硬盘的主要部件介绍

Western DigitalDrive Basic西部西部数数据据认证认证工程工程师师2022/7/141Presented by Western DigitalSpindle Motor 旋轉馬達旋轉馬達Disk Media 記錄數據碟片記錄數據碟片VCM Magnet 音圈馬達磁鐵音圈馬達磁鐵Base Casting 鑄件之底座鑄件之底座Air Circulation Filter 空氣過濾器空氣過濾器Latch音圈卡鎖音圈卡鎖硬盤硬盤 主要部件介紹主要部件介紹(1)2Presented by Western DigitalBaseCover頂蓋頂蓋HSA(Headstack Assembly)Disk碟片碟片Spacer間隔圈間隔圈Spindle Motor旋轉馬達旋轉馬達Clamp固定銷固定銷VCM(Voice Coil Magnet)硬盤硬盤 主要部件介紹主要部件介紹(2)3Presented by Western Digital硬盘硬盘 Headstack Assembly(HSA-头堆头堆)Bracket/Connector托架托架/連接器連接器Flex Circuit撓性電纜撓性電纜Voice CoilPivot軸軸ActuatorSuspension懸臂懸臂Slider/Head滑片滑片/磁頭磁頭4數據記錄原理基礎數據記錄原理基礎5Presented by Western Digital14 YEARS20 MB Technical Specs.Physical Parameters:Cylinders=782Heads=2Sectors/track=27Sectors/drive=42,228RPM =4500Data Density:Bits/inch(BPI)=22KbTracks/inch(TPI)=1021Caviar1990250 GB(250,000 MB!)Physical Parameters:Cylinders=74,686Heads=6Sectors/track=506 945 Sectors/drive=488,397,168RPM =7200 Data Density:Bits/inch(BPI)=660KbTracks/inch(TPI)=76,000Caviar2004同樣是同樣是3.5”的結構的結構,現在的硬盤能存儲超過現在的硬盤能存儲超過90年的年的20M硬盤硬盤12,500倍的數據倍的數據硬盤容量的增長歷史硬盤容量的增長歷史6Presented by Western Digitalhead 3head 2head 1head 0底部和頂部都可記錄數據底部和頂部都可記錄數據Tracks -指一個單環形指一個單環形Cylinders 同半徑同同半徑同 心圓在所有碟片面心圓在所有碟片面 上的集合上的集合Sectors -軌被軌被512字節的扇區分割開來字節的扇區分割開來 這就是數據存儲的地方這就是數據存儲的地方數據被集合到了有數據被集合到了有 512字節的扇區字節的扇區7Presented by Western Digital506 Sectors per Track752 Sectors per Track945 Sectors per TrackZoned Bit Recordingn碟片以碟片以 7200 RPM的恆定速度轉動的恆定速度轉動n硬盤被分成了不同的同心區域硬盤被分成了不同的同心區域n內部的區域包含了較少的物理空間內部的區域包含了較少的物理空間,也就包含較少的扇區數也就包含較少的扇區數n外圈有更多的空間外圈有更多的空間,也包含了更多的扇區也包含了更多的扇區n對於對於 3.5”硬盤硬盤,著陸區位於直徑的中間部分著陸區位於直徑的中間部分Landing Zone8Presented by Western DigitalServo Wedge 特別的非數據區域用於定位磁頭在軌道上的恰當位置DATA(512 bytes)one sector/one LBA Data and Servo Wedge Recording9Presented by Western DigitalCBdatadataservoADrotationUsing Servo Wedges to Stay Track CenterTrack CenterPresented by Western Digital 頭堆頭堆(HSA)接到一個通過線纜接到一個通過線纜傳來的電流信號以後傳來的電流信號以後,其上面其上面的線圈將會產生電磁場的線圈將會產生電磁場,他的末他的末端將會在電磁場的作用下做做端將會在電磁場的作用下做做環形移動環形移動ctromagnet.電流的大小由伺服電路的計電流的大小由伺服電路的計算得出算得出 在不同電流的作用下在不同電流的作用下,很精確很精確的加速度和負加速度可以被編的加速度和負加速度可以被編程增強了性能和伺服的準確性程增強了性能和伺服的準確性DiskHSA(Head Stack Assembly)COILVCM(Voice Coil Magnet)DiskHSA(Head Stack Assembly)COILVCM(Voice Coil Magnet)移動磁頭到正確的軌道移動磁頭到正確的軌道11Presented by Western DigitalAvg.Access Time=Seek Time+Latency+Transfer Time+Controller Overhead 1/31/31/3requestedsectordisk rotationDISK一般認為這指碟片與主機之間在收到寫或者讀請求一般認為這指碟片與主機之間在收到寫或者讀請求的所花費的時間的所花費的時間平均尋道時間平均尋道時間nSeek Time:將磁頭移動到希望到達的位置之將磁頭移動到希望到達的位置之間距離所用的時間間距離所用的時間.