英美两国福利制度比较研究

英美两国福利制度比较研究A Comparative Study of National Welfare System Beween British And American摘要 西方现代福利制度是人类社会文明进步的标志，在有利于加强资产阶级统治的同时，也对保障劳动群众的生活安全起到了很大的作用。作为社会化大生产和工业革命的产物，西方福利制度为整个社会经济的有序运营创造了良好的环境。各国以立法形式通过国民收入再分配，以社会保障税和其他税收形式将高收入者的一部分收入转移支付给低收入者，谋现收入的均等化，缓解了社会矛盾，维持了社会稳定；同时也保证了劳动力的再生产，促进了经济发展；此外，也是道德观念得以维护和延续。但世界各国国情不同，期福利制度在模式、保障围、资金支出与管理等方面也存在着巨大的差异。本文就英美两国的福利政策制度演进历程展开比较，通过研究和借鉴英美国家从剩余型福利政策、到制度型社会福利、再到发展型社会福利的发展和改革的历程；比较英美国家的不同国情的保障制度改革，提出福利制度的改革方向：构建积极的发展性的社会保障制度。目的在于揭示英美两国由于各自不同的历史传统，政治文化以与民情习惯等因素而形成的福利制度与其模式的特点，并探索他们在目前世界性的福利制度改革大潮中的发展趋势。还无疑问，这将有足浴我们在思考别国的经验教训，推动目前我国正在进行的社会保障制度的完善与发展进程。关键词：福利 福利制度 比较ABSTRACTWestern modern social welfare system is a sign of civilization and progress of human society, in favor of strengthening the rule of the bourgeoisie, but also to protect the lives of working people played a significant role in security.As a large-scale socialized production and the product of the industrial revolution, the Western welfare system for the orderly operation of the entire social economy to create a good environment. States to legislate through the redistribution of the national income to social security taxes and other forms of high-income tax share of income transfer payments to low-income people, the pursuit of revenue equalization, ease social contradictions, and to maintain social stability; the same time also ensure that the reproduction of labor, and promote economic development; besides, it can be maintain and extend moral valued. However, countries in the world have different national conditions, its welfare system in the mode of coverage, capital expenditures and management, there are a huge differences.In this paper, the evolution of British and American welfare system history to start comparison, through research and drawing on Britain and American social welfare policy from the remaining type, the type of social welfare system, to the developmental social welfare development and reform process; more Anglo-American countries, different conditions of security system reform, reform the welfare system put forward: building positive development-oriented social security system. As the United States and Britain intended to reveal their different historical traditions, political culture and public sentiment to form habits, the welfare system and its pattern of characteristics, and to explore their current welfare system reform global tide of trends. Undoubtedly, this will help us to reflect on the lessons of other countries to promote our country was now the perfect social security system and development process.Key word: welfare benefits system compare1、引言 英美国家的福利制度理论渊源深厚，福利制度理论的研究也比较完善。英国较早建立了比较完善的福利制度，为整个社会经济的有序运营创造了良好的环境，是整个过程和社会得以持续、稳定、均衡、协调地发展。并且，实现收入的均等化，缓解了社会矛盾，同时保证了劳动力的再生产，出尽了经济发展。随着福利国家带来的福利病，英国进行了不断的改革和调整。福利制度模式向积极性的福利制度模式转变。和英国相比，美国的社会保障制度起步较晚，知道20世纪30年代大萧条时期才基本建立起来；迄今为止，起社会保障的覆盖面与水平不仅低于英国，和同在北美的加拿大不起来也有不小的差距。按照西欧国家的标准，也许美国甚至从来算不上“福利国家”，但是从20世纪80年代，西欧许多福利国家陷入困境之后，很多人开始认为美国社会模式更有利于经济发展。事实上，西欧福利国家在变革过程中已经从美国的制度模式中洗去了很多东西，从这种角度来说，美国的福利国家制度恰恰是值得研究的。因此，作为西方两个发达国家，选取英美两国的福利制度进行比较研究具有重要的理论意义。British and American national welfare system theoretical roots, welfare system theory research is more perfect. Britain earlier established a relatively perfect welfare system, for the whole of the orderly operation of social economy has created a good environment, is the whole process and social sustained, stable and balanced and coordinated development. And revenue equalization, alleviate the social contradiction, at the same time to ensure the reproduction of labor force, make the economic development. As the welfare state to bring the benefits of disease, Britain has carried on the reform and adjustment. Welfare system model to the enthusiasm of the welfare system model. Compared with Britain, the United States social security system started late, know basic established during the great depression in the 1930 s; So far, the social security coverage and