沥青路面抗滑性能的分析

沥青路面抗滑性能的分析论文 核心词：沥青路面抗滑性能措施 论文摘要：分析影响路面抗滑性能的重要因素，提出提高路面抗滑性能的措施。 目前，随着国民 经济 的 发展 ，高级别、重 交通 道路越来越多，对其规定也越来越高，而高级别公路的特点是通过能力大，支行速度快，客观上规定其行车安全舒服。由于大的通过能力加剧了对路面的磨耗作用，使路面的抗滑能力减少，而高速行车又规定路面有较高的抗滑能力来保证行车安全。国内干线公路沥青路面的抗滑性能较差，摆值不不小于45的路段占75，不不小于40的占53，因此雨天行车交通事故比较多。据报道，广东207国道某200米长路段，1987年春的雨季中，有一天发生交通事故9起，创国内单位长度路段内的交通事故之最。江苏淮扬二级公路高邮县某段500米长路段内，在1987年6月13日二个雨天，发生交通事故11起，列1人，伤数人，直接经济损失达10万元以上，触目惊心的交通事故，给国家和人民的生命财产带来极大的威胁，固然，交通事故的发生是与人、车路、环境密切有关的，但与路面抗滑性能也是有密切关系的。 1、影响路面抗滑性能的重要因素 路面抗滑能力的大小用路面表面摩擦系数F（一般以摆式仪测定）来评价。而面层石料的性质、颗粒级配、路面潮湿限度、滑流性污染、沥青性质与用量又决定了摩擦系数的大小。 1.1路面石料的性质 1.1.1石料的磨光值（SPV）路面面层的微观构造是指面层石料表面的粗糙度，用石料的磨光值表达。它是决定轮胎与路面之间湿摩擦力水平的决定因素，它反映了石料抵御被磨光能力的大小。磨光值越高的石料，在轮胎的长期作用下，越能长时间保持其粗糙的微观构造，路面的抗滑能力也就越好。前面提到的高邮路段，面层石料为石灰岩，磨光值为33，路面摩擦系数为2733，均达不到规范规定。因此，选用磨光值大的石料铺筑沥青面层是提高路面抗滑性能的重要措施之一。 1.1.2石料的磨耗值和压碎值石料的磨耗值是评价石料抵御磨擦、撞击剪切等综合伙用的性能指标。石料的压碎值是评价石料抵御压碎性能的指标。路面石料长期经受轮胎的摩擦、冲击、碾压等综合伙用，要维持较高水平的抗滑能力，必须规定石料的轮胎作用下，不至于磨损太大、压碎太多。因此，规范规定面层石料为石灰岩，经钻孔发现路面上层612mm为沥青和石屑的混和物，无粗滑料，这就是石料被磨耗的成果。 1.2颗粒级配路面面层的宏观构造指面层表面石料间的孔隙，即构造深度。而级配则是形成构造深度的核心，构造深度越大，则抗滑能力越强。集料的级配还影响着集料的裸露限度、尺寸大小、互相间距，而它们又影响着路面摩擦系数的大小。 1.3路面表面潮湿限度宁六公路雨天事故占48沪闵公路占31，都由于雨天水分在路表面积聚，形成水膜使路面抗滑能力大幅度下降，事故率上升。车轮在有水膜的路面上行驶时，轮胎将轮胎与水膜接触区的水从前、左、右三个方面挤出。车速越高路面越光，则路面排水条件越差，轮胎与水膜接触区的水越摊排出，轮胎与路面石料不能充足接触，导致摩擦系数减少越多。这时就很容易浮现水滑，发生交通事故。 1.4滑溜性污染及其他因素滑溜性污染指粘土等污染物被带上路面致使路面抗滑性能大幅度减少而影响行车安全。此外，沥青质量和用量、路面使用质量等，也是影响路面抗滑性能的因素。 2、沥青路面抗滑技术应用 高级别公路的沥青路面提高其抗滑能力需修建抗滑表层，公路交通发达的国家，始终把路面抗滑问题作为公路建设中的核心技术之一进行研究。根据英车1973年调查资料表时，在高速公路上修建抗滑表层后，摩擦系数可提高0.15，因此，在高速公路沥青路面上，修建抗滑表层是十分必要的，应引起注重。 2.1对抗滑表层材料的选用 2.1.1选用合格的重 交通 路用沥青，在寒冷地带选用，AH90、AH120，在温和地带可选用AH70、AH90；在较热地带可选用AH50、AH70。 2.1.2采用磨光值高、压碎值最低的石料作抗滑面层的主骨料，以维持良好的微观构造，是提高路面湿抗滑能力的重要措施之一。 2.1.3选择最佳级配，提高粗骨料含量，以形成粗的同构造，根据深度规定和本地气候特点选择级配，是提高路面抗滑能力的重要途径。一种良好的级配，规定空隙率最小而总面积也不大。前者的目的是要使集料自身最为紧密，后者的目的是要使沥青用量最省。 2.1.4加入适量活性剂，以提高沥青及酸性石料的粘结力。对沙岩、片麻岩加入活性剂量为沥青用量的0.4即可。 2.1.5应注意避免下层沥青用量过多，以免多余沥青泛上表层影响抗滑能力。 2.2对抗滑表层的施工规定 2.2.1平整度，抗滑表层平整度规定从基层抓起，对各构造层的最大不平整度限制如下：基层应不不小于10mm，上、下面层应不不小于5mm，抗滑表层应不不小于3mm。 2.2.2对石油比和沥青混合料施工温度的控制。石油比规定误差控制在正负0.3以内。沥青混合料施工温度规定：出厂温度控制在140160，摊铺温度应不小于120，初压温度应不小于100，终压温度应不小于70。 2.2.3接缝解决，在摊铺混合料时，对接缝解决要清除塌落或未充足压实部分，以保证缝边整洁顺直。待涂刷粘层沥青后再接着摊铺新的混合料并碾压。 2.2.4对嵌压式构造的施工规定。嵌压式构造是在下面层上铺筑一层厚1.5cm砂粒式沥青混凝土（LH5），然后用八吨压路机轻压一遍，紧接着将拌有23.5沥青的1015毫米的热石屑按68kg/m2均匀撒铺在沥青砂上，趁热用压路机碾压两边，使石屑3/4嵌入沥青砂中，然后撒上一层干砂，使其填满石屑的空隙，再用12吨压路机碾压成型，待路面冷却后即可开放交通。对嵌式构造在施工中还应注意如下几点：1、各工序间要紧密配合，趁热进行；2、嵌压石料要选择磨光值大的均匀颗粒，拌匀后要趁热运到工地；3、沥青砂要按马歇尔实验指标控制用油量；4、撒砂后应及时碾压，使其通过砂来增强砂的压实度，并能减少石屑被压碎，减慢沥青砂的降温速度；5、石屑要撒布均匀。 3、结束语 路面抗滑是实现高级别、重交通道路安全、舒服、高速行驶的核心技术问题之一，必须予以高度注重。使用经验表白，在沥青路面上加铺抗滑表层是可行的，有助于交通安全。（英文版 ） Two regulations promulgated for implementation is in the party in power for a long time and the rule of law conditions, the implementation of comprehensive strictly strategic plan, implementation in accordance with the rules and discipline to manage the party, strengthen inner-party supervision of major initiatives. The two regulations supporting each other, the adhere to a positive advocate, focusing on morality is of Party members and Party leading cadres can see, enough to get a high standard; around the party discipline, disciplinary ruler requirements, listed as negative list, focusing on vertical gauge, draw the party organizations and Party members do not touch the bottom line . Here, the main from four square face two party rules of interpretation: the first part introduces two party Revised regulations the necessity and the revision process; the second part is the interpretation of the two fundamental principles of the revision of laws and regulations in the party; the third part introduces two party regulations modified the main changes and needs to grasp several key problems; the fourth part on how to grasp the implementation of the two regulations of the party. and revised the necessity and revised history of the CPC Central Committee the amendment to the Chinese Communist Party members and leading cadres honest politics several guidelines and column 1 by to strengthen party laws and regulations focus. Two party regulations revision work lasted a Years, pooling the wisdom of the whole party, ideological consensus, draw historical experience, respect for the wisdom of our predecessors, which reflects the unity of inheritance and innovation; follow the correct direction, grasp the limited goals, adhere to the partys leadership, to solve the masses of the people reflect a focus on the problem. The new revision of the and , reflects the partys 18 and the eighth session of the third, the spirit of the fourth plenary session, reflecting the experience of studying and implementing the General Secretary Xi Jinping series of important speech, reflects