英语动词讲解

动词的分类动词的分类什么是动词？什么是动词？动词是用来表示主语做什么表示主语做什么（即行为动词），或表示主语是什表示主语是什么或怎么样么或怎么样（即状态动词）的词动词可以按照含义及它们在句中的作用分成四类（一）行为动词（一）行为动词行为动词（实义动词）是表示行为、动作或状态的词。它的词义完整，可以单独作谓语。例如：I live in Beijing with my mother.（我和我妈妈住在北京。）It has a round face.（它有一张圆脸。）（二）连系动词（二）连系动词连系动词是表示主语“是什么”或“怎么样”的词，它虽有词义，但不完整，所以不能单独作谓语，必须跟表语一起构成合成谓语，例如：We are in Grade Two this year.（今年我们在两年级。）She looked tired.（她看一去很疲劳。）动词可以按照含义及它们在句中的作用分成四类（三）助动词（三）助动词这类词本身无词义，不能单独作谓语，只能与主要动词一起构成谓语，表示不同的时态、语态、表示句子的否定和疑问，例如：He does not speak English well.（他英语讲得不好。）A dog is running after a cat.（一条狗正在追逐一只猫。）（四）情态动词（四）情态动词这类词本身虽有意义，但不完整。它们表示说话人的能力、说话人的语气或情态，如“可能”、“应当”等。这类动词有can,may,must,need,dare,could,might等。它们不能单独作谓语，必须与行为动词（原形）一起作谓语，表示完整的意思，例如：I can dance.（我会跳舞。）及物动词和不及物动词行为动词按是否能够接宾语被划分成及物动词和不及物动词。行为动词按是否能够接宾语被划分成及物动词和不及物动词。1、许多动词可用作及物动词，也可用作不及物动词，他阅读中必须仔细体会和区别，例如：Who is going to speak at the meeting?（谁打算在会上发言？）Few people outside China speak Chinese.（在中国外很少人讲汉语。）2、要特别注意有些动词英汉之间的差异。某些词在英语中是不及物的，而在汉语中却是及物的。有时则相反。例如：He is waiting for you.（他在等你。）Serve the people.（为人民服务。）3.动词+间接宾语+直接宾语lbring,hand,lend,lmail,offer,owe,pass,lpost,read,return,lsend,sell,show,ltake,teach,tell,lthrow,write+sb+sth/sth to sblbook,buy,choosel cook,draw,fetchl find,fix,get lmake,order,pickl prepare save singl spare steal+sb sth/sth for sb不及物动词l1.没有被动形式的词lhappen,occur,rise,lie,diel 2.主动表示被动的词。主动表示被动的词。动词动词+(well,poorly,easily)lsell,wash,burn,cook,cut,drive,dress,play,last,open,write,start,run,read,operate,break,measure,weigh1.Dry wood burns easily.2.The cloth washes well.既作及物又有不及物动词的词他跑的快。He runs fast.他经营一家工厂。He runs a factory.study，fly，run,change1.她昨天回家很晚。她昨天回家很晚。2.会议将持续两个小时。会议将持续两个小时。3.在过去的十年里，我的家乡已经发生了巨大的变在过去的十年里，我的家乡已经发生了巨大的变化。化。（一）主谓结构（一）主谓结构 1.She went home very late yesterday evening.2.The meeting will last two hours.3.Great changes have taken place in my home town in the past ten years.4.秋天有些鸟飞到南方去。秋天有些鸟飞到南方去。5.我的爷爷早晨起得很早。我的爷爷早晨起得很早。6.每天下午有许多学生到图书馆来借书。每天下午有许多学生到图书馆来借书。4.In autumn,some birds fly to the south.5.My grandfather gets up early in the morning.6.Every afternoon a lot of students come to the library to borrow books.（二）系表结构（二）系表结构 1.冬季白天短，夜晚长。冬季白天短，夜晚长。2.布朗夫人看起来很健康。布朗夫人看起来很健康。3.十五岁他就成为有名的钢琴家了。十五岁他就成为有名的钢琴家了。1.In winter,the days are short and the nights are long.2.Mrs Brown looks very healthy.3.At the age of fifteen he became a famous pianist.（三）主谓宾结构（三）主谓宾结构1.昨晚我写了一封信。昨晚我写了一封信。2.他们成功地完成了计划。他们成功地完成了计划。3.你们必须在两周内看完这些书。你们必须在两周内看完这些书。1.I wrote a letter last night.2.They have carried out the plan successfully.3.You must finish reading these books in two weeks.（四）（四）复合宾语结构复合宾语结构 1.他的父母给他取名为他的父母给他取名为John.2.我们大家都认为他是诚实的。我们大家都认为他是诚实的。3.他们把门推开了。他们把门推开了。4.我们要使学校变得更美丽。我们要使学校变得更美丽。