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专题九细节理解挖命题【考情探究】卷名年份篇目体裁题材话题题型趋势统计细节理解主旨要义推理判断词义猜测浙江2018.11A说明文社会文化伦敦出租车司机3151B说明文社会文化美国暑假C记叙文社会文化假期读书2018.06A记叙文人物与文学英国小说的发展史及狄更斯5131B文化文社会生活一次性塑料袋的利弊C说明文生活与科技美国汽车工业的发展及其对美国社会的影响2017.11A记叙文人物介绍帮助失去丈夫的邻居4141B说明文人际关系着装影响认知表现C说明文人际关系节约能源2017.06A记叙文广告类本杰明小时候学画的经历5140B说明文人物故事美国青少年睡眠习惯及问题C说明文人物介绍意大利对外来移民进行语言测试及人们的观点2016.10A记叙文健康生活卡特冒着生命危险挽救了一列火车46B说明文自然与环境宾馆为了环保鼓励客人骑自行车发电C说明文社会生活员工在家工作情况调查报告合计214223分析解读1.高考改革试验区英语试卷从开考到2018年11月共考试5次。试卷结构整体稳定。难度每年稳中有升。2.试卷中文章的选材比较广泛,但基本贴近日常生活,尤其是学生的生活。3.文章体裁说明文居多,其次是记叙文,议论文较少。没有涉及非延续性文本和应用文。4.设题的角度比较稳定,其中细节理解题和推理判断题占据80%以上,而两种题各占一半。但每年一般都会涉及主旨要义题和词义猜测题。试卷有逐渐向综合性的推理题集中的趋向。5.未来的考卷取材将会更为广泛,但是会在英语课程主题语境的范围内。文章内容会贴近日常生活,尤其是学生的生活。文章的特点将越来越地道,并会更多地涉及英语社会的文化。因此,考生在学习的过程中,要注意突破课本的限制,争取接触和了解更多的英语本土文化。6.未来高考阅读理解可能还会以说明文为主,记叙文、议论文为辅为命题原则;设题以考查细节理解、推理判断为主,以主旨要义、词义猜测为辅。【真题典例】The most welcome sight on a cold, wet winter night in London is the familiar shape of a London taxi cab approaching with its yellow “for hire” sign shining brightly. That shows it is ready to pick you up. Travelling by taxi in London is not just a way of going from one place to another. It is an experience to be enjoyed and remembered.The main reason for this is the drivers, who are called “cabbies.” Many of them are true Cockneys. This means they were born in the heart of London and speak their own special dialect(方言)of English. All of them know every street and famous building in the city, and all of them love to talk. A simple twenty-minute journey across town can become very interesting. You may have a discussion about the government and its leaders or a friendly talk about the drivers Aunty Nellie! One thing is for sure, it will never be boring. Cabbies know all the latest news about film stars, the Royal Family, government leaders, and popular singers or actors and actresses.They also know the best places to eat, shop and relax. And they can take you straight to any large hotel, department store, theatre or museum. They know the shortest way possible without even looking at a map, because everyone who wants to become a taxi driver must pass a very difficult examination in order to get a license to drive a taxi. The exam is called “The Knowledge.” It is a written test, and in it drivers are asked the shortest way from one place to another. They must take into account the time of dayin rush hour, a longer route(路线)may be quickerand describe the best way. Moreover they must never forget the one-way streets!1.From what can we tell that someone is a Cockney?A.Their interest.B.Their manners.C.Their speech.D.Their appearance.2.What does the author suggest by mentioning “Aunty Nellie” in paragraph 2?A.Passengers are full of curiosity.B.Cabbies topics are wide-ranging.C.Aunty Nellie is popular in London.D.Londoners are friendly to each other.3.What is the purpose of “The Knowledge”?A.To qualify one to drive a taxi.B.To assess ones driving skills.C.To test drivers ability to write.D.To check taxi drivers memory.本文的三个设题,都和特定的信息有关:Cockney,AuntyNellie,TheKnowledge。因此注意信息定位,特别关注目标信息的上下文。