level lower than the UK, and Canada in North America do not rise to also have a big gap. In accordance with the standards of western European countries, perhaps even never is not welfare state in the United States, but since the 1980 s, Western Europe after many welfare state is in trouble, a lot of people are beginning to believe that American society patterns more conducive to economic development. Western welfare state in the process of change have, in fact, from the United States to wash the system model of a lot of things, from this perspective, the American welfare state system is worth studying. Therefore, as the two western developed countries, the selection of Britain and the United States a comparative study of the welfare system has important theoretical significance. 本文通过梳理福利制度的概念，以与福利制度模式的发展演进，比较英美国家不同的历史文化传统和国庆社会保障制度的改革实践活动以与不同的政策在改革中所发挥的职能作用，寻求由于不同的政治文化和历史民情形成的不同的福利制度，并将他们福利制度不同点与改革发展方向相综合，找出福利制度调整中存在的问题，从而探索福利制度的发展医院与对策建议。In this paper, by analyzing the concept of the welfare system, evolution and the development of the welfare system mode, compare British and American countries different national historical and cultural traditions, the social security system reform practice and different policies in the reform of the play to the functions of the seek formed due to different political, culture and history of different welfare system, and bring them the welfare system differences and the direction of reform and development of the comprehensive, find out the problems existing in the welfare system to adjust, so as to explore the development of the welfare state hospitals and countermeasures and Suggestions.2 福利制度与其模式的概念 2.1 福利制度的概念 社会保障 社会福利 从全球围来看，由于各国的特点和认识不同，社会保障制度的概念在世界各国的政策、文献以与有关论著中解析不同。“社会保障”一词最早出现在1935年社会保障法中。国际劳工组织给“社会保障”下的定义是：“所谓社会保障，就是通过采取一系列综合型的政策和措施而追求到的一种社会成果。这些政策和措施是对因疾病、失业、年老以与死亡而中断收入来源、陷入贫苦的公众加以保护，如对上述人员提供必要的医疗，对有幼儿的家庭发放补助金等。”（彦，红霞，社会保障论 M：大学，1999）英国在简明不列颠百科全书中对“社会保障”做出具体概念的界定：社会保障是一种公共福利计划，实在保护个人与其家庭免除因失业、年老、疾病或死亡而在收入上所受到的损失，并通过公益服务和家庭生活补助，以提高其福利。这项计划包括保险计划、保健、福利事业和各种维护收益计划。（网址）英国在建立社会保障制度时强调遵循普遍性原则，吧社会保障视为国民收入再分配的一种手段。Globally, due to the different characteristics and cognition, the concept of the social security system in the world of parsing different policy, literature, and related works. The term social security first appeared in the social security act of 1935. The international labor organization to social security is defined as: the so-called social security, it is by taking a series of policies and measures for the comprehensive and pursuit to a social achievement. These policies and measures for interrupted by the disease, unemployment, old age and death source of income, in poor trying to protect the public, such as the above personnel to provide the necessary medical and grants, etc. For families with young children Britain in the concise British encyclopedia to social security made specific definition of the concept: social security is a public welfare program, was to protect individuals and their families from the because of unemployment, old age, illness, or death and damage in income, and through the public welfare services and subsidies, family life, in order to improve their welfare. The program including insurance, health care, welfare and benefit of maintenance plan. (url) the emphasis on follow the principle of universality in establishing social security system, the right to social security as a means of national income redistribution. 在国际社会，社会福利的涵义更广，她旨在满足社会中个人和团体需求以与解决社会问题的各种社会安排，是一个包含提升人们福利和社会秩序的各种法律、社会项目、津贴补助和服务在的系统。在英国，“社会福利”包括两个项目：（1）社会工作，个人社会服务（2）社会保障：政府的福利项目。显然，在英国，社会保障是社会福利的一个部分。而美国对“社会福利”的定义为：（1）一种国家的项目、待遇和服务制度，它帮助人们满足社会的、经济的、教育的、和医疗的需要，这些讯要对维持一个社会来说是最基本的。（2）一个社会共同体的集体的幸福和正常的存在状态。从国际社会和英美两国的定义来看，社会福利制度币社会保障制度的含义宽泛。社会福利制度是指国家和社会为实现“社会福利状态”所做的各种制度安排，因而在国际上社会福利的含义则宽泛和含糊的多，包裹社会保障和社会救助。