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第三讲 概要写作,典例展示,(2016浙江高考样题)阅读下面短文，根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。 Getting rid of dirt，in the opinion of most people，is a good thing.However，there is nothing fixed about attitudes to dirt. In the early 16th century，people thought that dirt on the skin was a means to block out disease，as medical opinion had it that washing off dirt with hot water could open up the skin and let ills in.A particular danger was thought to lie in public baths.By 1538，the French king had closed the bath houses in his kingdom.So did the King of England in 1546.Thus began a long time when the rich and the poor in Europe lived with dirt in a friendly way.Henry ，King of France，was famously dirty.Upon learning that a nobleman had taken a bath，the King ordered that，to avoid the attack of disease，the nobleman should not go out.,Though the belief in the merit(好处) of dirt was long-lived，dirt has no longer been regarded as a nice neighbor ever since the 18 century.Scientifically speaking，cleaning away dirt is good to health.Clean water supply and hand washing are practical means of preventing disease.Yet，it seems that standards of cleanliness have moved beyond science since World War .Advertisements repeatedly sell the idea: Clothes need to be whiter than white，cloths ever softer，surfaces to shine.Has the hate for dirt，however，gone too far? Attitudes to dirt still differ hugely nowadays.Many first-time parents nervously try to warn their children off touching dirt，which might be responsible for the spread of disease.On the contrary，Mary Ruebush，an American immunologist(免疫学家)，encourages children to play in the dirt to build up a strong immune system.And the latter(后者) position is gaining some ground.,【参考范文】 People have mixed opinions about dirt on our skin.(要点1) For a long time in history，people of some European countries believed that dirt protected people from getting ill.(要点2) However，people began to change their attitudes towards dirt about 200 years ago.People have been told that washing dirt off our body can keep us healthy.(要点3) Yet，some scientists believe that exposure to some dirt may help our immune system.(要点4),一、审题,思路导航,二、要点分析 1.文章第一段就是本篇文章的主题句，亮明了总的观点：“However，there is nothing fixed about attitudes to dirt.”换句话说：“Different people have different attitudes towards dirt.”再结合下文谈到的主题可知“Different people have different attitudes towards dirt on the skin.”范文中的要点1“People have mixed opinions towards dirt on our skin.”概括非常精练。,2.第二段主要谈到了在16世纪，人们认为“dirt on the skin was a means to block out disease”尤以英、法两国的贵族为代表。结合第三段第一句“Though the belief in the merit(好处) of dirt was longlived，dirt has no longer been regarded as a nice neighbor ever since the 18 century.”可知，直到18世纪之前，人们都认为dirt是很“友好的”，有助于预防疾病。范文中的要点2“For a long time in history，people of some European countries believed that dirt protected people from getting ill.”很好地总结了这些要点。,3.第三段用“Though”引出人们对dirt观点的转变“.since the 18th century.Scientifically speaking，cleaning away dirt is good to health.”再结合本段最后一部分“Advertisements repeatedly sell the idea.”可得出要点3“However，people began to change their attitudes towards dirt about 200 years ago.People have been told that washing dirt off our body can keep us healthy.” 4.文章最后一段第一句指出，现在人们对于dirt的态度还是有所不同，“On the contrary”引出专家的观点，一位免疫学家认为dirt有助于增强免疫系统。这一观点得到了一些支持。