2022年考博英语-西安建筑科技大学考前模拟强化练习题92（附答案详解）

2022年考博英语-西安建筑科技大学考前模拟强化练习题（附答案详解）1. 单选题These continual（ ）in temperature make it impossible to decide what to wear.问题1选项A.alterationsB.vibrationsC.wavesD.fluctuations【答案】D【解析】考查名词辨析。选项alteration“修改，改变；变更”；vibration“振动；振荡；颤抖”；wave“波浪；挥手示意”；fluctuation“起伏，浮动；动荡；动摇”。句意：温度上的这些持续起伏让人无法决定穿什么衣服。根据句中“make it impossible to decide what to wear让人无法决定穿什么衣服”可知“起伏”符合语境，因此D选项正确。2. 单选题He does nothing that violates the interests of the collective.问题1选项A.runs forB.runs againstC.runs overD.runs into【答案】B【解析】考查动词辨析。violate“违反；侵犯，妨碍”，A选项run for“竞选；匆匆去取；赶紧去请”；B选项“run against 撞上；偶遇；违反”；C选项“run over 辗过；匆匆看；复查”；D选项“run into 遭遇，陷入；撞到；偶然遇见”。句意：他不做任何违背集体利益的事。根据句中“the interests of the collective集体的利益”可知violate在这里的意思为“违反”，因此B选项正确。3. 不定项选择题Critics of early schooling cite research that questions whether 4-year-old children are ready to take on formal learning. Educators find that （71） toddlers are most likely to succeed during their school careers, （72） their younger counterparts are more likely to （73）. Kindergarten children who turn five during the （74） half of the year seem to be at a disadvantage when it （75） physical, emotional, social, and intellectual development. Additionally, children who are nearly six when they enter kindergarten （76） to receive better grades and score higher on achievement （77） throughout their schooling experience （78） do those who begin kindergarten having just turned five. Being bright and verbally skillful and being ready for school do not seem to be the （79） thing. It is easy to confuse the superficial poise and sophistication of many of todays children （80） inner maturity. Indeed, evidence suggests that early schooling boomerangs: youngsters （81） parents push them to attain academic success in preschool are less creative, have （82） anxiety about tests, and, by the end of kindergarten, fall to maintain their initial academic advantage （83） their less-pressured peers.Many psychologist and educators remain skeptical of approaches that place 4-year-olds in a formal educational setting. They question （84） environmental enrichment can significantly alter the built-in developmental timetable of a child reared in a non-disadvantages home. They do not deny, however, the （85） of day-care centers and nursery schools that provide a homelike environment and allow children （86） freedom to play, develop at their own （87）, and evolve their social skills. But they point out that many of the things children once did in first grade are now （88） of them in kindergarten, and they worry lest more and more will now be asked of 4-year-olds. These psychologists and educators believe we are driving young children too （89） and thereby depriving them of their（90）.