距離的典型的值為碟片半距離的典型的值為碟片半徑的徑的1/3nLatency:在數據到達讀寫磁頭下面之前硬盤在數據到達讀寫磁頭下面之前硬盤多等待的時間多等待的時間.nTransfer Time:數據與主機之間傳送所需要數據與主機之間傳送所需要的時間的時間nController Overhead:將主機端發來的命令將主機端發來的命令解碼所花費的時間解碼所花費的時間n7200 RPM 硬盤要比轉速比其慢的硬盤有更快硬盤要比轉速比其慢的硬盤有更快的平均尋道時間的平均尋道時間,原因是原因是7200RPM的硬盤有更的硬盤有更短的短的Latency 和和 Seek times12 讀寫磁頭基礎讀寫磁頭基礎 13Presented by Western Digital滑板滑板/磁頭放置在磁頭放置在1角硬幣上的大小角硬幣上的大小(US$.01)14Presented by Western Digital空白的磁頭晶圓空白的磁頭晶圓15Presented by Western Digital6.4 kilometers traveled2.7 gms of mass addedAu,Cu,PtMn,NiFeCr,Ta,CoNiFe,Cr,AlO,Ti,Ru,NiNb,CoFe,CoPt,NiFe,CoFeN,plus various photo-resists.038 mm of height added20K Heads加工後的磁頭晶圓加工後的磁頭晶圓16Presented by Western DigitalnIn 1974,the head flying height was equivalent to a Boeing 747 airliner flying at 15 cm above the ground in 2004,the 747 has to fly at 0.05 cmn1974 年年,磁磁頭飛行高度與波音頭飛行高度與波音747 班機飛行在地面之上班機飛行在地面之上的比的比效效是是在在15 cm,而在而在2004,是是在在0.05 cmnThe load on the slider is equivalent to 100,000 passengersn相當於相當於載載100,000 位乘客位乘客nThe speed of the disk under the head is up to 92 km per hour for a 7200 RPM driven相對於相對於747班機飛行在地面之上班機飛行在地面之上磁磁頭在頭在7200 轉轉硬硬盤之下的速度盤之下的速度是是92每小時公里每小時公里nThe head can survive repeated lateral accelerations of 1000 Gs and vertical accelerations of 300 Gs humans black out at 9 Gsn磁磁頭能頭能承受承受1000 Gs 的側向加速和的側向加速和300 Gs 的垂直加速的垂直加速-人人只能只能夠承受夠承受9 GsnThe 747 is designed for 30,000 take offs and landings,the head 100,000n747 被設計被設計作作為為30,000 次次的升降的升降,但磁但磁頭頭為為100,000次次Heads Celebrating 52 years of Flight磁磁頭頭-慶祝飛行慶祝飛行52 年年17Presented by Western Digital典型的硬盤磁頭設計典型的硬盤磁頭設計Air Bearing Surfaces空氣軸承表面空氣軸承表面Read/write sensors讀寫傳感器讀寫傳感器Slider滑子滑子18Presented by Western Digital磁頭磁頭/碟片飛行高度和污染物的比較碟片飛行高度和污染物的比較Todays hard drive heads typically“fly”at around 100 above the media 今天典型今天典型的磁頭的磁頭“飛行飛行”在在碟片上碟片上100For comparison:為比較為比較:Head Fly Height10019Presented by Western Digital磁頭和碟片的尺寸磁頭和碟片的尺寸nThe geometry of the head media interface consists of:磁磁頭媒介接口包括頭媒介接口包括:n1 meter equals 10,000,000,000(100億億)/1 米米=10,000,000,000(100億億)nRadius of the medias data zone資料區的半徑資料區的半徑 300,000,000 nSize of the Slider滑子的大小滑子的大小 10,000,000 nHead Media mechanical spacing磁頭架構的間隔磁頭架構的間隔 100 nDisk surface roughness 3 nCompare to:nHuman hair頭頭髮髮 1,000,000 nBacteria細菌細菌 5000 nTobacco smoke煙草煙草的的煙煙 2500 nVirus病毒病毒 100 =Head Fly Height!磁磁頭飛行高度頭飛行高度20Presented by Western Digital今天的硬盤都已經使用今天的硬盤都已經使用(G)MR磁頭從碟磁頭從碟片上讀寫資料片上讀寫資料典型的硬盤磁頭的設計典型的硬盤磁頭的設計MR READINGelementInductiveWRITINGelementWRITESIGNALSREADSIGNALS21Presented by Western Digital由于碟片在磁头下面转动由于碟片在磁头下面转动,磁头产生短暂的脉冲磁场磁头产生短暂的脉冲磁场,这个磁场经过碟片上的鍍磁层的这个磁场经过碟片上的鍍磁层的时候时候,磁单元被磁化从而进行重新的排列磁单元被磁化从而进行重新的排列.InductiveInductiveHeadHead在碟片上寫數據的原理在碟片上寫數據的原理22Presented by Western Digital碟片上磁单元的磁场将经过磁头下面碟片上磁单元的磁场将经过磁头下面,这将引起这将引起GMR磁头电阻的急速变化磁头电阻的急速变化,这些信号这些信号将会被硬盘电子电路获得将会被硬盘电子电路获得,从而读去到数据从而读去到数据.