范文中的要点4“Yet，some scientists believe that exposure to some dirt may help our immune system.”表达很恰切。,三、要点连接 在写完了要点之后，下一步的工作就是要把这些要点用适当的连接词进行连接，使上下句之间具有连贯性。本篇文章整篇结构是总分结构，要点2和要点3在观点上截然相反，因此，两者之间需要表示转折的连接词，范文用了“However”恰到好处。要点3和要点4在观点上又存在不同，因此，范文用了连接词“Yet”。,一、必备能力 概要写作是基于阅读理解和书面表达的有机结合体，是阅读理解和书面表达的沟通桥梁。这一题型主要考查学生对文章主旨大意的概括和准确获取关键词的能力，同时考查学生用简洁的语言概括文章重要信息的能力以及对文章整体结构的把握能力。因此考生必须具备以下三种能力： 1.要具有准确理解文章的能力 要看清楚文章的结构，设法反映出原文中的所有要点和作者的观点。,技法指导,2.要具有意义筛选的能力 学会区分事实和观点、重要和次要、普遍与特殊、相关与不相关、原因和结果等复杂的逻辑关系。 3.要具有用英文解释英文的能力 用自己简单的语言解释比较复杂的语言文字，切记不可抄袭原文。 二、写作步骤 1.阅读全文 首先要通读全文，对文章的体裁和大意有所了解。阅读时要快速地找到主题句，以便抓住中心，理解全文。考生还需要根据文章内容列出一个简单的提纲，以便在写作过程中不会遗漏要点，总结全面。,2.写出初稿 在写作过程中，考生要注意词数要求，使用精炼的句子概括文章的要点，可以引用所给阅读材料的重要词语，但不可过多，否则便失去了概要的意义；考生还需谨记：概要必须全面、清晰地表达所给阅读材料的信息，客观、准确地反映所给阅读材料的真实意图，不可随意添加或增减内容。 3.修正定稿 初稿完成后，要将其与所给阅读材料核对一遍，看原材料中的要点是否在概要中都得到了体现，语句间的衔接是否符合逻辑，同时还需要检查句子是否有错误，时态和语态的使用是否正确，标点、格式、大小写是否有误等。通过细致的修正与调整，力争使文章在各个方面都万无一失。,三、应试技巧 1.议论文,议论文类型的文章通常包括论点、论据和结论三部分，其关键是找出主题句或结论句。因此写议论文的概要主要是找出主题句、支撑句和结论句。若文中有一分为二的观点的，两种观点都要概括，不要漏掉其中一方的观点。概要模板：论点论据(结论)。 议论文可用以下开头语： The passage/author argues that.本文/作者主张 The passage/author highlights the importance of.本文/作者强调了的重要性。 The passage/author discusses the impact of.本文/作者讨论了的影响。 The passage/author pares.with.本文/作者比较了与,2.说明文,此类文章通常会有中心句(多在首段)，写概要时要注意找出中心句，抓住关键词，然后重组文章的信息，用自己的话表述出来。不同类型的说明文的几种参考模板： (1)描写某事物的性质功用。即“对象性质功用利好 ”：(In the passage) the writer introduces.(对象) to us.(性质或功用)(对象带来的利好) (2)针对某个问题提出解决方法或措施。即“问题解决方法”：The passage tells us.(问题)(方法1)(方法2)(方法3) (3)介绍某现象及其原因和结果。即“现象原因结果”：The author/writer said/talks about.(现象)(原因/本质1)(原因/本质2)(结果),说明文可用以下开头语： According to the passage，we can know.根据文章我们可知 This passage/article is mainly about.这篇文章主要是关于 In the passage，the writer/author mainly tells us.在这篇文章中作者主要告诉我们 A new study found.一个新的研究发现 The purpose of the report is to show.这一报告的目的是表明,3.记叙文,记叙文的概要，一般包括记叙文的六个要素：找出时间(when)，地点(where)，什么人(who)，做了什么事(what)，原因是什么(why)，结果怎么样(how)，也就是考生应先通读阅读短文，找出这六个要素，然后用自己的话将这六个要素串成几句话即可。当然，不一定每篇记叙文都包含这六个要素，但某人做了某事，结果如何是应当包括的。如果是夹叙夹议的文章，作者对故事的内容发表了议论，或指出了故事给人们的启示的，我们概括时要加上这一内容。因此，概要中一般应包括： (1)谁做了什么？(who did what),(2)结果怎么样？(what was the result) (3)文章揭示了什么？(包括作者的看法、观点、感悟，或写作目的。假如原文没有提及，概括时可以不写) 记叙文可用以下开头语： The passage/story is mainly about.本文/这个故事主要是关于 The author tells us a story about.作者告诉我们一个关于的故事 The passage is a story about.本文是一个关于的故事 According to the passage，we know.根据短文，我们知道,四、概要写作四项原则 1.概要写作时，一定要使用第三人称。 2.概要写作时，一定不可加入自己的观点。 3.概要写作时，一定不可对原文内容加以评论。 4.概要写作时，一定不要引入与原文内容无关的信息。,实战演练, 阅读下面短文，根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。 Are you shy? If you are，you are not alone.In fact，close to 50 percent of people are shy.Almost 80 percent of people feel shy at some point in their lives.These days，shyness is being more and more mon.Now，scientists are trying to understand shyness.They have some interesting ideas about why people are shy.,Is it possible to be born shy? Many scientists say yes.They say 15 to 20 percent of babies behave shyly.These babies are a little quieter and more watchful than other babies.Interestingly，these shy babies usually have shy parents.As a result，scientists think that some shyness is genetic. Family size might cause people to be shy as well.Scientists at Harvard University studied shy children.They found that 66 percent of them had older brothers and sisters.As a result，they became shy.At the same time，children with no