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Unit 1 the owners perspective 第1单元业主的观点1.2 Major Types of Construction 1。2大建筑类型Since most owners are generally interested in acquiring only a specific type of constructed facility， they should be aware of the common industrial practices for the type of construction pertinent to them 1. Likewise， the construction industry is a conglomeration of quite diverse segments and products。 Some owners may procure a constructed facility only once in a long while and tend to look for short term advantages. However ，many owners require periodic acquisition of new facilities and/or rehabilitation of existing facilities。 It is to their advantage to keep the construction industry healthy and productive. Collectively， the owners have more power to influence the construction industry than they realize because, by their individual actions, they can provide incentives for innovation， efficiency and quality in construction 2. It is to the interest of all parties that the owners take an active interest in the construction and exercise beneficial influence on the performance of the industry。由于大多数业主通常只对获得特定类型的建筑设施感兴趣，所以他们应该了解与他们有关的建筑类型的常见工业实践1.同样，建筑行业是一个相当多样化的部门和产品的集团。一些业主可能会长时间采购建筑设施一次，并倾向于寻找短期优势。然而，许多业主需要定期收购新设施和/或修复现有设施。保持建筑业的健康和生产力是有利的。总的来说,业主对施工行业的影响力比他们意识到的要大，因为他们可以通过个人行动来提供创新,效率和施工质量的激励2。所有各方的利益，业主积极兴趣，对行业表现有利影响。In planning for various types of construction， the methods of procuring professional services， awarding construction contracts, and financing the constructed facility can be quite different。 For the purpose of discussion, the broad spectrum of constructed facilities may be classified into four major categories, each with its own characteristics。在规划各类施工时，采购专业服务,授予施工合同，建设设施融资方式可能有很大的不同。 为了讨论的目的,广泛的建筑设施可以分为四个主要类别,每个类别都有自己的特点。Residential Housing Construction住宅建设Residential housing construction includes single-family houses， multi-family dwellings, and high-rise apartments 3。 During the development and construction of such projects, the developers or sponsors who are familiar with the construction industry usually serve as surrogate owners and take charge， making necessary contractual agreements for design and construction, and arranging the financing and sale of the completed structures 4。 Residential housing designs are usually performed by architects and engineers， and the construction executed by builders who hire subcontractors for the structural, mechanical， electrical and other specialty work。 An exception to this pattern is for single-family houses as is shown in Figure 12， which may be designed by the builders as well.The residential housing market is heavily affected by general economic conditions, tax laws, and the monetary and fiscal policies of the government。 Often， a slight increase in total demand will cause a substantial investment in construction, since many housing projects can be started at different locations by different individuals and developers at the same time 5。 Because of the relative ease of entry， at least at the lower end os the market, many new builders are attracted to the residential housing construction。 Hence， this market is highly competitive， with potentially high risks as well as high rewards。住宅建设包括单户住房，多户住宅和高层公寓3.在开发和建设这些项目时，熟悉建筑行业的开发商或赞助商通常作为代理业主，负责设计和建造的必要合同协议，并安排完成的建筑物的融资和销售4 。住宅设计通常由建筑师和工程师进行,建筑师由结构，机械，电气和其他专业工作的分包商执行施工。这种模式的一个例外是单户住宅，如图12所示，也可以由建设者设计。住房市场受到一般经济状况，税法以及政府货币和财政政策的严重影响.通常,总需求略有增加将对建设进行大量投资,因为许多住房项目可以在不同的地点由不同的个人和开发商同时启动5。由于入口相对容易,至少在市场上较低端,许多新建筑商被吸引到住宅房屋建设中。因此,这个市场竞争激烈,风险高，回报率高。Institutional and commercial building construction encomprasses a great variety of project types and sizes， such as schools and universities, medical clinics and hospitals, recreational facilities and sports stadiums， retail chain stores and large shopping centers， warehouse and light manufacturing plants, and skyscrapers for offices and hotels, as is shown in Figure13 6。 