2022年考博英语-东华大学考前模拟强化练习题87（附答案详解）

2022年考博英语-东华大学考前模拟强化练习题（附答案详解）1. 单选题_ conflict among city-states caused the eventual decline of Greek civilization.问题1选项A.ContinuousB.ContinualC.ConstantD.Contrary【答案】B【解析】考查形容词辨析。A项continuous“连续不断的”，指整个事发的过程都没有中断；B项continual“持续不断的”，指一再的、频繁的、反复发生的；C项constant“不变的、恒定的”；D项contrary“相反的、对立的”；句意：城邦国家之间频繁的冲突导致希腊文明最终衰落。因此该题B项正确。2. 单选题The _ that she suggested for discussion were based on the most recent medical research.问题1选项A.contributionsB.occupationsC.expostulationsD.amendments【答案】D【解析】考查名词辨析。A选项“contribution”，意为“贡献，捐款”；B选项“occupation”,意为“占有权，职业”；C选项“expostulation”意为“劝导，忠告”；D选项“amendment”，意为“改善，修正建议”。句意：她建议讨论的修正案是基于最新的医学研究。因此，D选项符合题意。3. 翻译题人类是一个不断自然进化过程的产物，其中包括无数次的遗传转化：这一不可阻挡的进程自45亿年前地球形成以来就一直未曾间断过。这一进化过程，受环境因素的影响，经过随机突变，形成了更具适应性的系统，从而保证了其连续性。在动物世界，这导致了更高级物种的进化，并在人类身上达到了极致，因为人类已经获得了创新思维的能力。我认为这标志着进化进入了一个非常重要的阶段，使一个物种首次有能力掌握了自身命运。Directions: In this part you are required to translate the following paragraph from Chinese into English. Please write it on the Answer Sheet.【答案】Human beings are the product of a continuous process of natural evolution, including numerous genetic transformations: an inexorable process that has been going on uninterrupted since the earth formed 4.5 billion years ago. This evolutionary process, influenced by environmental factors, through random mutation, formed a more adaptable system, thus ensuring its continuity. In the animal world, this has led to the evolution of higher species, culminating in humans, who have acquired the ability to think creatively, think this marks a very important stage in evolution, the first time a species has been able to control its own destiny.4. 单选题Faced with the _ difficulties, they are determined to carry on their program.问题1选项A.satisfactoryB.attributableC.innocentD.intangible【答案】D【解析】考查形容词辨析。A项satisfactory“满意的”；B项attributable“可归于的、可归属的”；C项innocent“无辜的、无罪的”；D项intangible“无形的、触摸不到的”；句意：面对无形的困难，他们决心把计划进行下去。因此该题D项正确。5. 单选题Fumes from the exhaust of an automobile are _.问题1选项A.notoriousB.anxiousC.noxiousD.delicious【答案】C【解析】考查形容词辨析。A项notorious“声名狼藉的、臭名昭著的”；B项anxious“焦虑的”；C项noxious“有害的、有毒的”；D项delicious“美味的”；句意：汽车排气管排出的烟雾是有害的。因此该题C项正确。6. 翻译题吸引大量观众的体育运动，为人们观赏青春的活力、速度和力量提供了一个窗口。它所展示的技能水平强烈地吸引着人们。男性之所以比女性更直接地认同这种运动，是因为他们的童年经历和比赛所展示的阳刚之气。到20世纪70年代初，体育爱好者们对比赛不断增长的兴趣在电视联播中得到了进一步加强，并把职业运动转变成了利润丰厚的商业活动。结果，一些全新的俱乐部联合会雨后春笋般地涌现出来，与现有的体育组织展开竞争，并以诱人的工资来吸引运动员加盟。随着体育变得更像传统的商业活动，越来越多的运动员寻找他们的经纪人，代表他们参加工资谈判。现在，职业体育运动已经进入一个新时代。Directions: In this part you are required to turn the following paragraph into English. Please write it on the ANSWER SHEET.【答案】【参考译文】Sports that attract large audiences provide a window on the vigor, speed and power of youth. People are strongly attracted to the skill levels it shows. Men identify with the sport more directly than women because of their childhood experiences and the masculinity of the game.By the early 1970s, fans growing interest in the game was reinforced by television networks and turned professional sports into a lucrative business. As a result, entirely new club federations sprung up to compete with established sports organizations and lure away players with attractive salaries. As sports become more like a traditional business, more and more athletes seek out their agents to represent them in salary negotiations. Now, professional sports have entered a new era.7. 单选题I _ with thanks the help of my colleagues in the preparation of this new column.问题1选项A.expressB.confessC.verifyD.acknowledge【答案】D【解析】考查动词辨析。A项express“表达”；B项confess“承认、坦白”；C项verify“核实、查证”；D项acknowledge“承认、答谢、报偿”；句意：我感谢同事们在准备这个新专栏时给予我的帮助。acknowledge with thanks the help of“答谢的帮助”；因此该题D项正确。8. 单选题It makes me sick to think of his highly _ manners.问题1选项A.artisticB.artfulC.artlessD.artificial【答案】D【解析】考查形容词辨析。A项artistic“艺术的、有美感的”；B项artful“巧妙的、狡猾的”；C项artless“天真的、朴实的”；D项artificial“人造的、仿造的、虚伪的”；句意：我一想到他那矫揉造作的举止就觉得恶心。