Pali_Primer+Key

PLI PRIMERLily de Silva, M.A., Ph.D.Published byVIPASSANA RESEARCH INSTITUTE PREFACEThis is a book long overdue, as my first Pli teacher, the late Mr. Julius Berugoda wished me to compile such a one, or translate the work he did into English, many years ago. I am sorry I was not able to bring forth this Pli Primer during his lifetime, but I feel I am discharging a great obligation even at this late stage.I take no credit for the method used in this book as it was thought out by my revered Guru. When I first met him in 1949, I asked him how many cases there are in Pli, as I feared that I would have to memorise declensions as in Latin. He very tactfully said that there are no cases. I was surprised and curious, and requested him to start lessons immediately. Straight away we got down to making sentences which, lesson after lesson, became longer, more interesting and complex. These exercises were such fun that I thoroughly enjoyed learning Pli. Mr. Berugoda compiled a Pli Grammar in Sinhala called Pli Subodhin, to teach me and it was later published in the early 1950s. It has long been out of print and even I do not possess a copy.In the early 1980s Mr. Berugoda compiled another Pli Grammar in Sinhala which he said was an improvement on Pli Subodhin, and wished me to translate it into English. Though it was translated with the help of Prof. P.B. Meegaskumbura of the Department of Sinhala, I was not satisfied with the arrangement of the lessons. I felt that the improvements he made in his enthusiasm were counter-productive, but I did not have the heart to tell him my frank opinion. The book however could not be published for lack of funds. The present work is an entirely new effort based on the same principle of teaching grammar through composition, using a gradually expanding controlled vocabulary, selected on the basis of types frequently occurring in the language. Cases are introduced one by one using only masculine nouns ending in -a at the beginning, with exercises in sentence formation with present tense, third person, singular and plural verbs whose bases end in -a. Grammatical forms such as the gerund / absolutive and the infinitive, which are very frequent in the language, are soon introduced to enable the student to form longer and more complex sentences. Once the student has mastered the basic structure, other grammatical and syntactical forms are taught one by one, following the principle of introducing forms which bear a similarity / affinity in morphology to those already learnt. Translations from and into Pli form an integral part of each lesson. This book is meant for beginners and gives only an introduction to Pli grammar. It is designed as a convenient stepping stone to more advanced works such as A.K. Warders Introduction to Pli.I have freely drawn from the vocabulary collected by Ven. A.P. Buddhadatta in The New Pli Course Part I, for which I acknowledge my indebtedness. I place on record my sincere thanks to my University Guru Prof. N.A. Jayawickrema for going through the first draft of this text with meticulous care and making valuable suggestions.Lily de SilvaDepartment of Pli and Buddhist StudiesUniversity of Peradeniya, Sri Lanka.11 December, 1991.CONTENTSThe Alphabet1Lesson 1Declension of masculine nouns ending in -a.Nominative case, singular and plural.Present, third, singular and plural verbs.4Lesson 2Declension of masculine nouns ending in -a, continued.Accusative case, singular and plural .7Lesson 3Declension of masculine nouns ending in -a, continued.Instrumental case, singular and plural.11Lesson 4Declension of masculine nouns ending in -a, continued.Ablative case, singular and plural.15Lesson 5Declension of masculine nouns ending in -a, continued.Dative case, singular and plural.19Lesson 6Declension of masculine nouns ending in -a, continued.Genitive case, singular and plural.23Lesson 7Declension of masculine nouns ending in -a, continued.Locative case, singular and plural.27Lesson 8Declension of masculine nouns ending in -a, continued.Vocative case, singular and plural.Declension of neuter nouns ending in -a. 32Lesson 9The Gerund / Absolutive.37Lesson 10The Infinitive. 