大学英语二讲义

Unit 1 how difficult is English1. literacy N-UNCOUNT 不可数名词读写能力；识字；有文化 Literacy is the ability to read and write. Many adults have some problems with literacy and numeracy. 很多成年人在读写和计算方面都有困难。2. fervor n. 热烈,热情 their fervor for the cause 对这一事业的热情 The speech aroused nationalist fervor. 这个演讲喚起了民族主义热情。3. sacrifice p74. invest p85. amount p86. involve vt. 包含；使参与，牵涉Running a kitchen involves a great deal of discipline and speed. 料理好厨房需要把一切都安排得规规矩矩，且要讲求速度。I seem to have involved myself in something I dont understand. 我似乎卷入了一件我并不知情的事情当中。7. inevitable 不可避免的;无法规避的;必然(发生)的 If something is inevitable, it is certain to happen and cannot be prevented or avoided. If the case succeeds, it is inevitable that other trials will follow.如果该案胜诉,其他审判必然随之而来。The defeat had inevitable consequences for British policy. 战败对英国政策不可避免地产生了影响。8. intelligible 可理解的;明白易懂的 Something that is intelligible can be understood.His lecture was readily intelligible to all the students. 他的讲课学生们都能轻松地听懂。This report would be intelligible only to an expert in computing. 只有计算机运算专家才能看懂这份报告。9. contribute p910. address 向说话 If you address someone or address a remark to them, you say something to them. The two foreign ministers did not address each other directly when they last met. 这两位外交部长在上次会面时并没有直接的言语交流。称呼（某人）；给冠以（某种称呼） If you address someone by a name or a title such as sir, you call them that name or title when you talk or write to them. I heard him address her as darling.我听见他称她为“亲爱的”。11. violate 违反，违背，违犯（协议、法律或承诺） If someone violates an agreement, law, or promise, they break it. They went to prison because they violated the law.他们触犯了法律，因此坐了牢。They violated the ceasefire agreement. 他们违反了停火协议。12. by the same token adv. 出于同样原因；由此类推She must be more reasonable, but by the same token you must try to understand her. 她得讲点理，可你也得尽量体谅她。13. hospitable 好客的;殷勤周到的;热情友好的 A hospitable person is friendly, generous, and welcoming to guests or people they have just met. The locals are hospitable and welcoming. 当地人热情好客。He was very hospitable to me when I came to New York. 我来到纽约时，他对我很热情周到。14. offhandedly 立即地;即席地;未经准备地 She had made these remarks offhandedly. 她即席做了这些评价。15. have a craving for渴望，渴求 .a craving for sugar. 非常想吃糖.her craving to be loved. 她渴望被爱16. devastating 毁灭性的，灾难性的；惊人的，可怕的It is the most devastating storm in 20 years. 这是20年来破坏性最大的风暴。17. fascinate 使着迷;迷住 If something fascinates you, it interests and delights you so much that your thoughts tend to concentrate on it. Politics fascinated Franklins father. 政治让富兰克林的父亲着迷。She fascinated him, both on and off stage. 不管是台上还是台下的她，都让他着迷。18. dishearten使沮丧, 使泄气Hes easily disheartened by difficulties.他一遇困难就灰心丧气。The bad news disheartened him.坏消息使他很泄气。19. confrontation 对抗;冲突 She wanted to avoid another confrontation with her father. 她想避免和父亲再次发生冲突。 We cant risk another confrontation with the union. 我们不能冒再次同工会对抗的危险。20. tolerance 宽容;容忍 his tolerance and understanding of diverse human nature 他对人性多面性的宽容与理解the acceptance and tolerance of other ways 对其他方法的接受与宽容21. have a good command of 能驾御，很会；精通What sort of software do you have a good command of? 你熟悉哪一类软件？ Employees in this company have to have a good command of English. 这间公司的职员都需要有良好的英语能力。22. overcome 克服；控制；战胜 If you overcome a problem or a feeling, you successfully deal with it and control it. Molly had fought and overcome her fear of flying. 莫莉已经努力克服了对飞行的恐惧。Find a way to overcome your difficulties. 找出办法战胜困难。23. protest 抗议；反对；申明申辩；申明 If you protest that something is the case, you insist that it is the case, when other people think that it may not be. When we tried to protest that Mo was beaten up, they didnt believe us. 我们试图申明莫遭到了毒打，他们却不相信我们。They were protesting soaring prices. 他们抗议物价暴涨。1、Like the national push for Asian literacy in Australia, there has been foreign languages fervor in china, with English on top of the list. 