因此该题D项正确。9. 单选题_ should any money be given to a small child.问题1选项A.On no accountB.From all accountC.Of no accountD.By all account【答案】A【解析】考查固定搭配的用法。A项on no account“决不”，放在句首作状语时，主谓应该倒装；B项from all account“根据各方面所说”；C项of no account“不重要的、没有价值的”，在句中通常作表语和定语；D项by all account“据大家所说”；句意：绝不能给小孩钱。因此该题A项正确。10. 单选题After winning the Championship the team members _the head coach to their shoulders in shouting triumph.问题1选项A.tiltedB.hoistedC.hauledD.accompanied【答案】B【解析】考查动词辨析。A选项“titled”，意为“授予称号，加标题于”，B选项“hoisted” ，意为“提起，升起”，C选项“hauled”，意为“拖，拉”，D选项“accompanied”，意为“陪伴，伴随”。句意：赢得冠军后，队员们把主教练举到肩膀上欢呼胜利。因此，B选项符合句意。11. 单选题For centuries, explorers have risked their lives venturing into the unknown for reasons that were to varying degrees economic and nationalistic. Columbus went west to look for better trade routes to the Orient and to promote the greater glory of Spain. Lewis and Clark journeyed into the American wilderness to find out what the U.S. had acquired when it purchased Louisiana, and the Apollo astronauts rocketed to the moon in a dramatic show of technological muscle during the cold war.Although their missions blended commercial and political-military imperatives, the explorers involved all accomplished some significant science by going where no scientists had gone before. Today Mars looms as humanitys next great terra incognita. And with doubtful prospects for a short-term financial return, with the cold war a rapidly fading memory and amid a growing emphasis on international cooperation in large space ventures, it is clear that imperatives other than profits or nationalism will have to compel human beings to leave their tracks on the planets reddish surface. Could it be that science, which has long played a minor role in exploration, is at last destined to take a leading role? The question naturally invites a couple of others: Are there experiments that only human could do on Mars? Could those experiments provide insights profound enough to justify the expense of sending people across interplanetary space?With Mars the scientific stakes are arguably higher than they have ever been. The issue of whether life ever existed on the planet, and whether it persists to this day, has been highlighted by mounting evidence that the Red Planet once had abundant stable, liquid water and by the continuing controversy over suggestions the bacterial fossils rode to Earth on a meteorite (陨石) from Mars. A more conclusive answer about life on Mars, past or present, would give researchers invaluable data about the range of conditions under which a planet can generate the complex chemistry that leads to life. If it could be established that life arose independently on Mars and Earth, the finding would provide the first concrete clues in one of the deepest mysteries in all of science: the prevalence of life in the universe.1. According to the passage, the chief purpose of explores in going to unknown place in the past was_.2. At present, a probable inducement for countries to initiate large-scale space ventures is_.3. What is the main goal of sending human missions to Mars?4. By saying “With Mars the scientific stakes are arguably higher than they have ever been”, the author means that_.5. The passage tells us that proof of life on Mars would _.问题1选项A.to display their countrys military mightB.to accomplish some significant scienceC.to find new areas for colonizationD.to pursue commercial and state interests问题2选项A.international cooperationB.nationalistic reasonsC.scientific researchD.long-term profits问题3选项A.tTo find out if life ever existed there.B.tTo see if humans could survive there.C.tTo prove the feasibility of large-scale space ventures.D.tTo show the leading role of science in space exploration.