问题1选项A.olderB.tallerC.strongerD.smarter问题2选项A.sinceB.now thatC.therebyD.whereas问题3选项A.fallB.failC.fleeD.fear问题4选项A.lateB.laterC.latestD.latter问题5选项A.lies inB.deals withC.comes toD.calls for问题6选项A.helpB.wantC.tendD.prefer问题7选项A.testsB.trialsC.performanceD.competition问题8选项A.thatB.whichC.thenD.than问题9选项A.easyB.hardC.sameD.similar问题10选项A.forB.againstC.withD.towards问题11选项A.andB.withC.thoseD.whose问题12选项A.muchB.moreC.manyD.most问题13选项A.toB.againstC.overD.than问题14选项A.howB.thatC.whyD.whether问题15选项A.valueB.powerC.considerationD.responsibility问题16选项A.possibleB.reasonableC.imaginableD.considerable问题17选项A.wayB.caseC.paceD.means问题18选项A.thoughtB.remindedC.expectedD.regarded问题19选项A.wellB.hardC.badlyD.directly问题20选项A.memoryB.childhoodC.ambitionsD.simplicity【答案】第1题:A第2题:D第3题:B第4题:D第5题:C第6题:C第7题:A第8题:D第9题:C第10题:C第11题:D第12题:B第13题:C第14题:D第15题:A第16题:D第17题:C第18题:C第19题:B第20题:D【解析】第1题:考查逻辑关系。A选项older“更年长的”；B选项taller“更高的”；C选项stronger “更强壮的”；D选项smarter“更聪明的；更精明的”。句意：教育家们发现，学步的大龄儿童在他们的学校生涯中最有可能取得成功，而他们的年轻同行则更有可能失败。因此A选项正确。第2题:考查逻辑关系。A选项since“因为；自以来”；B选项now that“既然；由于”；C选项thereby“从而，因此；在那附近”；D选项whereas“然而”。句意：教育家们发现，学步的大龄儿童在他们的学校生涯中最有可能取得成功，而他们的年轻同行则更有可能失败。空格前后是表示转折的对比关系，因此D选项正确。第3题:考查逻辑关系。A选项fall“落下；跌倒”；B选项fail“失败”；C选项flee“逃走；消失”；D选项fear“害怕；恐惧”。句意：教育家们发现，学步的大龄儿童在他们的学校生涯中最有可能取得成功，而他们的年轻同行则更有可能失败。由关键词“succeed成功”可知这里指“失败”，因此B选项正确。第4题:考查逻辑关系。A选项late“晚的；已故的；最近的”；B选项later“更迟的；更后的”；C选项latest“最新的；最迟的，最后的”；D选项latter“后面的”。句意：在今年下半年满5岁的幼儿园孩子在身体、情感、社交和智力发展方面似乎处于不利地位。因此D选项正确。第5题:考查逻辑关系。A选项lie in“在于”；B选项deal with“处理”；C选项come to“谈到”；D选项call for“要求；提倡；邀请”。句意：在今年下半年满5岁的幼儿园孩子在身体、情感、社交和智力发展方面似乎处于不利地位。由空格前“when it”的提示可知这里指“when it come to当提到；就而论”，因此C选项正确。第6题:考查逻辑关系。A选项help“帮助；促进”；B选项want“需要；希望”；C选项tend “倾向”；D选项prefer“更喜欢；宁愿”。句意：此外，在进入幼儿园时接近6岁的孩子在整个学习过程中往往比那些刚满5岁才开始上幼儿园的孩子取得更好的成绩，在成就测试中得分也更高。这里是指一种倾向性，因此C选项正确。第7题:考查逻辑关系。A选项test“测试”；B选项trial“试验；审讯”；C选项performance “性能；表现”；D选项competition“竞争；竞赛”。句意：此外，在进入幼儿园时接近6岁的孩子在整个学习过程中往往比那些刚满5岁才开始上幼儿园的孩子取得更好的成绩，在成就测试中得分也更高。由“grades分数”可知这里指“测试”，因此A选项正确。第8题:考查语法。句意：此外，在进入幼儿园时接近6岁的孩子在整个学习过程中往往比那些刚满5岁才开始上幼儿园的孩子取得更好的成绩，在成就测试中得分也更高。than引导的比较结构，前后进行比较，因此D选项正确。第9题:考查词义辨析。A选项easy“容易的；舒适的”；B选项hard“努力的；困难的；辛苦的”；C选项same“相同的；同一的”；D选项similar“相似的”。句意：聪明、语言熟练和准备好上学似乎不是同一件事。因此C选项正确。第10题:考查固定搭配。句意：人们很容易把当今许多孩子表面上的自信和老练与内心的成熟混为一谈。confuse sth. with sth.“将某事与某事混淆”为固定搭配，因此C选项正确。第11题:考查语法。句意：如果父母强迫孩子在学前班取得学业上的成功，他们的创造力就会降低。whose引导后置定语从句，因此D选项正确。第12题:考查逻辑关系。A选项much“大量的”；B选项more“更多的”；C选项many“许多的”；D选项most“大部分的，多数的；最多的”。句意：父母强迫孩子在学前班取得学业上的成功，这些孩子的创造力较低，对考试更焦虑。而且，到幼儿园结束时，与压力较小的同龄人相比，他们无法保持最初的学业优势。与前面的“less creative更少有创造性”相对应，因此B选项正确。第13题:考查固定搭配。句意：父母强迫孩子在学前班取得学业上的成功，这些孩子的创造力较低，对考试更焦虑。而且，到幼儿园结束时，与压力较小的同龄人相比，他们无法保持最初的学业优势。maintain advantages over sb.“保持比某人有优势”为固定搭配，因此C选项正确。第14题:考查逻辑关系。句意：他们质疑丰富的环境是否能显著改变一个在非劣势家庭中长大的孩子的内在发展时间表。根据句意可知这里表示怀疑态度，因此D选项正确。第15题:考查词义辨析。A选项value“价值；价格；重要性”；B选项power“力量，能力；电力，功率；政权，势力”；C选项consideration“考虑；关心”；D选项responsibility“责任，职责；义务”。句意：然而，他们并不否认日托中心和幼儿园的价值，因为它们提供了一个像家一样的环境，并允许孩子们有相当大的玩耍自由。因此A选项正确。第16题:考查同义辨析。A选项possible“可能的；合适的”；B选项reasonable“合理的；通情达理的”；C选项imaginable“可能的；可想象的”；D选项considerable“相当大的；重要的，值得考虑的”。句意：然而，他们并不否认日托中心和幼儿园的价值，因为它们提供了一个像家一样的环境，并允许孩子们有相当大的玩耍自由。因此D选项正确。第17题:考查词义辨析。A选项way“方法；道路；方向”；B选项case“情况；实例”；C选项pace“步速；步伐；速度”；D选项means“手段；方法；财产”。句意：按照他们自己的速度发展。因此C选项正确。第18题:考查逻辑关系。A选项think“想；认为”；B选项remind“提醒；使想起”；C选项expect“期望；指望；认为；预料”；D选项regard“注重，考虑；看待；尊敬；把看作”。句意：但他们指出，孩子们曾经在一年级做过的许多事情，现在都被要求在幼儿园做，他们担心现在会有越来越多的4岁孩子被要求做这些事情。sth. be expected of sb.“期望某人做某事”，因此C选项正确。第19题:考查固定搭配。