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名词性从句,概念：一个句子， 在连词的引导下，在另一个句子中充当名词使用，叫名词从句 名词性从句包括：主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句 名词性从句可以表示：事实和问题。 1.连接词有： that whether 和 lf 2.连接代词有：who whom whose which what 等 3.连接副词有：when where why how 等 另外 whatever， whoever， whichever等 也可以引导主语和宾语两种从句。 名词性从句中的“that”没有词义，也不作任何成分,在名词性从句中一律用陈述句的语序，即使从句表达的是疑问含义。,The problem is what he has done to the little boy.,问题是他对那个小男孩做了些什么。,1. 主语从句,在句中作主语的句子叫主语从句。,主语从句通常由从属连词that，whether 和连接代词what, who, which, whatever, whoever以及连接副词how,when,where, why等词引导。,that在从句中无词义，只起连接作用；连接代词和连接副词在句中既保留自己的疑问含义、又起连接作用，在从句中充当成分。,What he wants to tell us is not clear.,他要跟我们说什么，还不清楚。,Who will win the match is still unknown.,Where the English evening will be held has not yet been announced.,That he stole a bike was true.,单个的主语从句作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。如果是两个或两个以上的主语从句作主语，谓语动词则用复数形式。,Where and when he was born has not been found.,When the person was murdered and why he was murdered are still unknown.,有时为避免句子头重脚轻，常用it 代替主语从句作形式主语放于句首，而把主语从句置于句末。主句的谓语动词一般用单数形式。常用句型如下：,1）It + be + 名词 + that从句 2）It + be + 形容词 + that从句,3）It + be + 动词的过去分词 + that从句 4）It + 不及物动词 + that 从句,It is known to us how he became a writer.,我们都知道他是如何成为一名作家的。,It is a pity that its a shame that Its no wonder that It is suggested that Its requested that Its proposed that, Its desired that,注意:在主语从句中用来表示惊奇、不相信、惋惜、理应如此等语气时，谓语动词要用虚拟语气 “(should) +do”，常用的句型有：,It is necessary Its important, Its natural strange, etc.) that ,1 _ he made an important speech at the meeting was true. A. That B. Why C. What D. How 2. _well go camping tomorrow depends on the weather . A If B Whether C That D Where 3._ is known to us all is that America is a developed country _ the First World. A. Which; belong to B. As, belonged to C. What; belonging to D. It; belonging to 4. Its known to us all _ a form of energy . A. water is B. that water is C. is water D. that water to 5. It worried her a bit _ her hair was turning gray. A. whether B. that C. what D. when 6.What I say and think _ none of your business. A. is B. are C. has D have,A,B,D,B,B,A,2. 宾语从句,名词句用作宾语的从句叫宾语从句。,引导宾语从句的关联词与引导主语从句表语从句的关联词大致一样，在句中可以作谓语动词或介词及非谓语动词的宾语。,1.)由连接词that引导的宾语从句,由连接词that引导宾语从句时，that在句中不担任任何成分，在口语或非正式的文体中常被省去，但如从句是并列句时,第二个分句前的that不可省。,He has told me that he will go to Shanghai tomorrow.,We must never think (that) we are good in everything while others are good in nothing.,注意:在demand, order, suggest, advise, decide, insist, desire, request, command等表示要求、命令、建议、决定等意义的动词后，宾语从句常用 “should+ 动词原形”。,I insist that she (should) do her work alone.,The commander ordered that troops (should) set off at once.,但是, 如果suggest作“表明、暗示”讲, insist作“坚持说、坚持认为”讲，则其后的宾语从句中应该用陈述语气。,The smile on his face suggested that he had passed the examination.,2)用who，whom, which, whose, what, when, where, why, how, whoever, whatever, whichever等关联词引导的宾语从句相当于特殊疑问句，应注意句子语序要用陈述语序。,I want to know what he has told you.,She always thinks of how she can work well.,She will give whoever needs help a warm support.,3)用whether或if引导的宾语句,whether和if均可引导动词后的宾语从句，常可互换。但从句中有or not时或介词后的宾语从句中只能用whether连接。其它名词性从句，如：主语从句、表语从句、同位语从句只用whether.,Whether there is life on the moon is an interesting question.,The question is whether she should have a low opinion of the test?,Everything depends on whether we have enough money.,I dont care about whether you have money or not.,介词后的宾语从句一般不用which和if引导，要用whether和what。that也很少引导介词宾语从句，只在except, but, besides等之后才用。,I wonder whether he will come or not.,Can you tell me whether to go or to stay?,4)宾语从句中的时态呼应,宾语从句的谓语动词时态受主句谓语动词的影响，如果主句的谓语动词是一般现在时从句中的谓语动词可以用各种时态；,I know that he studies English every day.,I know (that) he will study English next year.,We all know that he has studied English since 1998.,I know that he studied English last term.,如果主句中的谓语动词用了一般过去时，则从句中的语动只能用过去时的某种形式，如一般过去时，过去进行时，过去将来时等；,We believed that he had earned enough money to build a house.,The teacher told us that Tom had left us for America,当从句表示的是客观真理，科学原理，自然现象，则从句仍用现在时态。