The owners of such buildings may or may not be familiar with construction industry practices, but they usually are able to select competent professional consultants and arrange the financing of the constructed facilities themselves。 Specialty architects and engineers are often engaged for designing a specific type of building， while the builders or general contractors undertaking such projects may also be specialized in only that type of building。机构和商业建筑施工包括各种各样的项目类型和规模,如学校和大学，医疗诊所和医院,娱乐设施和体育场馆，零售连锁店和大型购物中心，仓库和轻工厂，以及办公室的摩天大楼 和酒店，如图13所示6。 这些建筑物的业主可能对建筑行业的做法有所了解，也可能不熟悉，但他们通常可以选择合格的专业顾问，并安排自己的设施融资。 专业建筑师和工程师经常参与设计特定类型的建筑物，而进行这些项目的建筑商或总承包商也可能仅专门从事这种类型的建筑物.Because of the higher costs and greater sophistication of institutional and commercial buildings in comparison with residential housing， this market segment is shared by fewer competitors 7。 Since the construction of some of these buildings is a long process which once started will take some time to proceed until completion， the demand is less sensitive to general economic conditions than that for speculative housing。 Consequently, the owners may confront an oligopoly of general contractors who compete in the same market。 In an oligopoly situation, only a limited number of competitors exist, and a firms price for services may be based in part on part on its competitive strategies in the local market。由于与住宅相比，机构和商业建筑的成本较高，复杂程度更高，这一市场细分受竞争对手的影响较小7。 由于一些这些建筑物的建设是一个漫长的过程，一旦开始，将需要一些时间才能完成，所以对总体经济状况的要求比投机性住房要低。 因此，业主可能面对在同一市场上竞争的总承包商的寡头垄断。 在寡头垄断的情况下,只有有限数量的竞争对手存在,企业的服务价格可能部分取决于其在当地市场的竞争战略。Specialized Industrial Construction专业工业建筑Specialized industrial construction usually involves very large scale projects, with a high degree of technological complexity, such as oil refineries， steel mills， chemical processing plants and coalfired or nuclear power plants， as is shown in Figure1-4 8. The owners usually are deeply involved in the development of a project, and prefer to work with designers-builders such that the total time for the completion of the project can be shortened. They also want to pick a team of designers and builders with whom the ownerhas developed good working relations over the years.专项工业建设通常涉及非常大规模的项目，如炼油厂，炼钢厂，化工厂,燃煤或核电厂等技术复杂程度高，如图14所示8. 业主通常深深地参与项目的开发,更愿意与设计师建设者合作，缩短项目完工时间。 他们还想选择一些设计师和建筑师，多年来,业主与他们建立了良好的工作关系Although the initiation of such projects is also affected by the state of the economy， long range demand forecasting is the most important factor since such projects are capital intensive and require considerable amount of planning and construction time这样的项目的启动也受到经济状况的影响，长期需求预测是最重要的因素，因为这些项目是资本密集型的，需要大量的规划和施工时间Governmental regulation such as the rulings of the Environmental Protection Agency and the Nuclear Regulatory Commission in the United States can also profoundly influence decisions on these projects.美国环境保护局和核管理委员会的裁决等政府法规也可以深刻影响这些项目的决策。Infrastructure and Heavy Construction基础设施和重型建筑Infrastructure and heavy construction includes projects such as highways， mass transit systems, tunnels, bridges, pipelines， drainage systems and sewage treatment plants, as is shown in Figure15. Most of these projects are publicly owned and therefore financed either through bonds or taxes. This category of construction is characterized by a high degree of mechanization, which has gradually replaced some labor intensive operations。基础设施和重型建筑包括公路，公共交通系统，隧道,桥梁，管道，排水系统和污水处理厂等项目,如图15所示。 这些项目大部分是公有的，因此通过债券或税收来资助。 这类建设的特点是机械化程度高，逐渐取代了一些劳动密集型行业。The engineers and builders engaged in infrastructure construction are usually highly specialized since each segment of the market requires different types of skills 10. However， demands for different segments of infrastructure and heavy construction may shift with saturation in some segments。 For example, as the available highway construction projects are declining， some heavy construction contractors quickly move their work force and equipment into the field of mining where jobs are available.从事基础设施建设的工程师和建设者通常是高度专业化的，因为市场每个部分都需要不同类型的技能10. 然而，对不同部门的基础设施和重型施工的需求可能会随着部分地区的饱和而改变。 