the partys eighteen years comprehensive strictly practice. (a) revised two regulations of the party need of in based on revised, the promulgation and implementation of January , to strengthen the construction of the contingent of leading cadres play an important role. But with the party to manage the party strictly administering the deepening, has not been able to fully meet the actual needs. Content is too complicated, eight prohibition, 52 are not allowed to hard to remember, and also difficult to put into practice; the second is concisely positive advocated by the lack of prohibited provisions excessive, no autonomy requirements; the third is banned terms and discipline law, both with the party discipline, disciplinary regulations repeat and Criminal law and other laws and regulations repeat; the fourth is to clean the theme is not prominent, not for the existing problems, and is narrow, only needle of county-level leading cadres above. is in 1997 based on revision, in December the promulgation and implementation, to strengthen the construction of the party play very important role. Along with the development of the situation, which many provisions have been unable to fully meet the comprehensive strictly administering the practice needs. One is Ji law, more than half of the provisions and criminal law and other countries laws and regulations Repetition; two is the political discipline regulations is not prominent, not specific, for violation of the party constitution, damage the authority of Party Constitution of misconduct lack necessary and serious responsibility to pursue; third is the main discipline for the leading cadres, does not cover all Party members. Based on the above situation, need to and the two is likely to be more relevant regulations first amendment. By revising, really put the authority of Party discipline, the seriousness in the party tree and call up the majority of Party members and cadres of the party constitution of party compasses party consciousness. (II) two party regulations revision process the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China attaches great importance to two regulations revision . Xi Jinping, general books recorded in the Fifth Plenary Session of the eighth session of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection, on the revised regulations made clear instructions. According to the central deployment, the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection from under six months begin study two regulations revision. The Standing Committee of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection 4 review revised. Comrade Wang Qishan 14 times held a special meeting to study two regulations revision, amendment clarifies the direction, major issues of principle, path and target, respectively held a forum will listen to part of the province (area) secretary of the Party committee, Secretary of the Discipline Inspection Commission, part of the central ministries and state organs Department The first party committee is mainly responsible for people, views of experts and scholars and grassroots party organizations and Party members. Approved by the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, on 7 September , the general office of the Central Committee of the Party issued a notice to solicit the provinces (autonomous regions, municipalities) Party, the central ministries and commissions, state ministries and commissions of the Party (party), the General Political Department of the military, every 3 people organization of Party of two regulations revision opinion. Central Commission for Discipline Inspection of extensive solicitation of opinions, careful study, attracting, formed a revised sent reviewers. In October 8 and October 12, Central Committee Political Bureau Standing Committee and the Political Bureau of the Central Committee After consideration of the two regulations revised draft. On October 18, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China formally issued two regulations. Can say, two laws amendment concentrated the wisdom of the whole party, embodies the party. Second, and revision of the basic principles of two party regulations revision work and implement the partys eighteen, ten eight plenary, the spirit of the Fourth Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee and General Secretary Xi Jinping important instructions on the revised and , highlighting the ruling party characteristics, serious discipline, the discipline quite in front of the law, based on the current, a long-term, advance as a whole, with Bu Xiuding independent and . Main