A选项well“良好的；健康的”；B选项hard“努力的；困难的；严厉的；猛烈的”；C选项badly“非常，很；严重地”；D选项directly“直接地；立即”。句意：这些心理学家和教育家认为，我们对孩子的要求太高，从而剥夺了他们的童年。drive sb. too hard“逼得某人太过分”为固定搭配，因此B选项正确。第20题:考查词义辨析。A选项memory“记忆；内存，存储器”；B选项childhood“童年时期；幼年时代”；C选项ambition“野心，雄心；抱负，志向”；D选项simplicity“朴素；简易；天真”。句意：这些心理学家和教育家认为，我们对孩子的要求太高，从而剥夺了他们的童年。因此B选项正确。4. 不定项选择题A complex operation called spinal fusion has emerged as the treatment of choice for many kinds of back pain. But a number of researchers say there is little scientific evidence to show that for most patients, spinal fusion works any better than a simpler operation, the laminectomy（椎板切除术）. Some people would be better off with no surgery at all. Even doctors who favor fusions say that more research is needed on their benefits.In the absence of better data, critics point to a different reason for the fusion operations fast rises: money. Medicare can pay a surgeon as much as four times more for a spinal fusion as for a laminectomy. Hospitals also collect two to four times as much. “We all cave in to market and economic forces,” said Dr. Edward C. Benzel. Though doctors, as a rule, should favor the least complicated treatment with surgery being the last resort Dr. Benzel estimated that fewer than half of the spinal fusions done today were probably appropriate.Doctors and hospitals are not the only players with a financial stake in fusion operations. Critics blame the companies that make the hardware for promoting more complex fusions without evidence that they are significantly more effective. Some sort of hardware is used in almost 90 percent of lower-back fusions and the national bill for the hardware alone has soared to $2.5 billion a year.The hardware makers in general acknowledge giving surgeons millions of dollars for consulting and researches, but say the money promotes technical advances that improve back care. But a lawsuit brought by Scott A. Wiese, a former sales representative of Medtronic the biggest maker of spinal hardware, accused the company of trying to persuade surgeons to use its products with offers of first-class plane tickets to Hawaii and nights at the finest hotels. Medtronic said it did nothing wrong, and it denied the accusations in the lawsuit. But the company disclosed earlier this year that the federal government was investigating charges that it paid illegal kickbacks to surgeons. Federal officials declined to comment on the investigation, and Medtronic said it would vigorously defend itself.Still, between the allure of money and the quest for breakthroughs in treatment, some prominent spinal surgeons say that back care has gone astray.1. Which of the following statements on the treatment of back pain is true?2. It is implied that doctors （ ）.3. The hardware makers （ ）.4. The company Medtronic （ ）.5. What does the author mean by “back care has gone astray” in the last paragraph?问题1选项A.Spinal fusion provides a better cure than other treatments.B.Spinal fusion is no good to patients suffering from back pains.C.There is limited evidence as to which treatment is better.D.Doctors have great confidence in the benefits of spinal fusion.