解题技巧是建立在对整个文章和所有句子的理解之上,在特别关注上述解题技巧的同时,要理解每个句子,把握文章的整体结构:第一段通过场景描写来引出本文的主题。第二段通过多方面的举例介绍伦敦出租车司机非常健谈的特点。第三段介绍了伦敦出租车司机的高质量服务品质以及其入门考试。解题思路1.C细节理解题。根据第二段中的“Many of them are true Cockneys. This means they were born in the heart of London and speak their own special dialect of English.”可知,这里的Cockneys指的是当地人,他们讲特殊的方言。因此通过一个人的言语,我们能判断他是不是伦敦东区人,故选C。2.B推理判断题。根据第二段中的“You may have a discussion about the government and its leaders or a friendly talk about the drivers Aunty Nellie!”可知,此处是介绍乘客可以和司机谈论很多事情,甚至是司机的Aunty Nellie,因此选B,意为“司机的联天话题非常广泛”。3.A推理判断题。根据第三段的“.because everyone who wants to become a taxi driver must pass a very difficult examination in order to get a license to drive a taxi. The exam is called The Knowledge.”可知,想成为一名伦敦出租车司机,你必须通过这项很难的考试“The Knowledge”,因此这项考试的目的是使人们具备从事开出租车的资格。命题探究1.考查考生对细节的理解能力,如第1题。2.特别注重考查考生能对信息进行归纳综合并得出判断的能力。本篇2、3两道题都是要根据多个信息进行综合和归纳才能得出答案。3.设题突破文字的表面,涉及深层的信息。如第2题。审题指导1.注意设题的核心信息。如第1题,就要关注本题其实是通过借代的方式考查考生对某个细节的理解。2.把握题干的核心信息。如第2题的“Aunty Nellie”和第3题的“The Knowledge”。3.要能通过核心词以及其上下文,理解其深层的含义。解题技巧1.解题时要能读懂题目的核心信息。如第1题就要明白Cockney在文章中指的是什么。2.特别注意信息的定位。设题时总是会有特定的主干信息,如某人、某事、某地等。解题时根据题干中的关键词,找准相关句、段的内容,再仔细对照,不符合原文意义的选项要首先排除,反之,则是正确选项。第2题和第3题都是有具体信息,那么解题时就一定要注意大致的信息定位。3.要透过文章词句表面,理解深层的含义。如第2题,其题干核心“Aunty Nellie”只是一个借代关系。通过此借代关系,可以得知连“阿姨”的话题都可以谈,那么就是说谈论的话题很广泛。4.采取合理的阅读方式。建议使用P-Q-P-Q阅读模式。此模式即先读文章(passage)的一部分,一般为三分之一左右,对文章的主旨有一定的了解,然后阅读问题(question)。了解本文考查的信息点有哪些,做到阅读时心中有数,然后再读文章,在读文章的过程中或读后回答问题。此方法的优势是能够带着问题去阅读,提高解题的效率。本文的三道题目都有特殊的信息点,如果解题时能先对考点信息掌握,再去带着问题阅读,效率会更高。【真题典例】I start every summer with the best of intentions:to attack one big book from the past, a classic that I was supposed to have read when young and ambitious. Often the pairings of books and settings have been purely accidental:“Moby Dick” on a three-day cross-country train trip; “The Magic Mountain” in a New England beachside cottage with no locks on the doors, no telephones or televisions in the rooms, and little to do beyond row on the salt pond. Attempting “The Man Without Qualities” on a return to Hawaii, my native state, however, was less fruitful:I made it through one and a quarter volumes(册), then decided that Id got the point and went swimming instead.But this summer I find myself at a loss. Im not quite interested in Balzac, say, or “Tristram Shandy.” Theres always “War and Peace,” which Ive covered some distance several times, only to get bogged down in the “War” part, set it aside for a while, and realize that I have to start over from the beginning again, having forgotten everyones name and social rank. How appealing to simply fall back on a favoriteonce more into “The Waves” or “Justine,” which feels almost like cheating, too exciting and too much fun to properly belong in serious literature.And then theres Stendhals “The Red and the Black,” which happens to be the name of my favorite cocktail(鸡尾酒)of the summer, created by Michael Cecconi at Savoy and Back Forty. It is easy to drink, and knocking back three or four seems like such a delightful idea. Cecconis theory:“I take whatevers fresh at the greenmarket and