问题4选项A.with Mars the risks involved are much greater than any previous space ventures.B.in the case of Mars, the rewards of scientific exploration can be very highC.in the case of Mars, much more research funds are needed than ever beforeD.with Mars, scientists argue, the fundamental interests of science are at issue问题5选项A.make clear the complex chemistry in the development of lifeB.confirm the suggestion that bacterial fossils traveled to Earth on a meteoriteC.reveal the kind of conditions under which life originatesD.provide an explanation why life is common in the universe【答案】第1题:D第2题:C第3题:D第4题:B第5题:C【解析】1.【试题解析】：事实细节题。根据explorers go to unknown定位到全文首句。首句中提到，几个世纪以来，出于或多或少的经济原因及国家主义原因，探险家冒着生命危险深入到未知领域。本题是询问主要目的，所以reasons的定语从句中的内容即为答案“for reasons that were to varying degrees economic and nationalistic”，由此可知答案为D。2.【试题解析】: 判断推理题。题目的意思是说促使各个国家大规模的太空探险的主要诱因是什么，定位到第2段，“it is clear that imperatives other than profits or nationalism will have to compel human beings to leave their tracks on the planets reddish surface.”可得知去太空探险是为了留下人类的痕迹也就是为了科学的探索，因此，答案为C。3.【试题解析】:判断推理题。根据main goal这一个关键词定位到第23段第43句。定位到原文，可得知在以往探险中一直扮演次要角色的科学这一次终于注定是主角了吗？?说明在以往探险中，一直被认为不重要的就是科学，由此可知那么这次最重要的就是科学，因此答案为D。4.【试题解析】: 事实细节题。根据引用的这句话可以定位到原文的“A more conclusive answer about life on Mars, past or present, would give researchers invaluable data about the range of conditions under which a planet can generate the complex chemistry that leads to life.”可得知，这次的探险可以获得了很多前所未有的珍贵资料，因此，答案为BA。5.【试题解析】：事实细节题。题目询问文章告诉我们火星上有生命的证据表明了什么，可定位到原文的最后一段“A more conclusive answer about life on Mars,， past or present,， would give researchers invaluable data about the range of conditions under which a planet can generate the complex chemistry that leads to life.” (（就火星上过去或现在的生命问题提供一个更具结论性的答案，将会给研究者提供宝贵的资料，使他们了解在何种条件下，一个行星体能够产生复杂的化学反应，导致生命的出现）)，因此，答案为C。12. 单选题A historic change is taking place in higher education. Professors are being held responsible as never before for how well they serve students. It has become as common in colleges and universities for students to grade professors as for professors to grade students. In fact student ratings (评价) have become the most widely used and in many cases the only important information on teaching effectiveness. In comparing three studies of the same 600 middle and high schools in more than thirty states it was found that the number of schools using student ratings to evaluate (评估) teachers had climbed from 29 percent to 68 percent to 86 percent. No other method of evaluation got that degree of usage and other studies have found similar results.One reason that student evaluations of teachers have become so popular is that they are easy to carry out and to score. But they are also easy to abuse. If they are expected to throw meaningful light on teachers performance the ratings must be used in a way that shows at least some of what weve learnt about them from research and from experience.Research and experience have shown us, for example, that student ratings should never be the only basis for evaluating teaching effectiveness. There is much more to teaching than what is evaluated on student rating forms. When ratings are used, we know that students should not be expected to judge whether the materials used in a course are up to date or how well the teacher knows the subject matter of the course.These judgments require professional background and are best left to the professors colleagues. On the other hand, students should be asked to estimate what they have learned in a course, and to report on such things as a professors ability to communicate at the students level, professional behavior in the classroom, relationship with students, and ability to arouse interest in the subject.1. The central idea of the passage is that_.2. Which statement is TRUE?3. In student ratings are the following questions can be asked EXCEPT: _.4. The sentence in the thirdsecond paragraph “But they also are also easy to abuse” means_.