41Lesson 11The present participle, masculine and neuter genders.46Lesson 12Conjugation of Verbs - Present Tense, Active Voice.49Lesson 13Conjugation of Verbs - Present Tense, Active Voice, continued.55Lesson 14The Further Tense.59Lesson 15The Optative / Potential Mood.63Lesson 16The Imperative Mood. 66Lesson 17The Past Tense.70Lesson 18Declension of feminine nouns ending in -.73Lesson 19The Past Participle.79Lesson 20Declension of feminine nouns ending in -i and 2.82Lesson 21The Present Participle, feminine gender.87Lesson 22The Future Passive Participle.90Lesson 23The Causative.93Lesson 24Declension of feminine nouns ending in -u.96Lesson 25Declension of masculine nouns ending in -i.101Lesson 26Declension of masculine nouns ending in -2.104Lesson 27Declension of masculine nouns ending in -u and -3.107Lesson 28Declension of agent nouns and nouns indicating relationships.111Lesson 29Declension of neuter nouns ending in -i and -u.115Lesson 30Declension of adjectives ending in -vantu and -mantu.119Lesson 31Declension of personal pronouns.123Lesson 32Declension of personal pronouns, relative, demonstrative and interrogative.131List of Pli Verbs137Pli Vocabulary (other than verbs)145Glossary (English - Pli)Namo Tassa Bhagavato Arahato Samm-Sambuddhassa.Homage to the Blessed One, the Worthy One, The Fully Self-enlightened One.PLI PRIMERThe Alphabet:Pli is not known to have a special script of its own. In countries where Pli is studied, the scripts used in those countries are used to write Pli: in India the Ngari, in Sri Lanka the Sinhalese, in Burma the Burmese and in Thailand the Kamboja script. The Pali Text Society, London, uses the Roman script and now it has gained international currency.The Pli alphabet consists of 41 letters, 8 vowels and 33 consonants.Vowelsa, , i, , u, , e, oConsonantsGutturalskkhgghlPalatalscchjjhCerebralstthddhnDentalstthddhnLabialspphbbhmMiscellaneous y, r, l, v, s, h, l, mThe vowels a, i, u are short; , , are long; e, o are of middle length. They are pronounced short before double consonants, e.g. mett, khetta, kottha, sotthi; and long before single consonants, e.g. deva, sen, loka, odana.Pronunciationa is pronounced like u in cuta in fatherii in millee in beeuu in putoo in coolkk in kitegg in goodng in singercch in churchjj in jamgn in signortt in hatdd in goodnn in nowt is pronounced like th in thumbdth in theynn in nowpp in putbb in butmm in mindyy in yesrr in rightll in lightvv in viness in singhh in hotll in lightmng in singkh, gh, ch, jh, th, dh, th, dh, ph, bh are aspirate consonants which have to be pronounced with an audible breath.Lesson 11. VocabularyMasculine nouns ending in -aBuddha / Tathgata / Sugata- the Buddhamanussa- man, humanbeingnara / purisa- man, personkassaka- farmerbrhmana- brahminputta- sonmtula- unclekumra- boyvnija- merchantbhpla- kingsahya / sahyaka / mitta- friendVerbsbhsati- speakspacati- cookskasati- ploughsbhujati- eatssayati- sleepspassati- seeschindati- cutsgacchati- goesgacchati- comesdhvati- runs2. Declension of masculine nouns ending in -aNominative case: The case ending -o is added to the nominal base to form the nominative case singular number. The case ending - is added to the nominal base to form the nominative case plural number. A noun thus inflected is used as the subject of a sentence.Singular1. nara + o= naro2. mtula + o= mtulo3. kassaka + o= kassakoPluralnara + = narmtula + = mtulkassaka + = kassak3. In the verbs listed above bhsa, paca, kasa etc. are verbal bases and -ti is the present tense, third person, singular termination.The present tense, third person, plural is formed by adding the termination -nti to the base.Singularbhsati- He speakspacati- He cookskasati- He ploughsPluralbhsanti- They speakpacanti- They cookkasanti- They plough4. Examples in sentence formationSingular1. Naro bhsati- The man speaks.2. Mtulo pacati- The uncle cooks.3. Kassako kasati- The farmer ploughs.Plural1. Nar bhsanti- Men speak.2. Mtul pacanti- Uncles cook.3. Kassak kasanti- Farmers plough.Exercise 1Translate into English1. Bhplo bhujati.2. Putt sayanti.3. Vnij sayanti.4. Buddho passati.5. Kumro dhvati.6. Mtulo kasati.7. Brhman bhsanti.8. Mitt gacchanti.9. Kassak pacanti.10. Manusso chindati.11. Puris dhvanti.12. Sahyako bhujati.13. Tathgato bhsati.14. Naro pacati.15. Sahy kasanti.16. Sugato gacchati.6. Translate into Pli1. Sons run.2. The uncle sees.3. The Buddha comes.4. Boys eat.5. Merchants go.6. The man sleeps.7. Kings go.8. The brahmin cuts.9. Friends speak.10. The farmer ploughs.11. The merchant comes.12. Sons cut.13. Uncles speak.14. The boy runs.15. The friend speaks.16. The Buddha sees.Lesson 21. VocabularyMasculine