turn it into liquid.” The result is a pure shot of afternoon in the park, making one feel cheerful and peaceful all at once, lying on uncut grass with eyes shut, sun beating through the lids.1.What can we infer about the author from the first paragraph?A.He has a cottage in New England.B.He shows talents for literature.C.He enjoys reading when traveling.D.He admires a lot of great writers.2.What do the underlined words “get bogged down” in paragraph 2 mean?A.Get confused.B.Be carried away.C.Be interrupted.D.Make no progress.3.Why does the author say reading his favorite books feels like cheating?A.He finishes them quickly.B.He should read something serious.C.He barely understands them.D.He has read them many times before.4.What can be a suitable title for the text?A.The Books of SummerB.My Summer HolidaysC.To Read or Not to ReadD.Its Never Too Late to Read阅读时把握文章的结构非常重要。文章的结构和段落大意是解题,尤其是主旨要义题的关键。本文的各段大意比较明显且清楚。第一段介绍了自己夏天的阅读经历。第二段主要介绍了作者今年暑假读书时的困惑。第三段以司汤达的红与黑为例介绍了作者对读书的理解和感受。解题思路1.C推理判断题。从第一段描述可以看出,作者所举的三个读书的例子都是在旅途中,因此C项正确。A项尽管提到了cottage,但是并不是作者的财产。B、D两项都是文中没有提到的信息。2.D词义猜测题。根据下文的“set it aside”以及“start over from the beginning again”可知,作者在几次读战争与和平这本书时,都只看到了“战争”这一部分,然后就搁置一旁,之后再从头开始读,由此可知作者读到“战争”这一部分后就毫无进展了。因此D项正确。3.B推理判断题。根据上下文,作者在文章开始就提到要读经典作品(to attack one big book from the past, a classic that I was supposed to have read when young and ambitious)。但是,因为作者在读如像战争与和平那样的作品时感觉到很累,没有成就感。于是就特别想去读那些自己曾经读过的,最喜欢的作品,也就是能读得懂的作品,因此感觉像作弊一样。因此B项正确。4.A主旨要义题。本文讲述的是作者在夏天读书的经历和感受,介绍了作者读的书籍的名称、种类以及读不通书籍时的感受,文章的核心词是summer 和reading,因此A项,意为“夏天的书籍”符合文章主旨。命题探究1.根据段落的整体内容设题,要求考生进行综合判断。如第1题。要求考生掌握相关段落的完整内容和信息才能做出正确的判断,排除错误的选项。2.根据上下文判断单词或词组的含义。如第2题。3.根据文章的内容概括合适的标题。如第4题。审题指导1.要对题干相关的信息进行综合的判断。如第1题,What can we infer about the author from the first paragraph? 这样的设题,信息只涉及第一段,但是对第一段的内容则是综合的考查,因此解题时要特别注意对整个段落内容的把握。2.划线单词有些是要求找出同义词或释义,也有要求进行信息的综合推理。审题时要特别注意。3.主旨题有两类:main idea和best title。main idea类的题目侧重于内容的归纳。而best title的题目则侧重于核心词的归纳。解题技巧1.词义猜测题有多种解题方法,其中最重要的方法之一就是根据上下文的解释和说明来判断目的词的词义。如第2题,该词的前后都提到了“读不下去”的感觉,因此根据此意,可以推断该词的答案应该是“困住”,“无法进行”之意。2.对主旨要义题,要充分利用段落大意、文章结构和核心词汇来概括文章的中心。本文第一段的主要讲述作者夏天读书的经历,而第二段和第三段都是对自己这个夏天读书的感想。因此可以判断本文的核心词是reading 和summer, 所以The books of summer就是最合适的标题。3.本文涉及了很多有关书籍和作者的专用名称,这是核心素养和新课标的要求。本文的出现告诉我们,今后的考试中会逐步涉入经典的文化背景。因此今后在学习中,一定要注意文化意识的培养,文化素养的提升。Moby Dick白鲸是19世纪美国小说家赫尔曼梅尔维尔(Herman Melville)的一篇海洋题材的长篇小说,小说描写了亚哈船长为了追逐并杀死白鲸莫比迪克,最终与白鲸同归于尽的故事。The Magic Mountain魔山是诺贝尔文学奖获得者托马斯曼的代表作。小说以一个疗养院为背景,描写和鞭打了欧洲封建贵族和资本家的病态和垂死生活。The Man Without Qualities没有个性的人是奥地利小说家罗伯特穆齐尔的一部没有完成的作品。内容难懂,作品经常用哲学的思维和方法分析人物和情节。Tristram Shandy项狄传全名为The Life and Opinions of Tristram Shandy, Gentleman绅士特里斯舛项狄的生平与见解,是18世纪英国文学大师劳伦斯斯特恩的代表作之一。书中绝大部分是特里斯舛讲述别人,主要是他父亲和他叔叔的生平与见解,叙述的顺序跳跃极大,完全不同于正常的顺着事件发生的时间先后叙述的模式。项狄传被认为是“世界文学中最典型的小说”。评论家指出20世纪小说中的意识流手法可以追溯到这部奇异的小说。War and Peace战争与和平是俄国作家列夫尼古拉耶维奇托尔斯泰创作的长篇小说,也是其代表作,创作于18631869年。作品宏大,人物繁多,内容复杂。作品以1812年的卫国战争为中心,反映从1805到1820年间的重大历史进程。以鲍尔康斯、别祖霍夫、罗斯托夫和库拉金四大贵族的经历为主线,在战争与和平的交替描写中把众多的事件和人物串联起来。赞扬了俄国人民在战争中表现出来的爱国热情和英雄主义。但作品的基调是宗教仁爱思想和人道主义,作家反对战争,对战争各方的受难并都给予了深切的同情。The Waves海浪是英国女作家弗吉尼亚伍尔芙的长篇小说。是比较典型的朦胧派和意识流的作品。