问题1选项A.student ratings are the only source of information on teaching effectivenessB.ratings have become the most widely used source of information on teaching effectivenessC.beside student ratings, there are other methods to evaluate teachersD.student ratings are very popular and should be properly used问题2选项A.Student evaluations of teachers are popular because they are extremely accurate.B.In student ratings, students should not be asked questions that require professional background.C.Student ratings can be used under any circumstances.D.All colleges are inclined to use student ratings to evaluate teachers.问题3选项A.Can the teacher make himself easily understood?B.How does the teacher deal with students?C.Is what is taught new?D.Are students interested in what is taught?问题4选项A.teachers are easy to be misunderstoodB.teachers are easy to be wrongedC.student ratings can easily be put to wrong useD.student ratings can easily be made use of to attack teachers【答案】第1题:D第2题:B第3题:C第4题:C【解析】1.【试题解析】：主旨大意题。通读全文，可得知本文主要讲述的是学生评估在对教师进行测评中的广泛应用及如何正确地使用这种测评方式，因此选项D最能概括文章大意。选项A和选项B，根据原文可以定位到第一段的第四三句“In fact student ratings (评价) have become the most widely used and in many cases the only important information on teaching effectiveness.”选项本身说法正确，但过于片面，不足以概括全文。根据原文“No other method of evaluation got that degree of usage and other studies have found similar results.”可得知选项C说法错误。2.【试题解析】事实细节题。选项B可以定位到原文的第四三段的首句“These judgments require professional background and are best left to the professors colleagues. ”可得知这些专业性的背景问题最好留给同事们回答而不是学生，即符合B选项。3.【试题解析】判断推理题。由文章末第三段第三句中的“students should not be expected to judge whether the materials used in a course are up to date”可知，不能问学生“老师教授的东西是否新颖”这样的问题。因此，答案为C。4.【试题解析】判断推理题。根据题干引用的这句话可以定位到原文中的第二三段，“If they are expected to throw meaningful light on teachers performance the ratings must be used in a way that shows at least some of what weve learnt about them from research and from experience. ”可得知，如果他们被期望为教师的表现提供有意义的说明，那么评级的使用必须至少表明我们从研究和经验中所了解到的一些情况。而不是说随意评级。可推断出评级很容易会被误用。因此答案为选项C。13. 单选题The biographer has to dance between two shaky positions with respect to the subject. Too close a relation, and the write may lose objectivity. Not close enough, and the writer may lack the sympathy necessary to any effort to portray a mind, a soul-the quality of life. Who should write the biography of a family, for example? Because of their closeness to the subject, family members may have special information, but by the same token, they may not have the distance that would allow them to be fair. Similarly, a kings servant might not be the best one to write a biography of that king. But a foreigner might not have the knowledge and sympathy necessary to write the kings biography - not for a readership from within the kingdom, at any rate.There is no ideal position for such a task. The biographer has to work with the position be he or she has in the world, adjusting that position as necessary to deal with the subject. Every position has strengths and weaknesses to thrive, a writer must try to become aware of these, evaluate them in terms of the subject, and select a position accordingly.When their subjects are heroes or famous figures, biographies often reveal a democratic motive: they attempt to show that their subjects are only human, no better than anyone else. Other biographies are meant to change us, to invite us to become better than we are. The biographies of Jesus found in the Bible are in this class.Biographers may claim that their account is the “authentic” one. In advancing this claim, they are helped if the biography is “authorized” by the subject; this presumably