例如，随着可用的公路建设项目正在下降,一些重型施工承包商迅速将其劳动力和设备转移到有工作的矿业领域。Unit2 OrganizingforProjectManagement 第2单元组织项目管理Section1 WhatisProjectManagement？ 第1节什么是项目管理？The management of construction projects knowledge of modern management as well as an understanding of the design and construction process. Construction projects have a specific set of objectives and constraints such as a required time frame for completion。 While the relevant technology， institutional arrangements or processes will differ, the management of such projects has mush in common with the management of similar types of projects in other specialty or technology domains such as aerospace，pharmaceutical and energy developments。施工项目管理现代管理知识，了解设计施工过程。 建设项目有一套具体的目标和制约因素，如完成所需的时间框架。 虽然相关技术，制度安排或过程将有所不同，但这些项目的管理与其他专业或技术领域(如航空航天，制药和能源开发）类似项目的管理情况相同。Generally, project management is distinguished from the general management of corporations by the mission-oriented nature of a project 。 A project organization will generally be terminated when the mission is accomplished。 According to the Project Management Institute， the discipline of project management can be defined as follows 一般来说,项目管理与项目总体管理区别于项目的任务性质. 任务完成后，项目组织通常会被终止。 据项目管理研究所介绍，项目管理学科可以定义如下Project management is the art of directing and coordinating human and material resources throughout the life of a project by using modern management techniques to achieve predetermined objectives of scope, cost， time， quality and participation satisfaction。 项目管理是通过使用现代管理技术实现项目范围,成本，时间，质量和参与满意度的预定目标，在项目整个生命周期内指导和协调人力和物力资源的艺术。By contrast, the general management of business and industrial corporations assumes a broader outlook with greater continuity of operations4.Nevertheless, there are sufficient similarities as well as difference between the two so that modern management techniques developed for general management may be adapted for project management. 相比之下,商业和工业企业的总体管理具有更广阔的前景,具有更大的运营连续性4.然而，两者之间存在足够的相似性和差异性,因此为一般管理开发的现代管理技术可能会适应 项目管理。The basic ingredients for a project management framework may be represented schematically in Figue21。 A working knowledge of general management and familiarity with the special knowledge domain related to the project are indispensable. Supporting disciplines such as computer science and decision science may also play an important role。 In fact， modern management practices and various special knowledge domains have absorbed various techniques or tools which were once identified only with the supporting discipline For example， computerbased information systems and decision support systems are nom common-place tools for general management。 Similarly, many operations research techniques such as linear programming and network analysis are now widely used in many knowledge or application domains6。 Hence, the representation in Figure 2-1 reflects only the sources from which the project management framework evolves. 项目管理框架的基本要素可以在图21中示意性地表示。 一般管理的工作知识和熟悉与项目相关的专门知识领域是不可或缺的。 支持计算机科学和决策科学等学科也可能发挥重要作用. 事实上，现代管理实践和各种特殊知识领域已经吸收了一些曾经被认定为辅助学科的技术或工具。例如，基于计算机的信息系统和决策支持系统是普通管理的常用工具。 类似地,许多操作研究技术如线性规划和网络分析现在已被广泛应用于许多知识或应用领域6. 因此，图21中的代表只反映了项目管理框架发展的来源. Specifically, project management in construction encomprasses a set of objectives which may be accomplished by implementing a series of operations subject to resource constraints There are Potential conflicts between the stated objectives with regard to scope， cost, time and quality， and the constraints imposed on human, material and financial resources. These conflicts should be resolved at the onset of a project by making the necessary tradeoffs or creating new alternatives. 具体来说，项目管理在建设中将会实现一系列目标，这些目标可以通过实施资源约束的一系列操作来实现。在范围，成本，时间和质量以及对人类的限制之间存在潜在的冲突. 物质和财力。 这些冲突应在项目开始时通过作出必要的权衡或创造新的替代方案来解决.Subsequently, the function of project management for construction generally include the following 其后,施工项目管理功能一般包括以下内容1。 Specification of project objectives and plans including delineation of scope， budgeting， scheduling, setting performance requirements， and selecting project participants. 