principle is: first, adhere to the party constitution to follow. The constitution about discipline and self-discipline required specific, awaken the party constitution of party compasses party consciousness, maintaining the authority of the constitution. General Secretary Xi Jinping pointed out that no rules, no side round. Party constitution is the fundamental law, the party must follow the general rules. In early held the eighth session of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection Fifth Plenary Session of the 16th Central Committee, Xi Jinping again pointed out that constitution is the party must follow the general rules, but also the general rules. the revision of the and is Method in adhere to the regulations established for the purpose of combining rule of virtue is to adhere to the party constitution as a fundamental to follow, the constitution authority set up, wake up the party constitution and party rules the sense of discipline, the party constitution about discipline and self-discipline specific requirements. 4 second is to adhere to in accordance with the regulations governing the party and the party. The Party of rule of virtue de, mainly refers to the partys ideals and beliefs, excellent traditional style. The revised the closely linked to the self-discipline, insisting on the positive initiative, for all members, highlight the vital few, emphasized self-discipline, focusing on the morality, and the majority of Party members and the ideological and moral standards. The revised Ji method separately, Ji, Ji Yan to Method, as a negative list, emphasizing the heteronomy, focusing on vertical gauge. Is this one high and one low, a positive reaction, the strict party discipline and practice results transformation for the integration of the whole party to observe moral and discipline requirements, for the majority of Party members and cadres provides benchmarking and ruler. Third, insist on to. In view of the problems existing in the party at the present stage, the main problems of Party members and cadres in the aspect of self-discipline and abide by the discipline to make clearly defined, especially the partys eighteen years strict political discipline and political rules, organization and discipline and to implement the central eight provisions of the spirit against the four winds and other requirements into Disciplinary provisions. Not one pace reachs the designated position, focusing on in line with reality, pragmatic and effective. After the revision of major changes, major changes in the and modified and needs to grasp several key problems (a) adhere to according to regulations governing the party and party with morals in combination, for at the present stage, the leadership of the party members and cadres and Party members in existing main problems of self-discipline, put forward principles, requirements and specifications, showing Communists noble moral pursuit, reflected at all times and in all over the world ethics from high from low 5 common requirements. One is closely linked to the self-discipline, removal and no direct relation to the provisions of . the second is adhere to a positive advocate, eight prohibition 52 are not allowed to about the content of the negative list moved into synchronization amendment . Three is for all the party members, will apply object from the leadership of the party members and cadres to expand to all Party members, fully embodies the comprehensive strictly required. The fourth is prominent key minority, seize the leadership of the party members and cadres is the key, and put forward higher requirements than the ordinary Party members. Five is to simplify, and strive to achieve concise, easy to understand, easy to remember. The revised is the ruling Party since the first insists on a positive advocate forAll Party members and the self-discipline norms, moral declaration issued to all members of the party and the National Peoples solemn commitment. criterion of a clean and honest administration consists of 4 parts, 18, more than 3600 words. After the revision of the , a total of eight, 281 words, including lead, specification and Party member cadre clean fingered self-discipline norms, etc. Part 3 members low-cost clean and self-discipline, the main contents can be summarized as four must eight code. Lead part, reiterated on ideal and faith, fundamental purpose, the fine traditions and work style, noble sentiments, such as four must the principle of requirements, strong tone of self-discipline, The higher request for 6 and supervised tenet, the foothold in permanent Bao the partys advanced