就如澳大利亚在全国推广学亚洲语言一样，中国也掀起一股外语热，在这股热潮中英语高居榜首。2、Is English such a difficult language that it really demands people to invest a large amount of time and energy before it is mastered? 英语真的有这么难，需要人们投入大量的时间和精力才能掌握吗？3、From my personal experience, I think learning English means far more than learning its pronunciation, grammatical rules, etc.从我个人的经验来看，英语学习不仅仅是指学习英语发音和语法规则等。4、Without a complete understanding of the language, the English a foreigner speaks will inevitably sound strange or even unintelligible though there is not anything wrong with his pronunciation, sentence structure and the words he uses. 对英语没有全面的理解，即便有完美的发音、句子结构、措词，一个外国人所讲的英语也会是稀奇古怪甚至难以理解的。5、Social customs and habits contribute to the difficulty in learning a foreign language. 社会风俗习惯增加了学习外语的难度。6、By the same token, “Have you eaten?” will sound to native English speakers that the Chinese are so hospitable that they invite people to meals off-handedly. 由于同样的原因，英语母语者听到“吃了吗？”，会觉得中国人非常好客，在事先毫无准备的情况下会请人吃饭。7、The foreigner will respond（回答） “Oh, its very nice of you. When?”, if he happens to have a craving（渴望） for Chinese cooking and has not had现在完成时 his dinner yet. 如果这位外国人此刻正希望品尝一下中国美食，而且又碰巧没有吃饭，他会回答：“太好啦，什么时候？”8、Chinese has nothing in common with English and China had little contact（联系） with the Western world in modern history. 汉字和英语这两种文字毫无共同之处，并且中国和西方世界在近代史上很少接触。9、The background（背景） knowledge of English fascinates（使着迷） large numbers of interested and determined（坚决的） English learners but at the same time disheartens（使气馁） quite a few. 英语背景知识既吸引了大量英语爱好者，也使许多人丧失信心。 （2006-4刚考过）10、The Western and Oriental values are found to be in confrontation（冲突） in learning English. 英语学习中，东西方价值观念是冲突的。11、Native English speakers are more gender（性别） blind （判断）when they mention their cousins. 在涉及表亲的时候，英语母语的人更容易混淆性别。12、A Chinese English learner could not have a good command of English unless he overcomes the cultural barriers（障碍物） in learning English. 中国人在英语学习中，只有克服文化障碍，才能很好地掌握英语。unit 4 dont let anger get the best of you1. crawl 爬行；缓慢行进I began to crawl on my hands and knees towards the door. 我开始手脚并用朝门口爬去。2. hostility 敌意，敌对状态There is open hostility between the two leaders. 两位领导人表现出公开的敌意。3. immune 免疫的；有免疫力的This blood test will show whether or not youre immune to the disease. 这个血检会显示你是否对这种疾病具有免疫力。不受影响的 If you are immune to something that happens or is done, you are not affected by it. Football is not immune to economic recession. 足球不可能不受到经济衰退的影响。4. release 释放;放出 If a person or animal is released from somewhere where they have been locked up or looked after, they are set free or allowed to go. He was released from custody the next day.第二天他被从拘留所里放了出来。He is expected to be released from hospital today. 他有望今天出院。5. evaluate 评估;评价 If you evaluate something or someone, you consider them in order to make a judgment about them, for example about how good or bad they are. They will first send in trained nurses to evaluate the needs of the individual situation.他们首先会派一些训练有素的护士来评估每个病人的需求。The market situation is difficult to evaluate. 市场状况难以评价。evaluation6. quotient 程度;系数 Quotient is used when indicating the presence or degree of a characteristic in someone or something. intelligence quotientsee: IQ; Being rich doesnt actually increase your happiness quotient.有钱不见得能提高你的幸福指数。7. mistreat （尤指在身体上）虐待 If someone mistreats a person or an animal, they treat them badly, especially by making them suffer physically. She has been mistreated by men in the past. 以前她受过男人的虐待。8. set off 使发怒If something sets a person off, it makes them angry9. justify 证明（决定、行为或想法）正当；表明必要 To justify a decision, action, or idea means to show or prove that it is reasonable or necessary. No argument can justify a war. 任何理由都不能为战争开脱。Ministers agreed that this decision was fully justified by economic conditions. 部长们一致同意，这个决定完全符合经济情况。