问题2选项A.tend to choose the treatment that is considered the best for patientsB.have put financial interests ahead of patients in considerable casesC.are likely to favor more complicated treatment to improve skillsD.wish to change the current system under which they get paid for their work问题3选项A.have obtained enormous profits from the operationB.have invested heavily in the research of new productsC.have helped doctors and hospitals gain more experienceD.have successfully proved the effectiveness of their products问题4选项A.has admitted paying kickbacks to surgeonsB.has denied any financial deals with surgeonsC.has been sued for buying its business competitorD.has been investigated by the government问题5选项A.It has been on the right track.B.It has been away from the right track.C.It has offered a new treatment.D.It has moved back to tradition.【答案】第1题:C第2题:B第3题:A第4题:D第5题:B【解析】第1题:细节事实题。由题干定位到文章第一段中“But a number of researchers say there is little scientific evidence to show that for most patients, spinal fusion works any better than a simpler operation, the laminectomy. 但一些研究人员表示，几乎没有科学证据表明，对大多数患者来说脊柱融合术比更简单的椎板切除术更好。”可知C项与原文相符。A项“脊柱融合术比其他治疗方法有更好的治疗效果。”，与原文不符；B项“脊柱融合术对背痛患者没有好处。”，与原文不符；C项“只有有限的证据表明哪种治疗方法更好。”；D项“医生对脊柱融合术的好处很有信心。”，与原文不符，因此C选项正确。第2题:推理判断题。由题干定位到文章第二段中“Medicare can pay a surgeon as much as four times more for a spinal fusion as for a laminectomy. 医疗保险可以为外科医生支付比椎板切除术多四倍的脊柱融合术费用。”以及“.fewer than half of the spinal fusions done today were probably appropriate. 今天所做的脊柱融合术中可能只有不到一半是合适的。”，可知B项与原文相符。A项“倾向于选择被认为对病人最好的治疗方法”，与原文不符；B项“在相当多的案例中，他们把经济利益置于病人利益之上”；C项“可能会赞成更复杂的治疗来提高技能”，与原文不符；D项“希望改变他们目前的工作报酬制度”，与原文不符，因此B选项正确。第3题:细节事实题。由题干定位到文章第三段中“.the national bill for the hardware alone has soared to $2.5 billion a year. 仅在硬件方面，全国每年的支出就飙升至25亿美元。”可知A项与原文相符。A项“已从这个手术中获取了巨大的利润”；B项“已在新产品研究上投入巨资”，与原文不符；C项“已帮助医生和医院获得了更多经验”，与原文不符；D项“已成功地证明了他们产品的有效性”，与原文不符，因此A选项正确。第4题:细节事实题。由题干定位到文章第四段中“But the company disclosed earlier this year that the federal government was investigating charges that it paid illegal kickbacks to surgeons. 但该公司今年早些时候披露，联邦政府正在调查其向外科医生支付非法回扣的指控。”可知D项与原文相符。A项“已承认给外科医生回扣”，与原文不符；B项“已否认与外科医生有任何金钱交易”，与原文不符；C项“已因收购其商业竞争对手而被起诉”，与原文不符；D项“已经被政府调查过”，因此D选项正确。第5题:推理判断题。由题干定位到文章第二段中“.fewer than half of the spinal fusions done today were probably appropriate. 今天所做的脊柱融合术中可能只有不到一半是合适的。”以及astray有“误入歧途的，离开正道的”意思，可知B项与原文相符。A项“它已在正轨上”；B项“它偏离了正轨”；C项“它已提供一个新的治疗方式”；D项“它已回到传统”，因此B选项正确。5. 单选题When the Pacific War broke out, Edward was drafted by navy and served four full years on a big aircraft carrier.问题1选项A.enlistedB.mobilizedC.approvedD.attracted【答案】A【解析】考查动词辨析。draft“起草；制定；征募”；A选项enlist“征募；赞助”；B选项mobilize“动员；调动；使流通”；C选项approve“批准；赞成”；D选项attract“吸引；引起”。句意：太平洋战争爆发时，爱德华应征入伍，在一艘大型航空母舰上服役了整整四年。由题干中的“served four full years on a big aircraft carrier在一艘大的航空母舰上服役了整整四年”可知was drafted在这里是“被征募”的意思，因此A选项正确。6. 单选题He asked me to lend him some money, which I agreed to do, （ ） that he paid me back the following week.问题1选项A.on occasionB.on purposeC.on conditionD.only if【答案】C【解析】考查词组辨析。A选项on occasion“有时；偶尔”；B选项on purpose“有目的地，故意地”；C选项on condition“只要”；D选项only if“只要就”，引导从句的时候，一般不接that。