,The teacher told us that the sun rises in the east.,5)当主句是I/ We think (suppose, expect, believe, guess, imagine) 时，其后的宾语从句如果是否定形式，常把否定词not从从句中转移到主句中成为否定的转移。,We dont believe that he will win the game.,I dont think he will do so.,6)如果宾语从句后还有宾语补足语，则必须用it作形式宾语，而将宾语从句后置，并且that不能省略。,He has made it clear that he will not give in.,连接代词whoever，whatever，whichever可引导名词性从句，相当于anyone who, anything that等。它们也可以引导让步状语从句，相当于 no matter who/ what/ which。,Whoever breaks the law should be punished.,1.The teacher told his class that light _ faster than sound. (travel) 2.The radio says it _ cloudy tomorrow. (be) 3.The headmaster hopes everything _ well. (go) 4.Tom says that they _ (play) basketball yesterday evening. 5.I hear they _ (return) it already. 6.He said that they _ members of the Party since 1948. (be) 7. I didnt know what time he _ the letter. (write) 8. Could you tell me who _ away the book already? (take) 9. Ling Feng told me he _ to the Great Wall several times. (be),travels,were playing,have returned,had been,wrote,has taken,had been,goes,will be,三. 表语从句：从句在句中充当表语成分，一般放在连系动词之后.,1 它的作用：对主语进行解释说明。 连接词：that / whether /as if /as though（ if 不引导表语从句)、because 连接代词：who / whom / whose / which / what 连接副词：when / where / why / how / The question is whether we can rely on him. Thats because we were in need of money at that time . He looked as if he was going to cry . Thats why I was late/ where I will go .,It looks as if it is going to rain.,This is because he missed the train by one minute.,需要注意的是，当主语是reason 时，表语从句要用that引导而不是because。,The reason why he was late was that he missed the train by one minute this morning.,1. Thats _ the Party called on us to do. A. why B. what C. how D. that 2. The reason is _ he is unable to operate the machine. A. because B. why C. that D. Whether 3 .That is _ they separated. A. that B. what C. which D. where 4.Jane is no longer _ she was four years ago. A. what B. which C. that D. when,B,C,D,A,四同位语从句：从句在句中充当同位语成分，其一般跟在一些抽象名词（ idea ；belief ； fact ； truth ； problem ；news 等）后面，对名词作进一步解释说明.,1 同位语从句常用 that 引导或用连接副词when / where/why / how / whether 1) The idea that computers can recognize human voices surprises many people . 2) Word came that Napoleon himself was coming to inspect them . 3).They had a problem whether they should go out tonight. （连接代词一般不连接同位从句）,Tell the difference,1.The news that the plane would take off on time made everybody happy. 2.The news that is spreading around the airport is that a heavy storm is coming.,3.The suggestion that students should learn something practical is worth considering. 4.The suggestion that they are considering is that students should learn something practical.,同位语从句,同位语从句,定语从句,定语从句,2 同位语从句和定语从句的区别：,1） 同位语从句that 只起连接作用，不作任何成分 定语从句 that 是关系代词，起连接作用和充 当宾语和主语 2） 同位语从句that 不能省 定语从句that 在从句中作宾语时，可以省 I have heard the news that he visited our factory . I have heard the news that he told you yesterday .,考点一：考查名词性从句的引导词 that 与 what 的区别,考例（ 1 ）： _we cant get seems better than _we have.（NMET1996） A. What； what B. What； that C. That； that D. That； what,分析：在名词性从句中 that 与 What 的区别是： that 在从句中不充当句子成分，只起连接作用；而 what 不仅起连接作用，而且也可充当句子成分。此题考查了两个名词性从句：主语从句和宾语从句， what 在这两个名词性从句中都作宾语。,考例 （2）： It worried her a bit _ her hair was turning grey.A. while B. if C. that D. for,分析：句首的先行词 It 作形式主语，真正的主语是后面的从句“ that her hair was turning grey”。 此句也可以改为： That her hair was turning grey worried her a bit. that 在主语从句中不充当句子成分，只起连接作用。,考点二：考查名词性从句中的 it 作形式主语或形式宾语,考例 （1）： _is a fact that English is being accepted as an international language.（NMET1995）A. There B. This C. That D. It,分析：在名词性从句中为了保持句子的平衡，往往用先行词 it 作形式主语或形式宾语，而把真正的主语和宾语放到后面，尤其是 that 引导的主语从句往往用先行词 it 作形式主语。此句也可以改写为： That English is being accepted as an international language is a fact.,考例（ 2 ） ： I hate _when people talk with their mouths full. （NMET1998） A. it B. that C. this D. them,分析：此题考查用先行词 it 作形式宾语，而把真正的宾语从句放到后面。其他代词均不能作形式主语或形式宾语。