英语中虚拟语气

虚拟语调英语中的语调分为陈述语调、祈使语调、虚拟语调三类。虚拟语调表达说话人的主观愿望或假想，所说的是一种条件，不一定是事实，或与事实相反。条件句可分为两类，一类为真实条件句，一类为非真实条件句。非真实条件句表达的是假设的或实际也许性不大的状况，故采用虚拟语调。如果假设的状况也许发生，是真实条件句，这种状况下谓语用陈述语调。如： If time permits, well go fishing together.如果时间容许，我们就一起去钓鱼。 如果假设的状况是不存在的或不大也许发生的，则是虚拟条件句。如： If you had come yesterday, you would have met that famous professor.如果你昨天来，你就会见到那位出名的专家了。（隐含的事实是：你昨天没来，也没见到那位出名专家）。虚拟语调的基本形式和用法在具有虚拟条件句的复合句中，主从句的谓语都要用虚拟语调。1.具有条件状语从句的复合句wish（wouldrather）+宾语从句suggest（）+宾语从句2.主语从句Itis+adj./p.p/n.+that+S+(should)+do表语从句S+isthat+s+(should)+do同位语从句S+that+s+(should)+do3.定语从句Itis(high)timethat+S+did用过去式表目前状况1.时态后退型用过去完毕式表过去两种形式用过去将来表将来2.should+动词原形型内容详述I.具有条件状语从句的复合句(以do为例;S=主语)时间条件状语从句主句与目前事实相反的假设If+S+didS+would/should/could/might+do与过去事实相反的假设If+S+haddoneS+would/should/could/might+havedone与将来事实相反的假设didIf+SshoulddoweretodoS+would/should/could/might+do注意事项：1倒装句。如果条件句中具有功能词had，should，were时，可以省去If，把功能词提前，构成倒装句。2错综条件句。若条件句和主句动作不存在同一种时间，则谓语形式应根据具体状况而定。3Iftherewerent/hadnotbeen+=without4Ifitwerenotfor/Ifithadntbeenfor=butfor5otherwise+虚拟语调的句子6虚拟语调的句子，but+陈述事实的句子II.虚拟语调用在宾语从句中sb.did(但愿目前用过去式)1.wish+thatsb.haddone（但愿过去用过去完毕式）sb.would/shoulddo（但愿将来用过去将来）2.wouldrather后的从句要用虚拟语调。时间从句虚拟目前were,did(动词一般过去式)虚拟过去haddone虚拟将来did(动词一般过去式)例：IwouldratherIhadntsaidsuchunkindthingstoyou.（虚拟过去）Idratheryoucameherefortheanswertomorrowmorning.（虚拟将来）Idratheryoupostedtheletterrightaway.(虚拟目前)3.suggest+（that）S+should+do表达愿望、建议、祈求等主观意向的动词之后的宾语从句，谓语用should动词原形，should常常省略。此类词有：decide，demand，desire，insist，order，propose，suggest，recommend，requested，require等。注意：1.suggest当“建议”讲时，其宾语从句用虚拟语调；当“暗示、表白”时，用陈述语调2.insist当坚持“见解或建议”时，宾语从句用虚拟语调；当坚持“某个事实”时，用陈述语调。判断改错：（错）Yourpalefacesuggeststhatyou（should）beill.（对）Yourpalefacesuggeststhatyouareill.（错）Iinsistedthatyou（should）bewrong.（对）Iinsistedthatyouwerewrong.III.虚拟语调用在主语从句中Itisdemanded/necessary/apity+that等构造的主语从句，谓语动词用should加动词原形，should可省略。Itis可用的词有三类that（should）dosuggested,ordered,required,proposed,demanded,requested,insisted等important,necessary,natural,imperative,strange等apity,ashame,nowonder等IV虚拟语调用在同位语从句中。某些表达建议、祈求、命令等主观意向的名词后同位语从句需用虚拟语调，其体现形式为(should)动词原形。此类名词常用的有：advice，suggestion，proposal（建议），order，demand，desire，request，requirement，recommendation（推荐），plan，resolution（决策），idea等。eg.Weareallforyourproposalthatthediscussion(should)beputoffV虚拟语调用在表语从句中。某些表达建议、祈求、命令等主观意向的名词作主语时，表语从句需用虚拟语调，其体现形式为(should)动词原形。此类名词常用的有：advice，suggestion，proposal，order，demand，desire，request，requirement，recommendation以及plan，idea，resolution等。eg.Mysuggestionisthatthemayor(should)presenttheprizes.VI虚拟语调用在定语从句中Itis（abouthigh）timethatsb.didsth/shoulddosth.eg.Dontyouthinkitsabouttimewewenthome？注：在thisisthefirsttimesecondtimethat句型中，从句中谓语动词用陈述语调完毕时态。eg.IsthisthefirsttimethatyouhavevisitedHongkong？VII.虚拟语调用在让步、方式、目的状语从句中1在带有evenif/eventhough引导的让步状语从句的主从复合句中，主句和从句都用虚拟语调，动词形式与具有非真实条件句的虚拟语调相似。如:Evenifhehadbeenill,hewouldhavegonetohisoffice.