由本句后半句“that he paid me back the following week”（他下周还给我）可知这是前者借钱的一个条件，“只要”符合此处的语境。句意：他要我借给他一些钱，只要他下周能还给我，我就借给他。因此C选项正确。7. 单选题John says that his present job does not provide him with enough（ ）for his organizing ability.问题1选项A.scopeB.spaceC.capacityD.range【答案】B【解析】考查名词辨析。A选项scope“范围；余地；视野”；B选项space“空间；太空”；C选项capacity“能力；容量；资格”；D选项range“范围；幅度；山脉”。句意：约翰称他现在的工作没有为自己的组织能力提供足够的发展空间。根据句中“organizing ability组织能力”可知“空间”符合语境，因此B选项正确。8. 单选题Factors leading to the crisis included poor regulation, mismanagemet and deception in the industry, and competition from other types of financial firms.问题1选项A.pollutionB.cheatingC.abuseD.unemployment【答案】B【解析】考查名词辨析。deception“欺骗，欺诈”；A选项pollution“污染”；B选项cheating“行骗，欺诈”；C选项“abuse滥用；虐待；恶习”；D选项unemployment“失业；失业人数”。句意：导致危机的因素包括监管不力、管理不善和行业欺诈，以及来自其他类型金融公司的竞争。deception有“欺诈的”意思，因此B项正确。9. 单选题The severity of adjustment problems experienced in a second culture depends on the individuals ability to adapt to new situations.问题1选项A.excitementB.intensityC.solutionsD.importance【答案】B【解析】考查名词辨析。severity“严重性；严格；猛烈”；A选项excitement“兴奋；刺激；令人新奇的事物”；B选项intensity“强度；强烈；紧张”；C选项solutions“解决方案；应对措施；溶液剂”；D选项importance“价值；重要；重大”。句意：在第二种文化中经历的适应问题的严重程度取决于个人适应新情况的能力。题干指出“adjustment problems experienced in a second culture在第二种文化中所经历的适应问题”，可推知severity在这里是“严重性”的意思，因此B选项正确。10. 单选题Jimmy earns his living by（ ）works of art in the museum.问题1选项A.recoveringB.restoringC.renewingD.reviving【答案】B【解析】考查动词辨析。A选项recovering“恢复；再生”；B选项restoring“恢复，重建；正在恢复”；C选项renewing“重新开始；恢复；使更新；延长的期限”；D选项reviving“振兴”。recover/restore 都有康复的意思，但是用法不同。一般用法分别为：sb recovers（不及物）、sb restores his health（及物），所以restore与语义相对应。句意：吉米靠修复博物馆里的艺术品谋生。因此B选项正确。11. 单选题The accepted criteria of adequate diet have been challenged by new discoveries in nutrition.问题1选项A.formationsB.componentsC.standardsD.ingredients【答案】C【解析】考查名词辨析。criteria“标准，条件”；A选项formation“形成；组成，（军）队形”；B选项component“成分；组件”；C选项standard“标准；水准”；D选项ingredient“原料；要素；组成部分”。句意：公认的充足饮食的标准受到营养学上的新发现的挑战。根据句中“adequate diet适当饮食”与“nutrition营养学”可知criteria在这里的意思为标准，因此C选项正确。12. 不定项选择题Psychologists agree that I.Q. contribute only about 20 percent of the factors that determine success. A full 80 percent comes from other factors, including what I call emotional intelligence. Following are two of the major qualities that make up emotional intelligence, and how they can be developed:1. Self-awareness. The ability to recognize a feeling as it happens is the keystone of emotional intelligence. People with greater certainty about their emotions are better pilots of their lives.Developing self-awareness requires tuning into what neurologist Antonio Damasio calls “gut feelings.” Gut feelings can occur without a person being consciously aware of them. For example, when people who fear snakes are shown a picture of a snake, sensors on their skin will detect sweat, a sign of anxiety, even though the people say they do not feel fear. The sweat shows up even a picture is presented so rapidly that the subject has no conscious awareness of seeing it.Through deliberate effort we can become more aware of our gut feelings. Take someone who is annoyed by a rude