2. Maximization of efficient resource utilization through procurement of labor, materials and equipment according to the prescribed schedule and plan8. 3. Implementation of various operations through proper coordination and control of planning, design， estimating， contracting and construction in the entire process 9. 4. Development of effective communication and mechanisms for resolving conflicts among the various participants。 1.项目目标和计划的规范，包括范围划分，预算编制,时间安排，设定绩效要求以及选择项目参与者。2.根据规定的时间表和计划，通过采购劳动力，材料和设备来最大限度地提高资源利用效率3。通过对整个过程中的规划，设计，估计，承包和施工进行适当协调和控制，实施各种业务4.开展有效的沟通和解决各参与者之间冲突的机制。 The Project management Institute focuses on nine distinct areas requiring project management knowledge and attention: 1。 Project integration management to ensure that the various project elements are effectively coordinated. 2. Project scope management to ensure that all the work required（and only the required work ) is included。 3。 Project time management to provide an effective project schedule 。 4。 Project cost management to identify needed resources and maintain budget control 。 5. Project quality management tu ensure functional requirements are met . 6. Project human resource management to development and effectively employ project personnel . 7。 Project communications management to ensure effective internal and external communications . 8. Project risk management to analyze and mitigate potential risks 。 9。 Project procurement management to obtain necessary resources from external sources . 项目管理研究所重点关注需要项目管理知识和注意力的九个不同领域：1。项目整合管理，确保各项目要素得到有效协调。2.项目范围管理，以确保所需的所有工作(仅需要工作）。3.项目时间管理提供有效的项目进度.4.项目成本管理，以确定所需资源并维持预算控制。 5。项目质量管理保证功能要求得到满足。6.开展人力资源管理，有效聘用项目人员.7.项目沟通管理，以确保有效的内部和外部沟通。8。项目风险管理,分析和减轻潜在风险。9。从外部来源获得必要资源的项目采购管理。These nine areas form the basis of the Project Management Institutes certification program for project managers in any industry . 这九个领域是项目管理研究所对任何行业项目经理的认证计划的基础.Unit5 Bidding and Tendering of Construction Projects第5单元建设项目招投标Section 1 Bidding Procedure of Construction Projects建设项目招标程序The implementing agencies of borrowing countries can use a variety of procurement methods on World Bankfinanced projects.（在世界银行贷款项目中借款国的执行机构可以利用各种的采购方法。 ） The method selected depends on a number of factors including the type of goods or services being procured ,the value of the goods or services being procured， the potential interest of foreign bidders and even the cost of the procurement process itself. (方法的选择取决于很多因素，包括商品或服务采购的类型，商品或服务的价值的外购，外国竞标者的潜在利益乃至整个采购过程本身的成本 )The overall objective of the guidelines how to select procurement methods is to allow borrowing countries to buy high quality goods and services as economically as possible.（如何选择采购方式总体目标的指引是允许借款的国家尽可能经济地购买高质量的商品和服务 ) In the World Banks experience, this objective is best achieved through transparent， formal competitive bidding. (在世界银行的经验，这个目标的实现最好的方法是通过透明的,正式的竞标。 )For the procurement of equipment and civil works, International Competitive Bidding (ICB） is the procurement method the World Bank encourage its borrowers to use in the majority of cases（对设备及土建工程采购,在大多数情况下世界银行鼓励借款人使用国际竞争性招标（ICB）采购方法。 ）。 Under ICB， cost is the primary factor in determining a winning bid.(在国际上，成本是决定中标的主要因素。 ）Other methods for procuring goods and civil works include Limited International Bidding， National Competitive Bidding， International Shopping, and Direct Contracting。（采购产品和土建工程的其他方法包括有限国际招标，国内竞争性招标，国际购物，并直接承包 ） This section outlines the bidding process of International Competitive Bidding。（本节概述了国际竞争性招标投标过程。 )通知给所有合格的潜在投标人，并为他们提供对所需货物和工程进行投标的平等机会. ） Notification （发布招标公告）Timely notification of bidding opportunities is essential in competitive bidding。 For projects which include procurement on the basis of ICB, the Borrower is required to prepare and submit to the Bank a draft General Procurement Notice。 The Bank will arrange for its publication in Development Business （UNDB）。 