In the international society, the meaning of social welfare, she intended to meet the demand of individuals and groups in the society and solving social problems of all kinds of social arrangements, is a improve peoples welfare and social order of law, social programs, subsidies, subsidies and service system. In the UK, social welfare includes two projects: (1) social work, social security: personal social services (2) the governments welfare programmes. Obviously, in the UK, the social security is a part of social welfare. And the definition of social welfare as: (1) a national project, treatment and service system, it helps people to meet the needs of society, economy, education, and medical needs, the inquiry is essential to maintain a society. (2) a social community, the welfare of the collective and the existence of the normal state. From the international community and the definition of Britain and the United States, the meaning of broad social welfare system currency social security system. Social welfare system refers to the state and society in order to implement the welfare state do all kinds of system arrangement, thus the meaning of social welfare in the world is broad and vague, and social security and social assistance. 归纳世界各国对福利制度的定义，可以看到，各国分别是从经济职能、社会制度、社会理念和社会状态等不同的角度来阐诉福利制度概念。本文倾向于从发展历程出发点，对福利制度进行概念界定。福利制度首先具有广泛性和公平性：社会福利的最高目的是缓解社会矛盾，维持社会稳定，促进经济与社会的协调发展，社会福利的基本目标是为社会成员的基本生活权利提供安全保障，表达社会公平。因此，弗里德对象应该是社会中的每一个成员，不能有特权阶级和被忽视阶级的存在；另一方面，福利提供的容应该围广泛，不仅要有经济保障、服务保障还应该有对公民的精神保障。第二，社会福利的发展具有阶级性，即社会福利能调节国民收入分配与再分配，各国国情不同起项目的设立并非一成不变，发展阶段的不同福利的容不同。例外，社会独立具有社会性和强制性。社会福利属于社会化行为，由政府或社会团体来组织实施。此外，社会保障资金尽管有的来源于国加，有的来源于企业和个人缴费，但保障的最终责任主体还是国家，所以，需要国家统一管理并表达其强制性。Inductive definition of welfare countries around the world, you can see, the nations respectively from economic function and social system, social idea and social status in different perspective, such as welfare concept. This article tends to development course from a starting point, definition of welfare system. Welfare system has the universality and fairness: first the highest purpose is to ease social contradictions of social welfare, maintain social stability, promote the coordinated development of economy and society, the social welfare is the basic goal of to provide security for the members of the community of basic living rights and social justice. Fried objects should, therefore, is every member of the society, not the existence of the privileged class and the neglected class; Welfare content should, on the other hand, a wide range, not only have the economic security, service security to citizens should have the spirit of the guarantee. Second, the development of social welfare has class character, that is, the social welfare can adjust national income distribution and redistribution, the various countries different conditions on the project set up is not fixed, different welfare content at different stages of development. Exceptions, society independent of sociality and mandatory. Belong to the social behavior, social welfare by the government or social organizations to organize their implementation. In addition, although some is derived from the social security fund, some from the enterprise and individual pay cost, but guarantee the ultimate responsibility for the main body of country, so need to national unified management and demonstrate its mandatory.基于以上所述，社会福利是指随社会阶段性发展而调整的国家经济分配形势下的一种公共福利计划，他是有国家通过立法和行政措施设立的保证全体社会成员尤其是那些丧失劳动能力以与需要特殊帮助者经济与精神生活安全项目的总称。而福利制度则是政府关于社会保障职能所制定的政策措施的总称。因而，我们研究西方国家福利制度时，应从西方福利制度的概念角度进行研究。Based on the above, the phased development of society and social welfare is to point to adjust the distribution of the countrys economic situation of a public welfare program, he is a national legislation and administrative measures to ensure that all social members, especially those who lose labor ability and need special helper the floorboard of the economic and cultural life safety project. The welfare system is set by the government about the social security function the floorboard of the policies and measures. Therefore, we study the west welfare system, should from the perspective of the concept of the western welfare system research.3 英美福利制度的发展与其特点 3.1英国福利制度的形成与特点英国式世界上最早实现工业化的国家，其福利制度实在工业化进程中逐步建立起来的。