encounter for hours after it occurred. He may be aware of his irritability and surprised when someone calls attention to it. But if he evaluates his feelings, he can change them.Emotional self-awareness is the building block of the next fundamental of emotion intelligence: being able to shake off bad mood.2. Mood Management. Bad as well as good moods spice life and build character. The key is balance.We often have little control over when we are swept by emotion. But we can have some say in how long that emotion will last. Psychologist Dianne Tice asked more than 400 men and women about their strategies for escaping foul moods. Her research, along with that of other psychologists, provides valuable information on how to change a bad mood.Of all the moods that people want to escape, rage seems to be the hardest to deal with. When someone in another car cuts you off on the highway, your reflexive thought may be: That jerk! He could have hit me! I cant let him get away with that! The more you stew, the angrier you get. Such is the stuff of hypertension and reckless driving.What should you do to relieve rage? One myth is that ventilating will make you feel better. In fact, researchers have found thats one of the worst strategies. A more effective technique is “refraining”, which means consciously reinterpreting a situation in a more positive light. In the case of the driver who cuts you off, you might tell yourself: Maybe he had some emergency. This is one of the most potent ways, Tice found, to put anger to rest.Going off alone to cool clown is also an effective way to refuse anger, especially if you cant think clearly. Tice found that a large proportion of men cool down by going for a drive a finding that inspired her to drive more defensively. A safer alternative is exercise, such as taking a long walk. Whatever you do, dont waste the time pursuing your train of anger thoughts. Your aim should be to distract yourself.The techniques of reframing and distraction can alleviate depression and anxiety as well as anger. Add to them such relaxation techniques as deep breathing and meditation and you have an arsenal of weapons against bad moods.1. What are gut feelings?2. According to the author, the importance of knowing ones gut feelings is that（ ）.3. The word “spice” in Paragraph 6 is closed in meaning to （ ）.4. The essence of “refraining” in Paragraph 9 is （ ）.5. What is the best title for the passage?问题1选项A.They are feeling one is born with.B.They are feelings one may be unaware of.C.They are feelings of fear and anxiety.D.They are feelings felt by sensible people.问题2选项A.one can develop themB.one can call others attention to themC.one may get rid of themD.one may control them问题3选项A.add interest toB.lengthenC.make dullD.bring into existence问题4选项A.to forget the unpleasant situationB.to adopt a positive attitudeC.to protect oneself properlyD.to avoid road accidents问题5选项A.What is Emotional Intelligence?B.How to Develop Emotional Intelligence.C.Strategies for Getting Rid of Foul Moods.D.How to Control ones Gut Feelings.【答案】第1题:B第2题:D第3题:A第4题: