2019年全国研究生考试英语三真题.doc

2019年全国研究生考试英语（三）真题Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word (s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET (10 points)Today we live in a world where GPS systems, digital maps, and other navigation apps areavailable on our smart phones. I of us just walk straight into the woods without a phone. Butphones 2 on batteries, and batteries can die faster than we realize, 3 you get lost withouta phone or a compass, and you 4 cant find north, a few tricks to help you navigate_5 tocivilization, one of which is to follow the land.When you find yourself well 6 a trail, but not in a completely 7 area, you have toanswer two questions: Which 8 is downhill, in this particular area? And where is the nearestwater source? Humans overwhelmingly live in valleys, and on supplies of fresh water._9 ,ifyou head downhill, and follow any H20 you find, you should 10 see signs of peopleIf youve explored the area before, keep an eye out for familiar sights-you may be 11how quickly identifying a distinctive rock or tree can restore your bearings.Another 12 Climb high and look for signs of human habitation. 13 even in densefores, you should be able to 14 gaps in the tree line due to roads, train tracks, and otherpaths people carve 15 the woods. Head toward these 16 to find a way out. At mightcan the horizon for 17 light sources such as fires and streetlights, then walk toward the glowof light pollution.18 , assuming youre lost in an area humans tend to frequent, look for the 19 weleave on the landscape. Trail blazes tire tracks. and other features can 20 you to civilization.1. ASome BMost C Few D All2. Aput Btake C run D come3. ASince BIf CThough D until4. AFormally Brelatively C gradually D literally5. A back Bnext C around D away6. A onto Boff Cacross D alone7. A unattractive Buncrowded Cunchanged Dunfamiliar8.A site Bpoint Cway D place9. A So BYet CInstead D BesideslO. A immediately B intentionally C unexpectedly Deventually11. A surprised B annoyed C frightened Dconfused12. A problem Boption Cview D result13. A Above all B In contrast COn average D For example14. Abridge B avoid Cspot D separate15. Aform Bthrough C beyond D Under16. A posts Blinks C shades Dbreaks17. A artificial B mysterious Chidden Dlimited18. A Finally BConsequently CIncidentally D Generally19. A memories Bmarks Cnotes Dbelongings20. Arestrict Badopt C lead D exposeSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts, Answer the questions each text by choosing A B. C or D.Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET (40 points)Text 1Financial regulators in Britain have imposed a rather unusual rule on the bosses of big banks.Starting next year. any guaranteed bonus of top executives could be delayed 1o years if their banks are under investigation for wrongdoing. The main purpose of this clawback rule is to hold bankers accountable for harmful risk taking and to restore public trust in financial institution, Yet officials also hope for a much larger benefit: more long term decision-making not only by banks but by all corporations, to build a stronger economy for future generations.“Short-termism” or the desire for quick profits, has worsened in publicly traded companies.says the Bank of Englands top economist. Andrew Haldane. He quotes a gaint of classicaleconomics, Alfred Marshall in describing this financial impatience as acting like Children whopick the plums out of their pudding to eat them at once” rather than putting them aside to be eaten last.The average time for holding a stock in both the United States and Britain. he notes hasdropped from seven years to seven months in recent decades. Transient investors, who demandhigh quarterly profits from companies, can hinder a firms efforts to invest in lone-term researchor to build up customer loyalty. This has been dubbed quarterly capitalism”.In addition, new digital technologies have allowed more rapid trading of equities quicker useof information, and thus shorters attention spans in financial markets. There seems to be apredominance of short- term thinking at the expense of long-term investing,” said CommissionerDaniel Gallagher of the US Securities and Exchange Commission in a speech this week.In the US, the Sarbanes-Oxley Acl of 2002 has pushed most public companies to deferperformance bonuses for senior executives by about a year, slightly helping reduceshort-termism. In its latest survey of CEO pay The Wall street Journal finds thata substantial partof executive pay is now tied to performance.Much more could be done to encourage long-termism, such as changes in the tax codeand quicker disclosure of stock acquisitions. In France, shareholders who hold onto a companyinvestment for at least two years can sometimes can more voting rights in a company.Within companies, the right compensation design can provide incentives for executives tothink beyond their own time at the company and on behalf of all stakeholders, Britains new rule is a reminder to bankers that society has an interest in their performance not just for the short term but for the long term.21. According to Paragraph 1, one motive in imposing the new rule is theA. enhance bankers sense of responsibilityB help corporations achieve larger profitsC. build a new system of financial regulationD. guarantee the bonuses of top executives22. Alfred Marshall is quoted to indicateA. the conditions for generating quick profitsB. governments impatience in decision-makingC. the solid structure of publicly traded companiesD. short-termism in economic activities23. It is argued that the influence of transient investment on public companies can beA. indited B. adverse C. minimal D temporary24. The US and France examples and used to illustrateA. the obstacles to preventing short-termism.B. the significance or long term thinking.C. the approaches to promoting long-termism.D. the prevalence of short-term thinking.25. Which of the following would be the best title for the textA. Failure of Quarterly CapitalismB. Patience as a Corporate VirtueC. Decisiveness Required of Top ExecutivesD. Frustration of Risk-taking BankersText 2Grade inflation-the gradual increase in average GPAs (grade-point averages) over the pastfew decades-is often considered a product of a consumer era in higher education, in whichstudents are treated like customers to be pleased. But another, related force -a policy often buried deep in course catalogs called grade forgiveness- is helping raise GPAs.Grade forgiveness allows students to retake a course in which they received a low grade, andthe most recent grade or the highest grade is the only one that counts in calculating a studentsoverall GPA.The use of this little-known practice has accelerated in recent years, as colleges continue todo their utmost to keep students in school (and paying tuition) and improve their gradation rates.When this practice fir started decades ago, it was usually limited to freshmen, to give them asecond chance to take a class in their first year if they struggled in their transition to college-levelcourses. But now most colleges, save for many selective campuses, allow all undergraduates, andeven graduate students, to get their low grades forgiven.College officials tend to emphasize that the goal of grade forgiveness is less about the gradeitself and more about encouraging students to retake courses critical to their degree program andgradation without incurring a big penalty. Untimely. said Jack Mine, Ohio State Universitysregistrar. we see students achieve more success because they retake a course and do better insubsequent contents or master the content that allows them to graduate on time.That said, there is a way in which grade forgiveness satisfies colleges own needs as well. Forpublic institutions state finds are sometimes tied partly to their success on metrics such asgraduation rates and student retention so better grades can, by boosting figures like those, meanmore money. And anything that raises GPAs will likely make students who, at the end of the dayare paying the bill-feel theyve gotten a better value for their tuition dollars, which is another bigconcern for colleges.Indeed grade forgiveness is just another way that universities are responding to consumersexpectations for higher education. Since students and parents expect a college degree to lead to a job, it is in the best interest of a school to tum out gradates who are as qualified as possible-orat least appear to be. On this, students and colleges incentives seem to be aligned.26. What is commonly regarded as the cause of grade inflation?A. The change of course catalogs.B. Students indifference to GPAS.C Colleges neglect of GPAS.D. The influence of consumer culture.27. What was the original purpose of grade forgivenessA. To help freshmen adapt to college learning.B. To maintain colleges graduation rates.C. To prepare graduates for a challenging future.D. To increase universities income from tuition.28. According to Paragraph 5. grade forgiveness enables collegesA. obtain more financial support.B. boost their student enrollments.C. improve their teaching quality.D. meet local governments needs.29. What does the phrase “to be aligned” (Line 5. Para. 6) most probably mean?A. To counterbalance each otherB. To complement each other.C. To be identical with each otherD. To be contradictory to each other.30. The author examines the practice of grade forgiveness byA assessing its feasibilityB.analyzing the causes behind it.C. comparing different views on it.D. listing its long-run effectsText 3This year marks exactly two centuries since the publication of Frankenstein, or. The ModemPrometheus by Mary Shelley. Even before the invention of the electric light bulb, the authorproduced a remarkable work of speculative fiction that would foreshadow many chical questionsto be raised by technologies yet to come.Today the rapid growth of artificial intelligence (An) raises fundamental questions: What isintelligence, identity, or consciousness? what makes humans humans?What is being called artificial general intelligence, machines that would imitate the wayhumans think continues to evade scientists. Yet humans remain fascinated by the idea of robotsthat would look, move, and respond like humans, similar to those recently depicted on popularsci-fi Tv series such asWestworld andHumans.Just how people think is still far too complex to be understood let alone reproduced, saysDavid Eagleman, a Stanford University neuroscientist, We are just in a situation where there areno good theories explaining what consciousness actually is and how you could ever build a machine to get there.”But that doesnt mean crucial ethical issues involving Al arent at hand. The coming use ofautonomous vehicles. for example poses thorny ethical questions. Human drivers sometimemake split-second decisions. Their reactions may be a complex combination of instant reflexes.input from past driving experiences, and what their eyes and ears tell them in that moment. AIvisiontoday is not nearly as sophisticated as that of humans. And to anticipate every imaginable driving situation is a difficult programming problem.Whenever decisions are based on masses of data. you quickly get into a lot of ethicalquestions, notes Tan Kiat How, chief executive of a Singapore-based agency that is helping thegovernment develop a voluntary code for the ethical use of Al. Along with Singapore, othergovernments and mega-corporations are beginning to establish their own guidelines. Britain issetting up a data ethics center. India released its Al ethics strategy this spring.On June 7 Google pledged not todesign or deploy Ar that would causeoverall harm, orto develop Al-directed weapons or use Al for surveillance that would violate international norms.It also pledged not to deploy AI whose use would violate international laws or human rights.While the statement is vague, it represents one starting point, So does the idea that decisions made by Al systems should be explainable, transparent. and fair.To put it another way. How can we make sure that the thinking of intelligent machines reflects humanitys highest values? Only then will they be useful servants and not Frankensteins out-of-control monster.31. Mary Shelleys novel Frankenstein is mentioned becauseA. fascinates Al scientists all over the worldB.has remained popular for as long as 200 years.C. involves some concerns raised by Al todayD.has sparked serious ethical controversies32. In David Eaglemans opinion, our current knowledge of consciousnessA. helps explain artificial intelligence.B. can be misleading to robot makingC. inspires popular sci-fi TV seriesD.is too limited for us to reproduce it33.The solution to the ethical issues brought by autonomous vehiclesA. can hardly ever be found.B. is still beyond our capacityC. causes little public concernD.has aroused much curiosity34. The authors attitude toward Googles pledges is one ofA. Affirmation B. skepticism C. contempt D. respect35. Which of the following would be the best title for the text?A. Als Future: In the Hands of Tech giantsB. Frankenstein, the Novel Predicting the Age of AC. The Conscience of Al: Complex But InevitableD. AI Shall Be Killers once out of ControlText 4States will be able to force more people to pay sales tax when they make online purchasesunder a Supreme Court decision Thursday that will leave shoppers with lighter wallets but is a bigfinancial win for states.The Supreme Courts opinion Thursday overruled a pair of decades-old decisions that statessaid cost them billions of dollars in lost revenue annually. The decisions made it more difficult forstates to collect sales tax on certain online purchases.The cases the court overturned said that if a business was shipping a customers purchase to a state where the business didnt have a physical presence such as a warehouse or office. thebusiness did t have to collect sales tax for the state. Customers were generally responsible forpaying the sales tax to the state themselves if they werent charged it, but most didnt realize they owed it and few paid.Justice Anthony Kennedy wrote that the previous decisions were flawed. Each year thephysical presence rule becomes further removed from economic reality and results in significantrevenue losses to the States. he wrote in an opinion joined by four other justices, Kennedy wrote that the rule limited states ability to seek long-term prosperity and has prevented marketparticipants from competing on an even playing field.”The ruling is a victory for big chains with a presence in many states, since they usuallycollect sales tax on online purchases already Now, rivals will be charging sales tax where theyhadnt before, Big chains have been collecting sales tax nationwide because they typically havephysical stores in whatever state a purchase is being shipped to. Amazon. com. with its network of warehouses also collects sales tax in every state that charges it, though third-party sellers who use the site don t have to.Until now, many sellers that have a physical presence in only a single state or a few stateshave been able to avoid charging sales taxes when they ship to addresses outside those statesSellers that use eBay and Etsy. which provide platforms for smaller sellers, also hatcollecting sales tax nationwide. Under the ruling Thursday, states can pass lawsout. state sellers to collect the states sales tax from customers and send it to the staleRetail trade groups praised the ruling. saying it levels the playing field for local and onlinebusinesses. The losers, said retail analyst Neil Saunders, are online-only retailers especiallysmaller ones. Those retailers may face headaches complying with various state sales tax laws. TheSmall Business Entrepreneurship Council advocacy group said in a statement Smallbusinesses and internet entrepreneurs are not well served at all by this decision.36. The Supreme Court decision Thursday willA. Dette business relations with statesB. put most online business in a dilemmaC. make more online shoppers pay sules taxD. force some sates to ct sales tax37. It can be learned from paragraph 2 and 3 that the overruled decisionsA. have led to the domainance of e-commerceB. have cost consumers a lot over the yearsC. were widely criticized by online purchaseD. were consider unfavorable by states38. According to Justice Anthony Kennedy, the physical presence rule hasA. hindered economic developmentB. brought prosperity to the countryC. harmed fair market competitionD. Boosted growth in states, revenue39. Who are most likely to welcome the Supreme Court rulingA. Internet entrepreneursB. Big- chair ownersB. Third-party sellersD. Small retailers40. In dealing with the Supreme Court decision Thursday the authorA. gives a factual account of it and discusses its consequencesB. describes the long and complicated process of its makingC. presents its main points with conflicting views on themD. cities some saces related to it and analyzes their implicationsPart BDirections.The following paragraphs are given in a wrong order. For Questions 41-45. you are required to reorganize these paragraphs into a coherent article by choosing from the list A-G and filling then into the numbered boxes. Paragraphs C and F have been correctly placed. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)A. These tools can help you win every argument- not in the unhelpful sense of beating youropponents but in the better sense of learning about the issues that divide people learning why they disagree with us and learning to talk and work together with them. If we readjust our view of arguments-from a verbal fight or tennis game to a reasoned exchange through which we all gain mutual respect, and understanding-then we change the very nature of what it means towinan argument.B. Of course, many discussions are not so successful. Still, we need to be careful not to accuseopponents of bad arguments too quickly. We need to lean how to evaluate them properly. A largepart of evaluation is calling out bad arguments, but we also need to admit good arguments byopponents and to apply the same critical standards to ourselves. Humility requires you to recognize weakness in your own arguments and sometimes also to accept reasons on the opposite side.C. None of these will be easy but you can start even if others refuse to Next time you state yourposition, formulate an argument for what you claim and honestly ask yourself whether yourargument is any good. Next time you talk with someone who takes a stand, ask them to give you a reason for their view Spell out their argument fully and charitably. Assess its strength impartially. Raise