The Red and the Black红与黑是法国作家司汤达创作的长篇小说,也是其代表作。作品讲述主人公于连的个人奋斗和两段不同寻常的爱情故事及其最后悲惨的结局。反映了当时社会黑暗,教会腐败,人们尔虞我诈的生活画面。第三部分阅读理解专题九细节理解挖命题【考情探究】考点考向考情分析预测热度高考示例考查目标2018.112018.62017.112017.62016.10阅读理解细节理解35454考纲要求考生根据不同的要求,阅读文章以获得某些特定的信息或准确地寻求所需的细节。这类试题有时比较直接,理解字面意思即可答题;有时则较为间接,需要一定的归纳、概括和推理才能答题(题量占阅读理解一半左右)分析解读1.细节理解题是比较基础的题目,主要考查考生对具体信息的理解和发现能力。题干针对原文具体信息本身设题。设题的内容包括时间、地点、方式、原因等或数字计算题、排列顺序题等。命题常用when,what,why,who 等特殊疑问词以及句子缺项等方式考查。通常细节理解题的正确选项的命题方法是:词义替换。把原文中的一些词换成意义相近的词,成为正确选项。词性变化。把原文中的一些词变换一下词性,或者改变原文句子的语态,给考生制造障碍。语言简化。把原文中的复杂语言进行简化,成为正确答案。反义设题。把原文中的意思反过来表达而成为正确选项(适用于寻找错误选项的题目)。2.细节理解题是浙江高考的主要题型,所占比例一般在50%左右。细节理解题考查考生对文中的某一特定的表层信息的把握,该类题目是根据文章的细节设计的。只要考生能理解文章的主旨,理解相关的句子,解题的难度一般不会太大。但近年来,尤其是2018年11月的题目难度系数有一定的梯度。很多题目需要综合多个信息,并进行一定的归纳才能得到正确的答案。过专题【五年高考】A组2018年全国高考题组Passage 1(2018浙江11月,B)词数:255This month millions of American kids can forget about classroom bells and set off for grandparents homes, sleep-away camps and lifeguard stands. But summer vacation hasnt always been a birthright of U.S. schoolchildren. Before the Civil War, schools operated on one of two calendars(日历), neither of which included a summer vacation. Rural(农村的)schooling was divided into summer and winter terms, leaving kids free to help with the farm work in the spring planting and fall harvest seasons. Urban students, meanwhile, regularly had as many as 48 weeks of study a year, with one break per quarter.In the 1840s, however, educational reformers like Horace Mann moved to combine the two calendars out of concern that rural schooling was not enough and that overusing of young minds could lead to nervous disorders. Summer appeared as the obvious time for a break:it offered a rest for teachers, fit in the farming calendar and reduced doctors concern that packing students into hot classrooms would promote the spread of disease.But peoples opinion about the modern U.S. school year, which averages 180 days, is still divided. Some experts say its pleasant but lazy summer break, which took hold in the early 20th century, is one of the reasons math skills and graduation rates of U.S. high schoolers ranked well below average in two international education reports published in 2007. Others insist that with children under increasing pressure to devote their downtime to internships(实习)or study, theres still room for an institution that protects the lazy days of childhood.1.What did the rural school calendar before the Civil War allow children to do?A.Enjoy a summer vacation.B.Take a break each quarter.C.Have 48 weeks of study a year.D.Assist their parents with farm work.2.What did the educational reformers do in the 1840s?A.They introduced summer vacation.B.They shortened rural school terms.C.They promoted the study of farming.D.They advocated higher pay for teachers.3.Why are some people unhappy about the modern U.S. school year?A.It pushes the teachers too hard.B.It reduces the quality of education.C.It ignores science instruction.D.It includes no time for internships.