1.His parents named him John.2.All of us considered him honest.3.They pushed the door open.4.We will make our school more beautiful.1.这本书让孩子们读太难了这本书让孩子们读太难了.2.董事们选举约翰为银行经理董事们选举约翰为银行经理.3.他发现他们坐在桌旁下棋他发现他们坐在桌旁下棋.4.老人凝望着照片老人凝望着照片,陷入了沉思陷入了沉思.1.This book is rather too difficult for children.2.The directors elected John manager of the bank.3.He found them seated at the table,playing chess.4.The old man was deep in thought with his eyes fixed on the photo.简单句基本句型简单句基本句型二、动词考察点分项说明：二、动词考察点分项说明：（一）、掌握动词的现在时第三人称单数、过去式、一）、掌握动词的现在时第三人称单数、过去式、过去分词和现在分词四种形式的构成规则；过去分词和现在分词四种形式的构成规则；1、动词现在时的第三人称单数的构成：、动词现在时的第三人称单数的构成：动动 词词 特特 征征 变变 化化 例例 词词 一般动词一般动词 词尾加词尾加-s look-looks find-finds 以以s,x,ch,sh或或o结尾结尾 词尾加词尾加-es watch-watches,push-pushes 以以“辅音字母辅音字母+y”结尾结尾 变变y为为i再加再加-es fly-flies,2、动词的过去式及过去分词的构成、动词的过去式及过去分词的构成 规则动词的变化规则动词的变化：规则动词的过去式和过去分词的构成方法是相同的。规则动词的过去式和过去分词的构成方法是相同的。动动 词词 特特 征征 变变 化化 例例 词词 一般动词一般动词 词尾加词尾加-ed look-looked,looked 以以e结尾结尾 词尾加词尾加-d live-lived,lived 以以“辅音字母辅音字母+Y”结尾结尾 变变y为为i，再加，再加-ed carry-carried,carried以重读闭音节或以重读闭音节或r音节结音节结尾，且末尾只有一个辅音尾，且末尾只有一个辅音字母字母 双写该辅音字母，再双写该辅音字母，再加加-ed stop-stopped,stopped 不规则动词的变化。（见九年级英语下册不规则动词表）不规则动词的变化。（见九年级英语下册不规则动词表）3、动词的现在分词的构成：、动词的现在分词的构成：动动 词词 特特 征征 变变 化化 例例 词词 一般动词一般动词 直接加直接加-ing look-looking watch-watching 以以e结尾结尾 去去e加加-ing come-coming move-moving 以重读闭音节或以重读闭音节或r音节结尾，且末音节结尾，且末尾只有一个辅音尾只有一个辅音字母字母 先双写该辅音字母，先双写该辅音字母，再加再加-ing swim-swimming run-running 以以ie结尾且为重结尾且为重读开音节读开音节 变变ie加加y再加再加ing die-dying lie-lying 三、三、掌握系动词掌握系动词be,look,feel,smell,get,become,turn,keep等的等的基本用法；基本用法；l常见的连系动词有：常见的连系动词有：become,turn,get,l grow,keep,feel,look,seem,smell,fall等。等。它它l 们后面常接形容词，构成系表结构。们后面常接形容词，构成系表结构。l Please keep the classroom clean.请保持教请保持教室的干净。室的干净。l The bread looks very fresh.这些面包看上去这些面包看上去很新鲜。很新鲜。状态变化系动词状态变化系动词系动词系动词用法用法习惯搭配习惯搭配朝坏的方面变化朝坏的方面变化wrong,bad,mad,hungry,blind etc.表颜色等表颜色等red,green表成长中的变化表成长中的变化strong,tall由动态到静态转变由动态到静态转变ill,sick,asleep转向好的状态转向好的状态true,alive常用来指人或物的常用来指人或物的状态的变化状态的变化become 接名词接名词时时,名词前接冠词名词前接冠词gocometurngrowfallgetbecome四、四、掌握助动词掌握助动词be,do,have,shall,will的基本的基本用法；用法；l 助动词是助动词是“辅助性辅助性”动词，一般没有词义，不能单独动词，一般没有词义，不能单独l 作谓语，但可用来帮助构成谓语，表示不同的时态，作谓语，但可用来帮助构成谓语，表示不同的时态，l 语态，和数的变化。语态，和数的变化。l 常见的助动词有：常见的助动词有：（1）be(am,is,are,was,were,being,been)与现在分与现在分词结合，词结合，l 构成各种进行时态；或与过去分词结合构成被动语态。构成各种进行时态；或与过去分词结合构成被动语态。l Im looking for my pen.我正在找我的笔。（现在进行我正在找我的笔。（现在进行时）时）l These cups are made in China.这些杯子是中国制造这些杯子是中国制造的。（被动语态）的。（被动语态）（五）五）掌握情态动词掌握情态动词can,must,need,may等基本句型结构及等基本句型结构及主要用法主要用法 情态动词在英文中是情态动词在英文中是“辅助性辅助性”动词，用来表示说话动词，用来表示说话人的语气或情态，包括请求、命令、允诺、可能、需要、人的语气或情态，包括请求、命令、允诺、可能、需要、敢于、愿望、义务、能力等。情态动词本身有词义，但敢于、愿望、义务、能力等。情态动词本身有词义，但词义不完全，不能单独用作谓语，没有人称和数的变化，词义不完全，不能单独用作谓语，没有人称和数的变化，且后面只跟动词原形。且后面只跟动词原形。