從碟片上讀數據的原理從碟片上讀數據的原理23Presented by Western Digitalmagnetic fieldsNSNSNSNSNSdisk rotationmagnetic layer of the diskn在磁盤被寫之後在磁盤被寫之後,上面有數十億的小的磁極化因子上面有數十億的小的磁極化因子nThe little magnets are decoded as the data written to disknFuture technology will include Perpendicular Recording碟片上的數據碟片上的數據24Presented by Western DigitalMaximize Areal Density最大化地區密度最大化地區密度Capacity is measured by Areal Density容量由地區密度測量容量由地區密度測量Areal Density=TPI x BPI (Gbits/in2)where:TPI=tracks per inch每英寸磁道數每英寸磁道數BPI=bits per inch位位元元每英寸每英寸To hold more data,need more TPI and BPI須要須要更多資料更多資料,需要更多需要更多TPI 和和BPIAs capacity increases,bit sizes must decrease,makingIt more difficult to write and read the magnetic signal當容量增當容量增大大,位元位元體積體積必須減少必須減少,使它更難寫和讀磁性信號使它更難寫和讀磁性信號Consumers Wants Bigger Capacity Drives消費者想要更大的消費者想要更大的容量容量Presented by Western Digitaltracks磁道磁道bits1989TodayHigher Areal Density is Always a Challenge密度的挑戰密度的挑戰Less magneticsignal to read比較上磁力信號弱比較上磁力信號弱Presented by Western Digital76,000 Tracks/inch(TPI)660,000 data bits/inchalso defined as(660 Kbpi)660,000 資料位元資料位元/英寸並且英寸並且被定義和被定義和(660 Kbpi)Disk spins at 7200 RPMnIn one inch,the Read/Write head can differentiate 660,000 data bits磁頭能在一吋的磁片上讀到磁頭能在一吋的磁片上讀到660,000bits資料資料nAlso in one inch,it can place about 76,000 tracks在一吋的磁片上在一吋的磁片上有有76000磁軌磁軌Current Areal Density當前的地區密度當前的地區密度27Presented by Western Digital台式机市场趋势台式机市场趋势 容量容量42%32%10%8%16%29%24%18%Trend Focus,August 200428Presented by Western Digital硬硬盘盘碟片碟片 Basics29Presented by Western DigitalnHard disk media is made up of several layers of material all with very important functionsnBase material used for media are:oAluminum for 3.5”hard drivesoGlass for 2.5”hard drivesoGoal is to be strong and very smooth/flatnMost important layer is Magnetic layer that actually records the user datanTop layers offer protection as head fly height is 100n硬碟硬碟片是用幾片是用幾層層不同不同材料材料造成造成-每層都每層都有非常重要作有非常重要作用用n基本材料是基本材料是:n3.5“硬碟為鋁硬碟為鋁n2.5“硬碟為玻璃硬碟為玻璃n目目的的是強是強化化/光滑光滑/扁平扁平n最最重要層是重要層是magnetic層用作層用作記錄用戶資料記錄用戶資料n頂層提頂層提供供保護因為保護因為磁磁頭飛行高度是頭飛行高度是100Disk Media Basics磁片的基本構造磁片的基本構造30Presented by Western Digital硬硬盘盘磁磁头头 Basics 31Presented by Western DigitalMalaysia Thailand Fremont,CA Thailand Head R&D Wafer FabSlider HGA HSAHDHD PCBAHDS Operations 制造基地制造基地32Presented by Western DigitalSlider FabWafer FabHDFGIHSAHGATotal Cycle Time:49-52 days to completed HDCycle Time from wafer start to HSA=46 days Head Manufacturing Flow磁头制造流程磁头制造流程59 days63 days46 days Mfr B Mfr AWDComparative Wafer Start to HSA Cycle TimesWafer Under-CoatingWD FremontWD Thailand33Presented by Western DigitalBS/BA34%MS/MA25%PhD34%Diploma7%PhD20%MS/MA23%BS/BA33%Diploma24%Exempt Staff Experience:18 Years New staff(non-RR):13%Fremont Resources Professional StaffManagement Experience:20 Years New staff(non-RR):16%34Presented by Western DigitalWD Head Technology35Presented by Western Digital研发任务研发任务n利用领先技术为西部数据创造价值利用领先技术为西部数据创造价值oBest-of-breed