British earliest industrializing countries in the world, the welfare system was gradually established in the process of industrialization. 3.1.1 英国福利制度的形成与发展18世纪开始，英国社会各个层面自发的建设职业福利机制，工人们建立了各种互助制度，公会开始发挥一定的职业保障功能，部分工厂主也开始为自己的职工提供一些职业福利。19世纪末，英国治本主义发展进入鼎盛时期，英国国的制度和政治体制建设也进入了新的历史阶段，现代国家功能日趋完备，为社会福利事业奠定了基础。1906年，英国自由党执政，开始建立社会福利制度。二战后，随着国民保险法国家医疗保险法国民救济法这三个法律的施行，标志着英国已经建成了现代社会保障制度，保险覆盖面已编辑全体公民，保险项目已经达到“from the cradle to the grave”的水平了。20世纪90年代，英国社会福利制度基本形成。The beginning of the 18th century, British society all aspects for the construction of the spontaneous professional welfare mechanism, the workers set up various kinds of mutual aid system, the council began to play a professional guarantee function, some factory owners are beginning to provide some professional benefits to their workers. The end of the 19th century, the fundamental socialist development entered the heyday, British democracy and political system construction has entered a new historical stage, modern nations became more complete, which laid a foundation for social welfare. In 1906, the British liberal party in power, began to build system of social welfare. After the second world war, as the national law, national health insurance law the national relief act three law enforcement, marks the British has built the modern social security system, insurance coverage edited all citizens, and insurance program has reached from the cradle to the level. In the 1990 s, the British social welfare system basic formation. 3.1.2 英国福利制度的特点覆盖面比较广The coverage of wider低入低出原则，即社会保障收益只用来维持基本生活，不能成为人们收入的主要组成部分。从历史上看，英国的社会福利收入占人均总收入的比重一直低于15%，远低于法国（45%）、德国（40%）和瑞典（20%）等过，在西欧国家中是最低的。同时，由于社会保障收益比较低，社会保险税也比较低；1999年，英国社会保险税占国民总值的比重仅为7.8%，在西欧国家中是最低的。Low into the principles, namely social security benefits only used to maintain basic life, cant become the main part of peoples income. Historically, the British social welfare accounted for the proportion of per capita income has been below 15%, far below France (45%), Germany (40%) and Sweden (20%) and so on, is the lowest in the western European countries. At the same time, because of lower social security benefits, social insurance tax is low; In 1999, the social insurance tax accounted for the proportion of its GDP is only 7.8%, the lowest in the western European countries.强调个人原则Emphasis on individual principle问题：一、由于社会保障收益太低，英国社会保障制度无法有效地解决社会上的贫困问题，二、虽然英国社会保障支出水平不高，但由于社会保障税也比较低，所以其社会保障制度仍然面临财困难，同样遇到了“福利国家”的危机与困境三、英国的社会保障水平比较低，所以很难与西欧其他国家实现社会保障制度上的一体化A, because of the social security income is too low, the British social security system is unable to effectively solve the problem of poverty in the society,Second, although the British social security level is not high, but also because of the social security tax is lower, so its social security system still faces fiscal difficulties, also met the crisis and the plight of welfare stateThird, the social security level is low, so it is difficult to with other Western Europe countries to realize the integration of the social security system3.2 美国福利制度与其特点 和英国相比，美国的社会保障制度起步较晚，可以说，知道20世纪30年代经济大萧条时期才基本建立起来。迄今为止，美国的社会保障的富贵面与水平不仅低于英国，而且与同在北美洲的加拿大比也有不小的差距。但是，从整个国家形态来看，美国与英国之间的共同性还是要大于差异性。Compared with Britain, the United States social security system started late, so to speak, know basic established during the great depression in the 1930 s. So far, the American social security levels of wealth and not only lower than the UK, Canada and also in North America than there are quite a gap. However, from the point of the whole country form, the commonality or than differences between the United States and Britain.3.2.1 美国福利制度的形成 和英国一样，美国的福利国家制度也是在工业化的过程中发展起来。1933年，罗斯福“新政”以前，美国只是出现了一些社会保障制度的萌芽。“新政”之后，1933年1961年，美国建立了社会保障制度的基本框架。从1961年约翰逊总统的“伟大计划”直到20世纪80年代，“伟大计划”的实施标志着美国福利制度国家的全面建设。