情态动词的种类：情态动词的种类：原原 形形 过去式过去式 词词 义义 can could 能能 may might 可以（或许）可以（或许）must must(had to)必须（不得不）必须（不得不）will would 愿意愿意 shall should 应该应该 need needed 需要需要 dare dared 敢于敢于 l 一、连系动词一、连系动词(be,look,get)l 二、使役、感观动词二、使役、感观动词(let,make,feell 三、主动表被动三、主动表被动(sell,write）l 四、只接动名词做宾语四、只接动名词做宾语(mind,enjoy)l 五、只接不定式作宾语五、只接不定式作宾语(ask,decide)l 六、宾语不同、意义不同六、宾语不同、意义不同 (stop)l 七、七、接动名词、不定式意义区别不大接动名词、不定式意义区别不大(like)l 八、宾语不同、但意义相八、宾语不同、但意义相 同同(need,require)l 九、接宾语和宾补、形式不同九、接宾语和宾补、形式不同(allow)l 十、接虚拟语气十、接虚拟语气(suggest)l 十一、瞬间非延续性动词十一、瞬间非延续性动词(come)l 十二、表计划未能实现的动词十二、表计划未能实现的动词(plan)l 十三、情感动词类十三、情感动词类(excite)l 十四、否定前移类十四、否定前移类(think)l 十五、不带不定式作复合宾语十五、不带不定式作复合宾语(wish,hope)l 十六、十六、省略替代类省略替代类(guess)四、只接动名词做宾语的词四、只接动名词做宾语的词/词组词组l mind,risk,avoid,enjoy,miss,keep,suggest,appreciate,practice,delay,finish,dislike,excuse,imagine,consider,forbid,escape admit,advise,allow,l put off,give up,be worth,be busyl devoteto,look forward to,be used to,lead to,l succeed in,spend/waste time(in)have a good/hard time(in)have difficulty/trouble(in)there is no use(in)1.She looked forward every spring to_ the flower-lined garden.A.visit B.paying a visit C.walk in D.walking in2.I would appreciate_back this afternoon.A.you to call B.you call C.your calling D.youre calling3.The day he has looked forward to_ at last.A.coming B.came C.come D.comesDCBl 口诀：口诀：喜欢、考虑不可免（喜欢、考虑不可免（enjoy,consider,escape,avoid）停止，放弃太冒险（停止，放弃太冒险（stop,give up,risk）反对想象莫推延（反对想象莫推延（mind,imagine,delay,put off）要求完成是期望（要求完成是期望（require,finish,look forward to.）建议继续勤操练（建议继续勤操练（suggest,go on,practice）不禁原谅要坚持（不禁原谅要坚持（cant help,excuse,insist on）继续注意使成功（继续注意使成功（keep on,mind,succeed in）五、只接不定式作宾语的词五、只接不定式作宾语的词/词组词组ldecide,expect,hope,wish,order,refuse,promise,pretend,agree,seem,attempt,fail,offer,happen,warn,affordlmake up ones mind to,be determined to used to,be about to,be able to,have to would like/love to=should like/love to1.I would love_to the party last night.A.to go B.to have gone C.going D.having goneA2.Mr Smith warned her son_after drinking.A.never to drive B.to never drive C.never driving D.never drive3.She pretended_me when I passed by.A.not to see B.not seeing C.to not see D.having not seenAA六、宾语不同、意义不同六、宾语不同、意义不同l 1)go on to do/go on doingl 2)stop to do/stop doingl 3)remember to do/remember doingl 4)forget to do/forget doingl 5)mean to do/mean doingl 6)regret to do/regret doingl 7)try to do/try doingl 8)cant help(to)do/cant help doing 七、接动名词、不定式意义区别不大七、接动名词、不定式意义区别不大lbegin,start,continue,like,love,hate preferlIt began raining.lIt is beginning to rain.lI prefer staying home to going out.lI prefer to stay home rather than go out.lTired as he was,he continued to work.