The Notice shall contain information concerning the Borrower (or prospective Borrower）， amount and purpose of the loan， scope of procurement under ICB， and the name and address of the Borrowers agency responsible for procurement and the address of the Website where specific procurement notices will be posted。 If known， the scheduled date for availability of prequalification or bidding documents should be indicated. The Borrower shall maintain a list of responses to the notice. Procurement Notice shall be updated annually for all outstanding procurement。 及时通知投标的机会，是招标中必不可少的。包括对招标采购基础上的项目，借款人需准备和提交的银行汇票的总采购公告.银行将其发布在发展商业出版物(报）。该通知应包含有关借款人（或潜在的借款人）的信息，贷款金额和用途,在招标采购范围的名称和地址，以及借款人负责采购的机构和网站的地址刊登具体采购通告。如果已知的，预定的资格预审文件或招标文件的可用性日期应注明。借款人应保留一份回应通知。视情况而定所确定的资格预审文件或招标文件不得早于刊登总采购通知之日八周后发放.一般采购通知应为每年所有优秀的采购更新。Prequalification of Bidders(资格预审)This also ensures that invitations to bid are extended only to those who have adequate capabilities and resources。 Prequalification may also be useful to determine eligibility for preference for domestic contractors where this is allowed。 Prequalification shall be based entirely upon the capability and resources of prospective bidders to perform the particular contract satisfactorily， taking into account their (i) experience and past performance on similar contracts , (ii) capabilities with respect to personnel， equipment, and construction or manufacturing facilities,and （iii) financial position.（资格预审是通常用于大型或复杂的工作,或在任何准备详细的报价高成本可能会阻碍竞争的其他情况下，如定制设备，工业设备，专业的服务,和合同要在交钥匙工程，设计和建造，或合同管理。这也确保投标邀请函只延伸到那些有足够的能力和资源的人.资格预审也可能有助于确定被允许资格的国内承包商的偏好。令人满意地履行合同而言,考虑到他们的(i）对类似合同的经验和过去的表现，（ii）能力方面的人员，设备,施工或制造设施，及（iii）财务状况，资格预审将完全取决于潜在买家的能力和资源 ）Borrowers shall inform all applicants of the results of prequalification。 As soon as prequalification is completed, the bidding documents shall be made available to the qualified prospective bidders. For prequalification for groups of contracts to be awarded over a period of time, a limit for the number or total value of awards to be any one bidder may be made on the basis of the bidders resources. The list of prequalified firms in such instances shall be updated periodically. Verification of the information provided in the submission for prequalification shall be confirmed at the time of award of contract， and award may be denied to a bidder that is judged to no longer have the capability or resources to successfully perform the contract。(借款人应通知所有申请人资格预审的结果。当资格预审结束后,招标文件应被提供给合格的潜在投标人。在合同被授予的一段时间内对组织预审，对号码或奖项总价值限制任何一个投标人可以对投标人的资源基础。在这样的情况下，对通过资格预审的公司名单将定期更新。在提交资格预审信息提供的验证应在授予合同时确认，并可以奖励判断不再否认有能力和资源来完成合同一个投标人。 )Preparation of the Bidding Documents(编制招标文件）The bidding documents shall furnish all information necessary for a prospective bidder to prepare a bid for the goods and works to be The basis for bid evaluation and selection of the lowest evaluated bid shall be clearly outlined in the instructions to bidders and/or the specifications. If a fee is charged for the bidding documents， it shall be reasonable and reflect only the cost of their printing and delivery to prospective bidders， and shall not be so high as to discourage qualified bidders.（招标文件应当提供给投标人准备投标货物和提供工作所需的全部信息。虽然招标文件的详细程度和复杂程度会随招标包和合同的大小和性质的不同而不同，但它们应包括：投标邀请、投标人须知、投标书格式、合同格式、合同条款，包括通用条款和专用条款、技术规格和图纸，有关技术参数（包括地质和环境资料），货物清单和工程量清单,交货时间或完工时间表,必要的附件比如各种保证金格式。投标评价的最低评价与选择基础应清楚地概述投标者和/或规格说明。如果一个费用是对招标文件的收费,则应当合理反映印刷成本和交付的潜在投标人，且不得过高以至于阻碍合格投标人. )define the tests, standards, and methods that will be employed to judge the conformity of equipment as delivered, or works as performed， with the specifications。 Drawings shall be consistent with the text of the specifications， and an order of precedence between two shall be specified.(投标文件的措辞应该允许和鼓励国际竞争，并清楚地阐述需要进行的工作，工作的地点，应提供的货物，交货或安装地点，交付或完成的时间表，最低性能要求，及保修和维护要求，以及其他相关的条款和条件。此外，在适当的投标文件,应当明确测试标准和将判断设备的合格交付，或是执行与规格方法。图纸应与该规范的文本相一致，并应指定两个优先级顺序。 )The bidding documents shall specify any factors， in addition to price， which will be taken into account in evaluating bids， and how such factors will be quantified or otherwise evaluati
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