,考点三：考查名词性从句的语序,考例： The photographs will show you _. （NET1999） A. what does our village look like B . what our village looks like C. how does our village look like D. how our village looks like,分析：在名词性从句中，关联词要提到句首，句子用陈述句语序。当关联词含有疑问的意义时，考生受习惯影响往往会错误地使用疑问句语序。克服这种错误的关键是要找准从句中的主语和谓语。本题中引导词 what 作介词 like 的宾语，而副词 how 不能作介词 like 的宾语，所以排除 C 、 D ；而 A 项是疑问句语序，故只能选 B .,考点四：考查名词性从句的引导词 whether 与 if 及 that 的区别,考例： _well go camping tomorrow depends on the weather .（NMET1996） A. If B. Whether C. That D. Where,分析： whether 与 if （意为“是否”）的区别是：在引导宾语从句时两者可以互换，但引导介词后边的宾语从句或从句后面紧跟 or not 时只能用 whether， 而不能用 if .在引导主语从句、表语从句和同位语从句时，只能用 whether， 而不能用 if ，例如：,1.Whether it is true remains a problem. 这件事是否真实还是个问题。 2.What the doctors really doubt is whether my mother will recover from the serious disease soon. （上海 2001 ）医生真正怀疑的是我母亲能否很快从重病中恢复过来。 3.I am in doubt whether I should agree to the plan. 我不知道自己是否该同意这计划。,注：以上三句分别为主语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。只能用 whether 引导，不能用 if .,考点五：从句中的“疑问词 +ever” 引导的从句与“ no matter+ 疑问词”引导的从句的区别,考例（ 1 ） ：_leaves the room last ought to turn off the lights. A. Anyone B. The person C. Whoever D. Who,分析： Whoever 引导的是主语从句，强调“无论谁”，它在主语从句中作主语，相当于 anyone who 或 the person who. 如果要选 A 或 B ，必须在它们后面再加上引导定语从句的关系代词 who. 如果选 D 就体现不出“无论谁”的含义了。,考例（ 2 ） ：Sarah hopes to become a friend of _shares her interests. （1995）A. anyone B. whomeverC. whoever D. no matter who,分析：“疑问词 +ever ”引导的名词性从句与“ no matter+ 疑问词”引导的从句的区别是：前者既可以引导名词性从句也可以引导让步状语从句，后者只能引导让步状语从句。首先排除 A 和 D ，又因为从句中缺少的是主语，故排除 B .,考点六：考查名词性从句中的虚拟语气,考例： It is necessary that a college student _at least a foreign language A. masters B. should master C. mastered D. will master,分析： It 作形式主语， that 引导的主语从句中的谓语动词要用虚拟语气。,1. _made the school proud was _more than 90%of the students had been admitted to key universities . A What / because B What / that C That / what D That / because 2._she couldnt understand was _ fewer and fewer students showed interest in her lessons . A What / why B That / what C What / because D Why / that 3. He is absent from school . It is _ he is seriously ill. A. why B. because C. that D. the reason 4. _has helped to save the drowning girl is worth praising . A. Who B. The one C. Anyone D. Whoever 5. Information has been put forward _ more middle school graduates will be admitted into universities . A. that B. how C. where D. what,6. I drove to Zhuhai for the air show last week . - Is that _you had a few days off ? A. why B. when C. what D. where 7 Are you still thinking about yesterdays game ? - Oh ,thats _. A. what makes me feel excited B. whatever I feel excited about C. how I feel about it D. when I feel excited 8. _ fashion differs from country to country may reflect the cultural differences from one aspect . A. What B. That C. This D. Which 9. When you answer questions in a job interview ,please remember the golden rule :Always give the monkey exactly _ he wants . A. what B. which C. when D. that,A,A,B,A,11. We made the suggestion that he _ his work . A. continues B. continue C. continued D. had continued 12.There will be a special price for _ buys things in large number here. A. who B. whom C. whoever D. Whomever 13. Mary wrote an article on _ the team had failed to win the game . A. why B. what C. who D. that (05) 14.The poor young man is ready to accept _ help he can get. (05) A. whichever B. however C. whatever D.whenever 15.Many newspaper printed the governors statement _ would support a tax cut. A.and he B. was that he C. which he D. that he,B,C,A,C,D,16._ man must fear when traveling in space is radiation from the sun. A. Which B. How C. What D. That 17.It is generally considered unwise to give a child _ he or she wants. A. However B. whatever C. whichever D. whenever 18. Can you make sure _ the gold rings? A. where she had put B. where had she put C. where she has put D. where has she put 19.The reason that has been such a success _ he never gives up. A. is B. is because C. is that D. is what 20. _ breaks the law should be punished. A. Whoever B. No matter who C. anyone D. who,C,B,C,C,A,
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