nouns ending in -adhamma- the doctrine, truthbhatta- riceodana- cooked ricegma- villagesuriya- suncanda- moonkukkura/sunakha/sona- dogvihra- monasterypatta- bowlvta- pitpabbata- mountainycaka- beggarsigla- jackalrukkha- treeVerbsharati- carries, takes awayharati- bringsruhati- climbs, ascendsoruhati- descendsycati- begskhanati- digsvijjhati- shootspaharati- hits, strikesrakkhati- protectsvandati- worships, salutes2. Declension of masculine nouns ending in -a (contd.)Accusative case - The case ending -m is added to the nominal base to form the accusative singular number. The case ending -e is added to the nominal base to form the accusative case plural number. A noun thus inflected is used as the object of a sentence. The goal of motion is also expressed by the accusative case.Singular1. nara + m= naram2. mtula + m= mtulam3. kassaka + m= kassakamPluralnara + e= naremtula + e= mtulekassaka + e= kassake3. Examples in sentence formationSingular1. Putto naram passati- The son sees the man.2. Brhmano mtulam rakkhati-The brahmin protects the uncle.3. Vnijo kassakam paharati- The merchant hits the farmer.Plural1. Putt nare passanti- Sons see men.2. Brhman mtule rakkhanti- Brahmins protect uncles.3. Vnij kassake paharanti- Merchants hit farmers.Exercise 24. Translate into English1. Tathgato dhammam bhsati.2. Brhman odanam bhujanti.3. Manusso suriyam passati.4. Kumr sigle paharanti.5. Ycak bhatta ycanti.6. Kassak ve khaanti.7. Mitto gma gacchati.8. Bhplo manusse rakkhati.9. Putt pabbata gacchanti.10. Kumro Buddha vandati.11. Vij patte haranti.12. Puriso vihra gacchati.13. Kukkur pabbata dhvanti.14. Sigl gma gacchanti.15. Brhma sahyake haranti.16. Bhpl sugata vandanti.17. Ycak sayanti.18. Mitt sunakhe haranti.19. Putto canda passati.20. Kassako gma dhvati.21. Vij rukkhe chindanti.22. Naro sigla vijjhati.23. Kumro odana bhujati.24. Ycako soa paharati.25. Sahyak pabbate ruhanti.5. Translate into Pli1. Men go to the monastery.2. Farmers climb mountains.3. The brahmin eats rice.4. The Buddha sees the boys.5. Uncles take away bowls.6. The son protects the dog.7. The king worships the Buddha.8. The merchant brings a boy.9. Friends salute the brahmin.10. Beggars beg rice.11. Merchants shoot jackals.12. Boys climb the mountain.13. The farmer runs to the village.14. The merchant cooks rice.15. Sons worship the uncle.16. Kings protect men.17. The Buddha comes to the monastery.18. The men descend.19. Farmers dig pits.20. The merchant runs.21. The dog sees the moon.22. Boys climb trees.23. The brahmin brings the bowl.24. The beggar sleeps.25. The king sees the Buddha.Lesson 31. VocabularyMasculine nouns ending in -aratha- vehicle, chariotsakaa- carthattha- handpda- footmagga- pathdpa- island, lampsvaka- disciplesamaa- recluse, monksagga- heavenassa- horsemiga- deersara- arrowpsa- rock, stonekakaca- sawkhagga- swordcora- thiefpaita- wise man2. Declension of masculine nouns ending in -a (contd.)Instrumental case - The case ending -ena is added to the nominal base to form the instrumental singular. The case ending -ehi is added to form the instrumental plural; -ebhi is another archaic case ending that is sometimes added. A noun thus inflected expresses the idea by, with or through.Singularnara + ena= narena(by means of the man)mtula + ena= mtulena(with the uncle)kassaka + ena= kassakena(through the farmer)Pluralnara + ehi= narehi (narebhi)mtula + ehi= mtulehi (mtulebhi)kassaka + ehi= kassakehi (kassakebhi)Saddhi / saha meaning with is also used with the instrumental case. They are not normally used with nouns denoting things.3. Examples in sentence formationSingular1. Samao narena saddhi gma gacchati.The monk goes to the village with the man.2. Putto mtulena saha canda passati.The son sees the moon with his uncle.3. Kassako kakacena rukkha chindati.The farmer cuts the tree with a saw.Plural1. Sama narehi saddhi gma gacchanti.Monks go to the village with men.2. Putt mtulehi saha canda passanti.Sons see the moon with uncles.3. Kassak kakacehi rukkhe chindanti.Farmers cut trees with saws.Exercise 34. Translate into English1. Buddho svakehi saddhi vihra gacchati.2. Puriso puttena saha dpa dhvati.3. Kassako sarena sigla vijjhati.4. Brhma mtulena saha pabbata ruhanti.5. Putt pdehi kukkure paharanti.6. Mtulo puttehi saddhi rathena gma gacchati.7. Kumr hatthehi patte haranti.8. Coro maggena assa harati.9. Kassako va oruhati.10. Bhpl paitehi saha samae passanti.11. Paito bhplena saha