justified （决定、行为或想法）正当的，合理的 If you describe a decision, action, or idea as justified, you think it is reasonable and acceptable. In my opinion, the decision was wholly justified. 我认为，这个决定完全合理。10. well up v. 涌出，涌现；拥上心头Tears well up in ones eyes. 泪如泉涌。11. impose on 强加(于) If you impose your opinions or beliefs on other people, you try and make people accept them as a rule or as a model to copy. Parents of either sex should beware of imposing their own tastes on their children. 父母双方都应切记不要把自己的喜好强加给孩子。12. dwell 沉湎于,唠叨,赘述(尤指令人不快的事) If you dwell on something, especially something unpleasant, you think, speak, or write about it a lot or for quite a long time. Id rather not dwell on the past. 我不想再沉湎于过去了。13. infraction （对规则、法律等的）违背；违犯；犯规；违法He was criticized for his infraction of the discipline. 他因违反纪律而受到了批评。14. abuse 不可数名词虐待；凌辱 Abuse of someone is cruel and violent treatment of them.15. keep track of 记录16. upsetting adj. 令人心烦意乱的，令人苦恼的I will never see him again and that is a terribly upsetting thought. 我将永远见不到他了，这个想法真让人不快。17. upbringing 抚育；培育；养育；教养 Your upbringing is the way that your parents treat you and the things that they teach you when you are growing up. Martins upbringing shaped his whole life.马丁的家庭教养影响了他的一生。Sams mother said her son had a good upbringing and schooling. 萨姆的母亲说她儿子家教好，受过良好教育。Unit 2 caught between two cultures1. raise p272. go through 经历，经受（尤指苦难或艰难时期） If you go through an experience or a period of time, especially an unpleasant or difficult one, you experience it. He was going through a very difficult time.他正处于非常艰难的时期。翻阅；翻找；整理 If you go through a lot of things such as papers or clothes, you look at them, usually in order to sort them into groups or to search for a particular item. It was evident that someone had gone through my possessions. 显然有人翻过我的物品。3. tear down 拆毁;拆除 If you tear something down, you destroy it or remove it completely. The city will tear down the building and create a park. 该市将拆掉这幢大楼，在这儿建个公园。I imagine theyll be tearing the building down sooner or later. 我猜他们早晚会拆除这座楼的。4. in my honor p255. confused 6. as to p257. confused 困惑的;糊涂的 If you are confused, you do not know exactly what is happening or what to do. A survey showed people were confused about what they should eat to stay healthy. 一项调查表明，人们对该吃什么才能保持健康这个问题感到困惑。Things were happening too quickly and Brian was confused. 事情发生得太快，把布赖恩给弄糊涂了。8. concern p279. adopt p281、It was the first time Id gone back home since coming to the United States. 这是我来美国后第一次回家探亲。2、You speak on matters that are of concern（涉及） only to men. 你对那些只与男人有关的事情发表意见。3、Through my association（交往） with Americans during the past six years, I had gradually （逐渐地）adopted（采用） some of their ways. 在过去的六年和美国人的交往中，我逐渐学会了他们的一些做法。4、I no longer belong to the old world and the new world has not yet accepted me. 我不再属于旧世界，但还未被新世界接纳。5、I no longer consider Hong Kong my home and feel homeless. 我不再将香港视做我的故乡，感到无家可归。6、Things had changed so much in Hong Kong that I didnt recognize parts of it. 香港发生了巨大的变化，有些地方都认不出来了。7、I cut my visit short by three weeks and came back to the United States. 我提前三周结束了这次访问，回到美国。8、They gradually（逐渐地） became less warm and friendly toward me. 他们对我渐渐地疏远起来，不像开始时那麽友好。9、My mother prepared a special dinner in my honor. 我母亲特意为我准备了一顿饭。10、They dont take a silent（沉默的） back seat during a discussion. 在讨论中，他们不会做一个沉默的旁观者。11、Coming back here didnt lessen（减少） my confusion（混乱） and pain. 回来之后我的困惑和苦恼并没有减轻。12、The houses on the street where I used to live had been torn down（拆卸） and replaced by office buildings. 我曾经住的那条街上的房子被拆掉了，代之而起的是办公大楼。Unit 3 books1. acquire vt. 获得，取得；学到We must work hard to acquire a good knowledge of English. 我们必须用功学习才能精通英语。 I tried to acquire the information I needed. 我千方百计地搞到了我所需要的资料。2. consistent p433. literate adj. 有读写能力的；有文化修养的Over one-quarter of the adult population are not fully literate. 四分之一以上的成年人不具备完全的读写能力。