reliabilityoDesign for manufacturabilityoHigh-yielding,low-cost products36Presented by Western Digital西部数据磁头技术状况西部数据磁头技术状况n侧重于于台式机市场侧重于于台式机市场nCurrent generation overall assessmentoSignificant progress since Aug.2003oBest-in-class reliability,lowest failure rateoYields competitive with best-in-class vendor oContinued engagement by R&D during production phaseNormalized Reliability Failure RateNormalized Drive YieldsCY 2003Failure RatesYields0.00.20.40.60.81.01.2WDBest-in-ClassVendor0.00.20.40.60.81.01.21.41.6WD Aug.2003WD CurrentBest-in-ClassVendor37Presented by Western DigitalRoadmap OverviewHD Industry Areal Density Growth Slowing200020012002200320042005101001000GB/disk 125-133 GBAdvanced GMRAdvanced DepositionHigh Moment Write PolePlanar Write HeadThin OvercoatsDynamic Controls 167 GBCPP Read HeadPerpendicular WriterAdvanced MaterialsDynamic Controls10 GBGMR heads40 GBEnhanced GMR 80 GBSpecular GMRDeep UV Lithography38Presented by Western Digital技术发展里程技术发展里程WriterReaderLongitudinalPerpendicularGMRAdvanced GMRCPP-GMR,TMR GMR Giant Magneto ResistanceTMR Tunneling Magneto ResistanceCPP Current Perpendicular to Plane80 GB120 GB160 GB240 GB39Presented by Western Digital长期的技术进步长期的技术进步TimeframeLeading CompetitorWestern Digital2003-2004LongitudinalLongitudinal2004-2011PerpendicularPerpendicular,Discrete track2008-2014Thermal Assist,ProbePerpendicular,Discrete track,Thermal Assist40Presented by Western Digital什麼是什麼是Firmware（固件）固件）nFirmware（固件）介于软件(Software)与硬件(Hardware)之间，可以翻译为韧件是控制机器底层基本操作的机器培训指令集。WD公司通过不断修改及升级步骤发布最新韧件。nBIOS是Basic Input and Output System的缩写，是一种写在ROM（只读存储器）里面的软件，用来搭配各种硬件的设置、启动、测试等等。所以不同的硬件就必须搭配不同的BIOS，才能进行各自特有的指令与设置。nSCSI/IDE BIOS一般都被储存在SCSI卡/IDE PCBA上的ROM里面，由于目前大部分都采用Flash ROM，因此可以从网站上下载同型号的固件（Firmware），或由WD公司提供固件来更新ROM版本。41Presented by Western Digital FW is the bridge between physical H/W design and the functional specification.It will depend on the feature of the CPU to simplify the H/W design.You may say that F/W is a list of the procedures and decision which will be followed by the specific H/W for getting the desired functional result.When power on,F/W will be loaded to memory and executed by CPU.There will be initialization,I/O control,memory management,command execution.If the H/W is designed for resident F/W,you must have the code to function the H/W.What is FirmWare:什麼是什麼是Firmware（固件）固件）42Presented by Western DigitalF/W design reference:nFunctional specificationnOperational flow chartnCPU used and command supported.nControlling devices interface.nChipset registers-functional definitionnAddress map of the H/W-I/O and Memory layout.nMemory capacity.什麼是什麼是Firmware（固件）固件）43Presented by Western DigitalThank You44Presented by Western Digital演讲完毕，谢谢观看！