allows the biographer special access to private information. “Unauthorized” biographies also have their appeal, however, since they can suggest an independence of mind in the biographer. In book promotions, the “unauthorized” characterization usually suggests the prospect of juicy gossip that the subject had hoped to suppress. A subject might have several biographies, even several “authentic” ones. We sense intuitively that no one is in a position to tell “the” story of a life, perhaps not even the subject, and this has been proved by the history of biography.1. According to the author, an ideal biographer would be one who_.2. The author cites the biographies of Jesus in the Bible in order to show that_.3. Which of the following statements in is true, according to the passage?4. An unauthorized biography is likely to attract more readers because_.5. In this passage, the author focuses on_.问题1选项A.knows the subject very well and yet maintains a proper distance from himB.is close to the subject and knows the techniques of biography writingC.is independent and treats the subject with fairness and objectivityD.possesses special private information and is sympathetic toward the subject问题2选项A.the best biographies are meant to transform their readersB.biographies are authentic accounts of their subjects livesC.the best biographies are those of heroes and famous figuresD.biographies can serve different purposes问题3选项A.An authentic biography seldom appeals to its readers.B.An authentic biography is one authorized by the subject.C.No one can write a perfect biography.D.Authorized biographies have a wider readership.问题4选项A.it portrays the subject both faithfully and vividlyB.it contains interesting information about the subjects private lifeC.it reveals a lot of accurate details unknown to outsidersD.it usually gives a sympathetic description of the subjects character问题5选项A.the difficulty of a biographer in finding the proper perspective to do his jobB.the secret of a biographer to win more readersC.the techniques required of a biographer to write a good biographyD.the characteristics of different kinds of biographies【答案】第1题:A第2题:D第3题:C第4题:B第5题:A【解析】1.【试题解析】判断推理题。题目说的是在作者看来，一个理想的传记作者会是什么样的人。定位到原文的第一段的第二句和第三句，可得知与研究对象过于亲密，作家就会失去客观性，与研究对象不够亲密，作家就会缺乏同理心。太近或者不太近都会有其弊端，因此要把握好这个度。选项A的意思是说很了解这个研究对象，并且能够把握好这个距离。选项B、C和D都比较片面，因此答案为A。2.【试题解析】作者意图题。题干中问的是作者选择圣经中的耶稣传记目的何在？根据原文定位到第三二段中的“they attempt to show that their subjects are only human, no betterthan anyone else.”选项A的意思是最好的传记旨在改变读者，原文并没有提到评判传记的标准。选项B的意思是传记是被研究对象的真实生活写照，这句话的意思是正确的，但是并不是作者举例的目的。选项C的 意思是最好的传记作品是关于英雄和名人的传记，同样也是涉及到评判传记的标准。，选项D，可以定位到原文“When their subjects are heroes or famous figures, biographies often reveal a democratic motive: they attempt to show that their subjects are only human, no better than anyone else. Other biographies are meant to change us, to invite us to become better than we are.”举了两个不同的例子，说明传记是为各种目的服务的。因此，答案为D。A. An authentic biography seldom appeals to its readers.B. An authentic biography is one authorized by the subject.C. No one can write a perfect biography.D. Authorized biographies have a wider readership.3.【试题解析】事实细节题。题干中问的是哪个说法正确，。选项C“没有人能写出完美的传记”可以定位到原文第二段的首句“There is no ideal position for such a task.”可得知，与选项C属于同义替换。选项A,“， 真正的自传很少能够吸引读者，”可根据原文中的“Unauthorized” biographies also have their appeal,，由这个句子中的also根据also可可得知，真正的（授权的）自传是可以吸引读者的。选项B“一本真实的传记是被传记主体授权的”来自最后一段,，但文中说的是“In book promotions, the “unauthorized” characterization usually suggests the prospect of juicy gossip that the subject had hoped to suppress. A subject might have several biographies, even several authentic ones”，在图书宣传中，“未经授权”的人物描述通常意味着读者可能会听到读者希望隐瞒的绘声绘色的小道消息。一个人可能有好几本传记，甚至是好几本“真实的”传记。说明就算是“真实的”传记，也不见得是被授权的， 。 选项C可以定位到原文第二段的首句“There is no ideal position for such a task.”可得知，跟选项C属于同义替换。