4. dip 浸;蘸 If you dip something in a liquid, you put it into the liquid for a short time, so that only part of it is covered, and take it out again. They dip the food into the sauce.他们把食物放到调味汁里蘸了蘸。dip into 浏览, 稍加审视 I havent read the report properlyIve only dipped into it. 我还没有好好阅读这份报告我只是浏览了一下。5. desert 丢开，抛弃Farmers are deserting their fields and coming here looking for jobs.小农场主正舍弃他们的土地，到这里来寻找工作。Mrs. Rodings husband deserted her years ago.罗丁太太的丈夫数年前抛弃了她。6. barely 刚刚；勉强；仅仅; 几乎不，几乎没有 Anastasia could barely remember the ride to the hospital.阿纳斯塔西娅几乎记不起来怎么去的医院。7. scope （活动或能力的）余地Theres still plenty of scope for improvement. 还有很大的改进余地。There is limited scope for creativity in my job. 我的工作中发挥创造力的空间有限。8. available 可用的；有空的It may be objected that not enough manpower is available. 有人可能会提出反对，认为没有足够的人力可用。My bicycle is not available, and it is being repaired. 我的自行车现在不能用，因为正在修理。9. despite prep. 不管；尽管Despite being a big star, shes very approachable. 她虽然是个大明星，却非常平易近人。Despite our disagreements, we have been able to find some common ground. 尽管我们存在分歧，但仍能找到一些共同点。10. survive p4411. favorable 赞同的；称赞的；有利的The weather seemed favorable for the race. 这天气似乎很适合赛跑。They are favorable to the proposal. 他们赞同这项提议。 The book received a favorable review. 这本书赢得了好评。12. stand 态度;立场 If you take or make a stand, you do something or say something in order to make it clear what your attitude to a particular thing is. He felt the need to make a stand against racism in South Africa.他感觉有必要表明自己对南非的种族主义持反对态度。They must take a stand and cast their votes.他们必须表明立场并投票。13. cultivate 耕作，种植；教养，栽培She also cultivated a small garden of her own. 她还耕种了一片属于自己的小园子。One should cultivate good manners from childhood. 一个人从小要学讲礼貌。14. enquire 打听； 询问；问问题；查问I called the station to enquire about train times. 我打电话到车站询问火车时刻。We must enquire (as to) whether he really came. 我们得打听一下，他是不是真的来过。1、Never desert（放弃） him when your friend is in trouble. 不要在朋友困难的时候抛弃他。 2、To improve national economy（经济 ）is the governments consistent（一贯地） policy. 发展国民经济是政府的一贯政策。3、China took a stand on these issues. 中国在这问题上标明了立场。4、It is wrong to ignore（不理睬） their suggestions. 不理睬他们的建议是不对的。5、I always prefer（更喜欢） starting early, rather than leaving everything to the last minute. 我总是先开始工作，而不愿把事情留到最后才做。6、Please see (to it) that my children are taken good care of when I am away.请务必在我外出的时候照顾好我的孩子。7、The precise（准确的） meaning of one word can only be defined（定义） from the context（上下文）. 一个词准确的意思只能在上下文中来确定。8、The instruction（教育） of the policeman set the convict（罪犯） on the right path（小路）. 警察的教育使这个罪犯走上了正路。9、Nowadays, many people commit（干坏事） illegal（违法的） acts in the name of science. 当前，有许多人打着科学的旗号干一些违法的事情。10、These tickets are available（有用的） on (the) day of issue only. 这种车票（仅在发售当天）有效。11、You dont have any authority（权力） for entering this house, Its private（私有的）. 你们没有任何权力进入这所房子，这是私宅。12、I hope you will give favorable（赞成的） consideration（考虑） to my suggestion. 我希望你对我的建议作出肯定的表示。unit 4 dont let anger get the best of you1. hostility 不可数名词敌意;对抗;敌对行为 Hostility is unfriendly or aggressive behaviour towards people or ideas.There is open hostility between the two leaders. 两位领导人表现出公开的敌意。2. immune (对疾病)免疫的,有免疫力的 If you are immune to a particular disease, you cannot be affected by it. This blood test will show whether or not youre immune to the disease. 这个血检会显示你是否对这种疾病具有免疫力。不受影响的 If you are immune to something that happens or is done, you are not affected by it. Football is not immune to economic recession. 足球不可能不受到经济衰退的影响。3. release 释放;放出 If a person or animal is released from somewhere where they have been locked up or looked after, they are set free or allowed to go. He was released from custody the next day. 第二天他被从拘留所里放了出来。He is expected to be released from hospital today. 他有望今天出院。4. evaluate 评估;评价 If you evaluate something or someone, you consider them in order to make a judgment about them, for example about how good or bad they are. They will first send in trained nurses to evaluate the needs of the individual situation. 