=Though he was very tired,he continued working.lHe likes playing football,but he doesnt like to play football today.十、接虚拟语气的词十、接虚拟语气的词l1)insist 2)order,command 4)advise,suggest,propose,recommend 4)demand,ask,require,request1.He ordered that we(should)leave at once.2.His order that we(should)leave at once was right.3.He insisted that his brother_ there.A.go B.went C.going D.to go4.He insisted that he_ nothing wrong and _ set free.A.do;be B.had done;was C.had done;be D.did;was5.His voice suggested that he_angry.A.is B.be C.was D.were 6.He suggested that the boy _ sent to hospital at once.A.was B.be C.is D.wereACCB“坚持说；坚决认为”，接that从句，用陈述语气即是陈述已知或发生过的事 十一、瞬间非延续性动词十一、瞬间非延续性动词lgo,come,leave,start,return,arrive,stop,finish,borrow,lend,open,close,die,become,break,join,kill,marry,graduate,buylmarry-be married seat-be seated hide-be hidden engage-be engaged die-be dead begin-be on join-be in borrow-keep come-be/stay leave-be away buy-have=have got1.He died ten years ago,thats to say,he has _ for ten years.A.been died B.been dead C.died D.been dying2.When Jack arrived he learned Mary _for almost an hour.A.had gone B.had set off C.had left D.had been awayBDlHe is leaving for Beijing tomorrow.lThe boy is so sick that he is dying fast.lThe bus is coming.lThe train is leaving.1.The news sounds _.(encourage)2.The play was so _ that nearly everybody was _ to tears.(move)3.Looking at her paper,she nodded with a_ smile on her face.(satisfy)4.He looked at me with a_look.(puzzle)encouraging moving satisfiedmoved puzzled十四十四、否定前移类否定前移类lbelieve,imagine,suppose,think,feel,guess1.I dont think he can finish the work,_?A.cant he B.can he C.do I D.dont I2.We dont believe she knows it,_?A.does she B.doesnt she C.do we D.dont we3.You dont think he can finish it,_?A.do you B.dont you C.can he D.cant heB A A十五十五、不带不定式作复合宾语不带不定式作复合宾语lhope,agree,suggest,demand,imagine,would ratherlI wish him to come.l=I hope that he will come.lI allowed/permitted him to go there.l=I agreed that he can go there.lHe advised me to do it right now.l=He suggested(to me)that I(should)do it right now.lI prefer him to go there.l=I would rather he went there.lI cant imagine such a girl like Mary doing such a thing.lHe wanted me to do it.l=He demanded that I(should)do it.十六十六、省略替代类省略替代类l1）believe,think,suppose,expect,guesslI think so.I think not=I dont think sol2)hope,fear,be afraid+so/notl3)intend,want,plan,wish,like,love,hate,hope,try,would(should)like/love to lDo you want to have a rest?Yes,I want to,but I cant.lDid you get the new stamps?No,I tried to,but there wasnt any left in that post office.lI didnt mean to call you at late night,but I had to as I did have something important to tell you.