答案1.D2.A3.BPassage 2(2018浙江6月,C)词数:292As cultural symbols go, the American car is quite young. The Model T Ford was built at the Piquette Plant in Michigan a century ago, with the first rolling off the assembly line(装配线)on September 27,1908. Only eleven cars were produced the next month. But eventually Henry Ford would build fifteen million of them.Modern America was born on the road, behind a wheel. The car shaped some of the most lasting aspects of American culture:the roadside diner, the billboard, the motel, even the hamburger. For most of the last century, the car represented what it meant to be Americangoing forward at high speed to find new worlds. The road novel, the road movie, these are the most typical American ideas, born of abundant petrol, cheap cars and a never-ending interstate highway system, the largest public works project in history.In 1928 Herbert Hoover imagined an America with“a chicken in every pot and a car in every garage.”Since then, this society has moved onward, never looking back, as the car transformed America from a farm-based society into an industrial power.The cars that drove the American Dream have helped to create a global ecological disaster. In America the demand for oil has grown by 22 percent since 1990.The problems of excessive(过度的)energy consumption, climate change and population growth have been described in a book by the American writer Thomas L. Friedman. He fears the worst, but hopes for the best.Friedman points out that the green economy(经济)is a chance to keep American strength. “The ability to design, build and export green technologies for producing clean water, clean air and healthy and abundant food is going to be the currency of power in the new century.”1.Why is hamburger mentioned in paragraph 2?A.To explain Americans love for travelling by car.B.To show the influence of cars on American culture.C.To stress the popularity of fast food with Americans.D.To praise the effectiveness of Americas road system.2.What has the use of cars in America led to?A.Decline of economy.B.Environmental problems.C.A shortage of oil supply.D.A farm-based society.3.What is Friedmans attitude towards Americas future?A.Ambiguous.B.Doubtful.C.Hopeful.D.Tolerant.答案1.B2.B3.CPassage 3(2018课标全国,A)词数:260Washington, D.C. Bicycle ToursCherry Blossom Bike Tour in Washington, D.C.Duration:3 hoursThis small group bike tour is a fantastic way to see the world-famous cherry trees with beautiful flowers of Washington, D.C. Your guide will provide a history lesson about the trees and the famous monuments where they blossom. Reserve your spot before availabilityand the cherry blossomsdisappear!Washington Capital Monuments Bicycle TourDuration:3 hours(4 miles)Join a guided bike tour and view some of the most popular monuments in Washington, D.C. Explore the monuments and memorials on the National Mall as your guide shares unique facts and history at each stop. Guided tour includes bike, helmet, cookies and bottled water.Capital City Bike Tour in Washington, D.C.Duration:3 hoursMorning or Afternoon, this bike tour is the perfect tour for D.C. newcomers and locals looking to experience