他们首先会派一些训练有素的护士来评估每个病人的需求。The market situation is difficult to evaluate. 市场状况难以评价。5. quotient 可数名词程度;系数 Quotient is used when indicating the presence or degree of a characteristic in someone or something. intelligence quotientIQ; Being rich doesnt actually increase your happiness quotient. 有钱不见得能提高你的幸福指数。6. mistreat （尤指在身体上）虐待 If someone mistreats a person or an animal, they treat them badly, especially by making them suffer physically. a lad who mistreats a horse. 虐待马的马夫She has been mistreated by men in the past. 以前她受过男人的虐待。6. well up 涌出，涌现；拥上心头Tears well up in his eyes. 泪如泉涌。7. flutter 颤动;飘动;挥动 If something thin or light flutters, or if you flutter it, it moves up and down or from side to side with a lot of quick, light movements. Her chiffon skirt was fluttering in the night breeze. 她的雪纺裙在晚风中飘动着。.a butterfly fluttering its wings. 挥动着翅膀的蝴蝶8. impose 动词强制实行;强加 If you impose something on people, you use your authority to force them to accept it.9. dwell on 沉湎于,唠叨,赘述(尤指令人不快的事) If you dwell on something, especially something unpleasant, you think, speak, or write about it a lot or for quite a long time.Id rather not dwell on the past. 我不想再沉湎于过去了。10. upset 使心烦意乱；使生气；使心情不好 If something upsets you, it makes you feel worried or unhappy. The whole incident had upset me and my fiancee terribly. 整个事件搞得我和未婚妻都心烦意乱。Dont upset yourself, Ida. 别自寻烦恼了，艾达。upsetting Childhood illness can be upsetting for children and parents alike. 儿科病会让孩子和父母同样苦恼。I will never see him again and that is a terribly upsetting thought. 我将永远见不到他了，这个想法真让人不快。11. upbringing 抚育；培育；养育；教养 Your upbringing is the way that your parents treat you and the things that they teach you when you are growing up. Martins upbringing shaped his whole life. 马丁的家庭教养影响了他的一生。Sams mother said her son had a good upbringing and schooling. 萨姆的母亲说她儿子家教好，受过良好教育。unit 5 the most important day in my life1. tangible 清晰可见的;摸得着的;感觉得到的;明显的 If something is tangible, it is clear enough or definite enough to be easily seen, felt, or noticed. There should be some tangible evidence that the economy is starting to recover. 应该有明显迹象表明经济开始复苏了。The relief was almost tangible. 这种解脱几乎可以感觉得到。2. grope 摸索着走 If you grope your way to a place, you move there, holding your hands in front of you and feeling the way because you cannot see anything. I didnt turn on the light, but groped my way across the room. 我没有开灯，而是一路摸黑走过房间。3. vague （文字或言语）含糊的，不明确的，不清楚的 If something written or spoken is vague, it does not explain or express things clearly. A lot of the talk was apparently vague and general. 很多话明显是些含糊的泛泛之论。The description was pretty vague. 描述相当模糊。4. to and fro 5. reveal 显示;表明;透露 To reveal something means to make people aware of it. She has refused to reveal the whereabouts of her daughter. 她不肯透露她女儿的行踪。A survey of the British diet has revealed that a growing number of people are overweight. 对英国人饮食进行的一项调查显示有越来越多的人超重。6. imitate 模仿;仿效;模拟 If you imitate someone, you copy what they do or produce. a genuine German musical which does not try to imitate the American model. 不刻意模仿美国模式的真正的德国音乐剧.a precedent which may be imitated by other activists in the future. 将来可能会被其他激进分子仿效的先例7. fit (愤怒、惊慌等的)爆发，发作 If you do something in a fit of anger or panic, you are very angry or afraid when you do it. Pattie shot Tom in a fit of jealous rage. 帕蒂妒火中烧，开枪击中了汤姆。8. sentiment (基于思想或情感的)态度，情绪 A sentiment that people have is an attitude which is based on their thoughts and feelings. Public sentiment rapidly turned anti-American. 公众情绪迅速转变，开始反对美国。Hes found growing sentiment for military action. 他发现支持采取军事行动的情绪日益高涨。.nationalist sentiments that threaten to split the country. 可能会造成国家分裂的民族主义情绪9. gush 喷出；涌出；冒出 When liquid gushes out of something, or when something gushes a liquid, the liquid flows out very quickly and in large quan