nature and purity, to reflect the revised standards requirements. Members of self-discipline norms around the party members how to correctly treat and deal with the public and private, cheap and rot thrifty and extravagance bitter music, put forward the four norms. Party leader cadre clean fingered self-discipline norms for the leadership of the party members and cadres of the vital few, around the clean politics, from civil servant of the color, the exercise of power, moral integrity, a good family tradition and other aspects of the leadership of the party members and cadres of the four norms to fully adapt to the strictly requirements, reflects the according to the regulations governing the law of recognition of deepening, the realization of the discipline construction and Jin Ju. is party a ruler, members of the basic line and follow. And the majority of Party members and cadres of Party organizations at all levels should adhere to the bottom line of thinking, fear discipline, hold the bottom line, as a preventive measure, to keep the partys advanced nature and purity. 1, respect for the constitution, refinement and discipline. Revised from comprehensive comb physical constitution began, the party constitution and other regulations of the Party of Party organizations and Party discipline requirements refinement, clearly defined in violation of the party constitution will be in accordance with regulations to give the corresponding disciplinary action. The original 10 categories of misconduct, integration specification for political discipline, discipline, honesty and discipline masses Ji Law and discipline and discipline and other six categories, the content of real return to Party discipline, for the majority of Party members and listed a negative list. 7 2, highlighting the political discipline and political rules. Regulations according to the stage of the discipline of outstanding performance, emphasizing political discipline and political rules, organization and discipline, in opposition to the partys leadership and the partys basic theory, basic line, basic program and basic experience, the basic requirement of behavior made prescribed punishment, increase the cliques, against the organization such as violation of the provisions, to ensure that the central government decrees and the Party of centralized and unified. 3, adhere to strict discipline in the law and discipline In front, Ji separated. Revised adhere to the problem oriented, do Ji separated. Any national law existing content, will not repeat the provisions, the total removal of 79 and criminal law, repeat the content of the public security management punishment law, and other laws and regulations. In the general reiterated that party organizations and Party members must conscientiously accept the partys discipline, die van comply with national laws and regulations; at the same time, to investigate violations of Party members and even criminal behavior of Party discipline and responsibility, Regulations distinguish five different conditions, with special provisions were made provisions, so as to realize the connection of Party discipline and state law. 4, reflect Wind building and anti-corruption struggle of the latest achievements. the partys eighteen years implement the spirit of the central provisions of the eight, against the requirements of the four winds and transformation for disciplinary provisions, reflecting the style construction is always on the road, not a gust of wind. In the fight against corruption out of new problems, increase the trading rights, the use of authority relatives profit and other disciplinary terms. Prominent discipline of the masses, the new against the interests of the masses and ignore the demands of the masses and other disciplinary terms and make provisions of the disposition and the destruction of the partys close ties with the masses. Discipline to protect the partys purpose. 8 of these regulations, a total of three series, Chapter 15, 178, more than 24000 words, after the revision of the regulations a total of 3 series, Chapter 11, 133, 17000 words, divided into general and special provisions and Supplementary Provisions Part 3. Among them, add, delete, modify the provisions of the proportion of up to nearly 90%. 1, the general general is divided into five chapters. The first chapter to the regulations of the guiding ideology, principles and scope of application of the provisions, highlight the strengthening of the party constitution consciousness, maintenance the authority of Party Constitution, increase the party organizations and Party members must ab