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Autonomic nervous systemDept. of Anatomy Zhou Hong YingAutonomic (Visceral) nerve to be concerned with the innervation and control of visceral organs, smooth muscles, cardiac muscles,and gland.Function: homeostasis of the internal environment.This is achieved by regulation of cardiovascular, respiratory, digestive, excretory, and thermoregulatory mechanisms.Autonomic (Visceral) nerveAutonomic efferent neurons - the most remarkable featureare located in ganglia of sympathetic trunk(chain) or coeliac, superior mesenteric, and inferior mesenteric ganglions or parasympathetic ganglions.the second neuronPreganglionic and postganglionic fibersThe fiber of the first neurone is referred to as the preganglionic fiber The fiber of the second neurone is referred to as the postganglionic fiber Sympathetic divisionPreganglionic sympathetic neurons are located in the thoracic 112 and upper two or three lumbar segments of spinal cord.Preganglionic sympathetic neurones lie in the lateral horn T1 12 ,L13 base of anterior horn of spinal cord Sympathetic divisionThe sympathetic ganglia lie in the sympathetic chain of ganglia, or in the coeliac, superior mesenteric, inferior mesenteric ganglia.The postganglionic fibers extends from the peripheral ganglia to the effector organsSympathetic trunk of lumbar and sacral The preganglionic fibers innervating the eye, lacrimal gland, mucous membranes of nose,palate,parotid gland, submandibular and sublingual gland terminate in synaptic contact with the postganglionic bodies in the sympathetic trunk of neck. The postganglionic fibers run around the arteries ,then distribute to the gland,smooth muscles of the eye Sphincter pupil of the eye-parasympathetic n. Dilator pupil of the eye- sympathetic n.The preganglionic fibers innervating the heart terminate in synaptic contact with the postganglionic bodies in the sympathetic trunk of the neck. The postganglionic fibers(superior,middle,and inferior cardiac branches ) travel to cardiac plexuses heart and its vascular vessles pulmonary plexuses- lungs.coeliac, superior mesenteric,and inferior mesenteric ganglions. They synaptic coeliac, superior mesenateric, and inferior mesenteric gangliacoeliac, superior mesenteric,and inferior mesenteric ganglia. The adrenal medulla is an exceptional organ in that it is directly innervated by preganglionic sympathetic neuronesThe bodies of the first neurons of parasympathetic division lie in the nucleus of the brain stem and sacral segments of the spinal cord The preganglionic fibers extend from the nucleus of the brain stem and sacral segments of the spinal cord to the peripheral gangliaLie in the peripheral ganglia. The parasympathetic cranial division lie beside the organs which it is innervated. The parasympathetic sacral division lie within the organs which it is innervated. The postganglionic fibers extends from the peripheral ganglia to the effector organsPreganglionic parasympathetic neurones are located in the brain stem and sacral spinal Cord (S24)Within brain stemCell bodies lie in cranial nerve nuclei associated with the oculomotor, facial, glossopharyngeal and vagus nerve.Parasympathetic fibers in the vagus nerveParasympathetic fibers in the sacral division Originates in the base of the anterior horn cells of the second, third, and fourth sacral segments. Axons of these sacral neurons constituting the prepanglionic fibers (or sacral nerve), traverse the walls of the descending colon, sigmoid colon, rectus, bladder, and other pelvic visceral organs and terminate in synapse in the ganglion in the wall. The postganglionic distribute to the organs mentioned. The hypothalamus is the subcortex central of autonomic (Visceral) nerveThe limbic is the cortex central of autonomic (Visceral) nerve
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