虽然生了病，她俩去办公室。2由asif或asthough引导的状语从句表达比较或方式时。从句谓语形式为动词的过去式(be用were)或“had十过去分词”。如:HetreatedmeasifIwereastranger.她那样看待我，仿佛我是陌生人似的。Shetalkedaboutthefilmasifshehadreallyseenit.她谈论那部影片，就仿佛她的确看过同样。3虚拟语调用在lest（唯恐、免得），forfearthat及incase引导的目的状语从句中。在由lest等引导的目的状语从句中需用虚拟语调，表达“以防，以免”等意思，其谓语动词多由should动词原形构成，should也可省略。eg.HewaspunishedlestheshouldmakethesamemistakeagainVIII虚拟语调用情感语言中1虚拟语调在表达客气、遗憾以及祝愿等场合中，使用虚拟语调。eg.Youshouldnthavebeenfollowinghimsoclosely；youshouldhavekeptyourdistance2Ifonlysb./sth.+时态后退型的谓语eg.IfonlyIhadknowntheresultoftheexamination.IX.虚拟语调的特殊用法： 1. 省掉if的条件从句构造： Had you asked me, I would have told you. (=If you had asked me,) 2.有时虚拟条件不用条件从句而用不定式、分词、介词、名词、连接词或定语从句来表达，如： A true friend would not do such a thing. (=If he were a true friend, he would.) 3.有时条件从句中的动作和成果从句中的动作发生的时间不一致，如： If he had followed the doctors advice, he would be quite all right now. If I were you, I would have gone home.虚拟语调练习题：1.Ifyouwereoldenough,I_youtogothereyesterday. A.willallowB.shouldallowC.wouldhaveallowedD.hadallowed2.Thesecretarysuggestedthatthey_themeninatonce. A.hadbroughtB.shouldhavebroughtC.broughtD.bring3._Iyou,Iwouldgowithhimtotheparty. A.WasB.HadbeenC.WillbeD.Were4.Itisstrangethatsuchathing_inyourclass. A.willhappenB.happensC.shouldhappenD.happened5.HowIwishI_torepairthewatch!Ionlymadeitworse. A.hadtriedB.hadnttriedC.havetriedD.didnttry6.Ifhe_totheteacherattentively,he_theanswertotheproblemnow. A.hadlistened,wouldhaveknownB.listened,wouldknow C.listened,wouldhaveknownD.hadlistened,wouldknow7.Iwasbusyyesterday,otherwiseI_yourbirthdayparty. A.attendedB.hadattendedC.wouldattendD.wouldhaveattended8.IfonlyI_howtooperateanelectroniccomputerasyoudo. A.hadknownB.wouldknowC.shouldknowD.knew9.Thetwostrangerstalksasifthey_friendsforyears. A.wereB.wouldbeC.havebeenD.hadbeen10.Itishightimewe_upourresults. A.sumB.summedC.willsumD.wouldsum11ThelibrarianinsiststhatJohn_nomorebooksfromthelibrarybeforehereturnsallthebookshehadborrowed. A.willtakeB.tookC.takeD.takes12.Butfortheguidanceofourinstructor(导师),we_intheexperiment. A.shouldntsucceedB.couldnothavesucceeded C.willnotsucceedD.shouldnothavesucceeded13.Itsabouttimepeople_noticeofwhatwomendidduringthewar. A.takeB.tookC.havetakenD.willtake14.Shecouldnthaveansweredthequestionifshe_afewbooksonworldhistory. A.hadntreadB.hasntreadC.wouldntreadD.didntread15.Isntitabouttimethatyou_topickupthevisitorsfromNewYork? A.hadgoneB.shouldgoC.goD.willgo16.Theyoungmaninsistedthathe_nothingwrongand_freeimmediately.A.did;setB.haddone;shouldbesetC.do;besetD.haddone;mustbeset17.Youradvicethat_tillnextweekisreasonable. A.shewaitsB.shewaitC.waitsheD.shewaited18.Itwasessentialthatwe_lease（公约、合同）beforetheendofthemonth. A.signB.signedC.hadsignedD.weresigning19.IwishthatI_withyoulastnight. A.wentB.havegoneC.couldgoD.couldhavegone20.HespeaksChinesesofluentlyasifhe_aChinese. A.wereB.hadbeenC.isD.hasbeen21