，躺在那里思考着。 The river looks more beautiful, with flowers and grass growing on both sides (= flowers and grass growing on both sides). 这条河看上去更加漂亮，因为两岸长满了鲜花和绿草。,1. A number of cars _(属于) the people in the building were destroyed. 2. On a _(freeze) morning, the little match girl was found _ in the street. 3. _ (not receive) a reply, he wrote again.,belonging to,freezing,frozen,Not having received,4. The conference _(hold) now in Zhuhai is an international conference. 5. The spaceship _ (launch) next week is the first manned spaceship in China. 6. The boy rushed out to play, _ (leave) some of his homework _ (unfinish),being held,to be launched,leaving,unfinished,7. Who could have imagined such a sweet girl as Alice _(do) such a cruel thing?,doing,改 错,It took her two hours finishing her homework.,It took her two hours to finish her homework.,2. Can you imagine Peter to sail across the Atlantic Ocean all by himself?,Peter sailing / Peters sailing,3. Go on doing the other exercise after you have finished this one.,Go on to do,4. There was terrible noise followed the sudden burst of light.,following,5. I would appreciate you to call me back this afternoon.,you calling / you for calling,5. I must apologize for not to let you know it earlier.,not letting you know,6. Losing in thought, he almost ran into the car in front of him.,Lost in thought,7. European football is played in 80 countries, makes it a most popular sport.,making it,8. Suffered such heavy pollution already, it may now be too late for us to clean up the river.,Having suffered,9. She looks forward every Spring to walk in the flower-lined garden.,to walking,9. The boy spends as much time as he
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