brothers and sisters may be shy as well.Growing up alone，they often play by themselves.They are not able to learn the same social skills as children from big families.,You may also be shy because of where you were born.When scientists studied shyness in different countries，they found surprising differences.In Japan，most people said they were shy.But in Israel，only one of three people said so.What explains the difference? One scientist says the Japanese and Israelis have different opinions of failure.In Japan，when people do not succeed，they feel bad about themselves.They blame themselves for their failure.In Israel，the opposite is true.Israelis often blame failure on outside reasons，such as family，teachers，friends，or bad luck.In Israel，freedom of opinion and risk taking are strongly supported.This may be why Israelis worry less about failure and are less shy.,【写作指导】 本文是一篇说明文。这篇文章的主题段是第一段，主要告诉人们害羞是一种普遍的现象。因此，在概括时要把文章主题段的中心词(shy，mon，why)用自己的话概括出来。为了避免雷同，用自己的话概括时要注意同义词的转换，如原文中的why可用the reason转述。其次，还应注意不能遗漏要点，即害羞的原因，不同国家间的原因是不一样的以及专家给出的克服害羞的建议等。 最后，注意词数在60词左右，恰当使用过渡词与亮点句型，以使行文连贯。,【参考范文】 Shyness is mon and some reasons may account for it according to scientists.(要点1) They think shyness may e from genetics，family size and birth place.(要点2) For instance，younger children or the only child are more likely to be shy.(要点3)Israelis are less shy than Japanese because of their different attitudes towards failure.(要点4) To help people suffering from shyness，scientists also give some useful suggestions.(要点5), 阅读下面短文，根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。 Weve reached a strangesome would say unusualpoint.While fighting world hunger continues to be the matter of vital importance according to a recent report from the World Health Organization(WHO)，more people now die from being overweight than from being underweight.Its the good life thats more likely to kill us these days. Worse，nearly 18 million children under the age of five around the world are estimated to be overweight.Whats going on?,We really dont have many excuses for our weight problems.The dangers of the problem have been drilled into us by public-health campaigns since 2001 and the message is getting throughup to a point. In the 1970s，Finland，for example，had the highest rate of heart disease in the world and being overweight was its main cause.Not any more.A public-health campaign has greatly reduced the number of heart disease deaths by 80 percent over the past three decades. Maybe that explains why the percentage of people in Finland taking diet pills doubled between 2001 and 2005，and doctors even offer surgery of removing fat inside and change the shape of the body.No wonder it ranks as the worlds most body-conscious country.,【写作指导】 本文是一篇议论文。文章以论证的方式说明了优质生活导致的肥胖问题给人们的健康带来的危害，呼吁人们积极行动远离肥胖，不要再找借口。 写作时应注意把握文章要点：1.优质生活成了人们健康的杀手；2.始于2001年的公众健康运动让人们意识到肥胖的危害以及在减少肥胖方面所起的作用；3.人们采取消极行动去减肥；4.人们不要再找借口，应该积极采取行动远离肥胖。 写作时还应特别注意上下文的连贯和词数的要求。,【参考范文】 Nowadays，good life bees the killer of our health.(要点1) Since 2001，people have gradually realized the dangers of overweight by public-health campaigns.(要点2) But they took some negative measures to lose weight.(要点3) Although there are some excuses like lacking of exercise，good food or genes，people should act positively to lose weight.(要点4),
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