.Lookingroundthetown,hefeltasthoughheawayforages. A.hasbeenB.wasC.isD.hadbeen22.ItisimportantthattheTOEFL_officeyourregistration. A.willconfirmB.confirmC.confirmsD.mustconfirm23.IfIhadseenthemovie,I_youallaboutitnow. A.wouldtellB.willtellC.havetoldD.wouldhavetold24.IhadhopedthatJohn_ayearinAfrica,buthestayedthereonlyforthreemonths. A.spendsB.spentC.wouldspendD.willspend25.Idratheryouanythingaboutitforthetimebeing. A.doB.didntdoC.dontD.didnt26.Everybodyhasarrived.Itstimewetheclass. A.shallstartB.wouldstartC.hadstartedD.shouldstart27.theEnglishexaminationIwouldhavegonetotheconcertlastSunday A.InspiteofB.ButforC.BecauseofD.Asfor28.Whenapencilispartlyinaglassofwater，itlooksasifit_.A.breaksB.hasbrokenC.werebrokenD.hadbeenbroken29.Shecouldnthaveansweredthequestionifshe_afewbooksonworldhistory. A.hadntreadB.hasntreadC.wouldntreadD.didntread30.Thesunrisesintheeastandsetsinthewest,soitseemsasifthesun_roundtheearth.A.werecirclingB.circlesC.iscirclingD.becircling31._thefog,weshouldhavereachedourdestination.A.BecauseofB.InspiteofC.IncaseofD.Butfor32.Butfortheguidanceofourinstructor(导师),we_intheexperiment.A.shouldntsucceedB.couldnothavesucceedC.willnotsucceedD.shouldnothavesucceeded33.TheLawrequiresthateveryone_hiscarcheckedatleastonceayear.A.hasB.hadCwillhaveD.have34.Irecommendedthatthestudent_hiscompositionassoonaspossible.A.finishingwritingB.shouldfinishthewritingC.finishwritingD.finishedwriting35.Iwouldhavecalledyouupforhelphaditbeenpossible,butI_yourphonenumberthen.A.hadnthadB.didnthaveC.shouldnthaveD.couldnthave36.Withoutelectricityhumanlife_quitedifferenttoday.A.isB.willbeC.wouldhavebeenD.wouldbe37.IwishI_youyesterday.A.seenB.didseeC.hadseenD.weretosee38.Hadyoulistenedtothedoctor,you_allrightnow.A.areB.wereC.wouldbeD.wouldhavebeen39._today,hewouldgettherebyFriday.A.WouldheleaveB.WasheleavingC.WerehetoleaveD.Ifheleave40.HeistalkingsomuchaboutAmericaasifhe_thereA.hadbeenB.hasbeenC.wasD.been41.Whenapencilispartlyinaglassofwater.Itlooksasifit_.A.breaksB.hadbrokenC.werebrokenD.hadbeenbroken42.Hetreatedmeasthough_hisownson.A.IamB.IwouldbeC.IwasD.Iwere43.IfonlyI_acarofmyown.A.haveB.hadC.wouldloveD.shouldhave44.LookatthetroubleImin!IfonlyI_youradvice.(上海)A.followedB.wouldfollowC.hadfollowedD.shouldfollow45.Ifonlyhe_quietlyasthedoctorinstructed.A.liesB.layC.hadlainD.shouldlieII.Translation1.我不懂得她的电话号码，否则我就打电话给她了。2.她本可以给你更多的协助，虽然她很忙。3.-如果也许的话你会不会打电话给她？-会的，但是我当时在忙着做家庭作业呢。4如果你昨晚没有看电影到那么晚的话，你目前就不会这样困了。5.没有电，今天人类的生活就完全不同了。KeysI.1-5CDDCB6-10ADDDB11-15CBBAA16-20BBADA21-25DBACB26-30BBCAA31-35DBDCB36-40DCCCA41-45CDBCCII.1Ididntknowhistelephonenumber,otherwiseIwouldhavetelephonedhim.2Hemighthavegivenyoumorehelp,eventhoughhewasverybusy.3-Wouldyouhavecalledheruphaditbeenpossible?-Yes,butIwerebusydoingmyhomework.4Ifyouhadntseenthatfilmlatelastnight,youwouldntbesosleepy.5Withoutelectricity,humanlifewouldbequitedifferenttoday.