Like Britain, Americas welfare state system is also developed in the process of industrialization. In 1933, Roosevelt before the New Deal, the United States is just the buds of some social security system. After the New Deal, 1933-1961, the United States established a basic framework of social security system. In 1961 President lyndon Johnsons great project until the 1980 s, the implementation of the great plan marks the country the comprehensive construction of American welfare system.3.2.2 美国福利制度的特点社会再分配程度比较低，由于美国福利制度的覆盖面小，所以，它的社会再分配度比较低，这是美国福利制度模式的特点之一。Social redistribution degree is lower, because the coverage of American welfare system is small, so its social redistribution degree is lower, this is one of the characteristics of American welfare system model.以就业为中心，在英国等福利国家存在严重的“福利陷阱”的时候，美国则存在大量“有工作的穷人”，被人们称为“工作陷阱”贫富差距加大。Employment as the center, in Britain and other welfare state exists serious welfare trap, the United States there are a large number of working poor, dubbed the trap in the gap between the rich and the poor.4 英美两国福利制度的比较The comparison of British and American welfare system4.1 英国与美国福利制度的不同覆盖面不同：美国福利制度的基本特点是强调“针对性”，从而与强调“普遍性”的英国福利国家制度有着明显的区别。20世纪60年代的美国党政府较扩大了干预的围，但根本特点仍然是向特殊群体提供特殊服务，而没有想英国那样建设面向“全民”的福利制度。Coverage is different: the basic characteristics of American welfare system is to emphasize targeted, and with the emphasis on universality of British welfare state system has obvious difference. Democratic government in the 1960 s significantly expanded the scope of the intervention, but the underlying characteristics is still to provide special services to special groups, and not to the UK construction for universal welfare system两国市场化高低程度不同Marketization degree is different between the two countries 美国政府执行福利职能的方式也与英国不同。如前所述，在社会保障制度的运作防治方面，美国政府经常以间接手段，如经济法规，价格结构，税收条款与企业补助来提供社会保护。而在英国。通常国家和政府会以国家的法库政策来制定相应的福利制度、例如。1905年颁布教育法规定学校为贫困家庭儿童提供免费膳食；1908年的儿童法强调在全社会禁止虐待儿童和少年；在卫生保健方面，规定所有工资收入者都应参加医疗保险，在指定医院免费就医。与此同时，美国福利制度的行为主体也比英国更加多元化：国家承办的许多社会福利项目是由志愿组织来执行的，企业在养老金和失业保险等方面发挥着核心作用。The government executed welfare function is different from the British. As mentioned earlier, in the aspect of prevention and control of the operation of social security system, the U.S. government often by indirect means, such as economic laws and regulations, price structure, tax provisions and corporate subsidies to provide social protection. In the UK. State and government often national library policies to formulate corresponding welfare system, for example. 1905 education law the regulation issued by the school for poor children free meals; The children act of 1908 stressed in the whole society of cruelty to children and adolescents; In terms of health care, regulation all wage earners should participate in medical insurance, the free medical treatment in designated hospitals. At the same time, the American welfare system behavior main body are also more diversified than Britain: countries to undertake many social welfare programs are executed by voluntary organizations, enterprises in the aspects such as pensions and unemployment insurance plays a central role.运作方式不同Work in a different way 第一，美国的“社会保障项目”和“失业保险”项目采用基金化的运作方式，政府征收“工资税”构成两个专门的保险基金，保险开支完全由基金负担，政府不再直接投入基金。而在英国同类项目中，公共开支一般占资金来源的三成左右。第二，美国没有赢过那样面向全民的“国民医疗保健制度”，政府只负责65岁以上老人的医疗保险，其他公民的医疗保健由商业保险来实施。老年人的医疗保险是美国社会保健制度中直接公共支出最多的部分。第三，美国从来没有面向全体公民的社会福利制度，美国的“社会福利”相当于英国的“社会救济”，英国以“居住权”或“公”为条件的“社会福利”在美国是没有的。First, the United States social security project and unemployment insurance project will use the funds works, and the government to impose payroll taxes constitute two special fund of insurance of insurance expenses shall be borne by the fund completely, the government no longer direct investment funds. And similar projects in the UK, the general public spending accounts for about thirty percent of the funding source. Second, the United States did not win anything for a national health care system, the government is responsible for only 65 people o