Tathgata vandati.12. Putt sahyena saddhi odana bhujanti.13. Vijo psena miga paharati.14. Sunakh pdehi ve khaanti.15. Brhmao puttena saha suriya vandati.16. Kassako soehi saddhi rukkhe rakkhati.17. Sugato svakehi saha vihra gacchati.18. Ycako pattena bhatta harati.19. Pait sagga gacchanti.20. Kumr assehi saddhi gma dhvanti.21. Coro khaggena nara paharati.22. Vijo sakaena dpe harati.23. Ass maggena dhvanti.24. Sigl migehi saddhi pabbata dhvanti.25. Bhplo paitena saha manusse rakkhati.5. Translate into Pli1. The recluse sees the Buddha with his friend.2. Disciples go to the monastery with the Buddha.3. The horse runs to the mountain with the dogs.4. The boy hits the lamp with a stone.5. Merchants shoot deer with arrows.6. Farmers dig pits with their hands.7. Boys go to the monastery by chariot with their uncle.8. The brahmin cooks rice with his friend.9. The king protects the island with wise men.10. Kings worship monks with their sons.11. Thieves bring horses to the island.12. Disciples climb mountains with men.13. Merchants cut trees with farmers.14. The beggar digs a pit with a friend.15. The brahmin sees the moon with his uncles.16. The thief hits the horse with a sword.17. The son brings rice in a bowl.18. Boys run to the mountain with their dogs.19. Merchants come to the village by carts with farmers.20. Uncles come to the monastery by chariots with their sons.21. Jackals run to the mountain along the road.22. Dogs dig pits with their feet.23. The man carries a saw in his hand.24. Recluses go to heaven.25. The Buddha comes to the village with his disciples.Lesson 41. VocabularyMasculine nouns ending in -adhvara- fishermanmaccha- fishpiaka- basketamacca- ministerupsaka- lay devoteepsda- palacedraka- childsaka- garmentrajaka- washermansappa- serpentpaha- questionsuka / suva- parrotsopna- stairwayskara / varha- pigVerbspatati- fallsdhovati- washesicchati- wishes, desiresasati- bitespucchati- questionspakkosati- calls, summonskhdati- eatshanati- killsotarati- descendsnikkhamati- leaves, sets out2. Declension of masculine nouns ending in -a, (contd.)Ablative case - Case endings - / -mh / -sm are added to the nominal base to form the ablative singular. Case ending -ehi is added to form the ablative plural; -ebhi is an archaic ending that is also used.Singular1. nara + / mh / sm= nar / naramh / narasm(From the man)2. mtula + / mh / sm= mtul / mtulamh / mtulasm(From the uncle)3. kassaka + / mh / sm= kassak / kassakamh / kassakasm(From the farmer)Plural1. nara + ehi= narehi (narebhi)(From men)2. mtula + ehi= mtulehi (mtulebhi)(From uncles)3. kassaka + ehi= kassakehi (kassakebhi)(From farmers)3. Examples in sentence formationSingular1. Ycako naramh bhatta ycati.The beggar asks for rice from the man.2. Putto mtulamh paha pucchati.The son asks a question from the uncle.3. Kassako rukkhasm patati.The farmer falls from the tree.Plural1. Ycak narehi bhatta ycanti.Beggars ask for rice from men.2. Putt mtulehi pahe pucchanti.Sons ask questions from uncles.3. Kassak rukkhehi patanti.Farmers fall from trees.Exercise 44. Translate into English1. Cor gmamh pabbata dhvanti.2. Drako mtulasm odana ycati.3. Kumro sopnamh patati.4. Mtul sake dhovanti.5. Dhvar piakehi macche haranti.6. Upsak samaehi saddhi vihrasm nikkhamanti.7. Brhmao kakacena rukkha chindati.8. Kumr mittehi saha bhpla passanti.9. Vijo assena saddhi pabbatasm oruhati.10. Ycako kassakasm soa ycati.11. Sapp pabbatehi gma otaranti.12. Amacc sarehi mige vijjhanti.13. Coro gmamh sakaena sake harati.14. Bhplo amaccehi saddhi rathena psda gacchati.15. Skar pdehi ve khaanti.16. Kumro sahyakehi saha sake dhovati.17. Sama gmamh upsakehi saddhi nikkhamanti.18. Kukkuro piakamh maccha khdati.19. Mitto puttamh sunakha ycati.20. Buddho svake pucchati.21. Amacc paitehi pahe pucchanti.22. Rajako sahyena saha saka dhovati.23. Macch piakamh patanti.24. Cor psehi varhe paharanti.25. Amacco psdamh suva harati.5. Translate into Pli1. Horses run from the village to the mountain.2. Merchants come from the island to the monastery with lay devotees.3. Thieves shoot pigs with arrows.4. The lay devotee questions (about) the dhamma from the recluse.5. The child falls from the rock with a friend.6. The dog bites the child.7. Ministers set out from the palace with the king.8. The man brings a deer from the island.9. The farmer gets down from the tree.10. Dogs run along the road with horses.11. Boys take away lamps from merchants.12.