Washington, D.C. in a healthy way with minimum effort. Knowledgeable guides will entertain you with the most interesting stories about Presidents, Congress, memorials, and parks. Comfortable bikes and a smooth tour route(路线)make cycling between the sites fun and relaxing.Washington Capital Sites at Night Bicycle TourDuration:3 hours(7 miles)Join a small group bike tour for an evening of exploration in the heart of Washington, D.C. Get up close to the monuments and memorials as you bike the sites of Capitol Hill and the National Mall. Frequent stops are made for photo taking as your guide offers unique facts and history. Tour includes bike, helmet, and bottled water. All riders are equipped with reflective vests and safety lights.1.Which tour do you need to book in advance?A.Cherry Blossom Bike Tour in Washington, D.C.B.Washington Capital Monuments Bicycle Tour.C.Capital City Bike Tour in Washington, D.C.D.Washington Capital Sites at Night Bicycle Tour.2.What will you do on the Capital City Bike Tour?A.Meet famous people.B.Go to a national park.C.Visit well-known museums.D.Enjoy interesting stories.3.Which of the following does the bicycle tour at night provide?A.City maps.B.Cameras.C.Meals.D.Safety lights.答案1.A2.D3.DPassage 4(2018课标全国,A)词数:284Summer ActivitiesStudents should read the list with their parents/carers, and select two activities they would like to do. Forms will be available in school and online for them to indicate their choices and return to school. Before choices are finalised, parents/carers will be asked to sign to confirm their childs choices.ActivityDescriptionMember of staffCostOutdoor Adventure (OUT)Take yourself out of your comfort zone for a week, discover new personal qualities, and learn new skills. You will be able to take part in a number of activities from canoeing to wild camping on Dartmoor. Learn rock climbing and work as a team,and enjoy the great outdoor environment.Mr. Clemens140WWBattlefields and Paris(WBP)On Monday we travel to London. After staying overnight in London, we travel on Day 2 to northern France to visit the World War battlefields. On Day 3 we cross into Belgium. Thursday sees us make the short journey to Paris where we will visit Disneyland Paris park, staying until late to see the parade and the fireworks. Our final day, Friday, sees us visit central Paris and tour the main sights.Mrs. Wilson425Crafty Foxes(CRF)Four days of product design centred around textiles. Making lovely objects using recycled and made materials. Bags, cushions and decorations.Learn skills and leave with modern and unusual textiles.Mrs. Goode30Potty about Potter(POT)Visit Warner Bros Studio, shop stop to buy picnic, stay overnight in an approved Youth Hostel in Streatley-on-Thames, guided tour of Oxford to see the film locations, picnic lunch outside Oxfords Christchurch, boating on the River Cherwell through the University Parks, before heading back to Exeter.Miss Drake1501.Which activity will you choose if you want to go camping?A.OUT.B.WBP.C.CRF.D.POT.2.What will the students do on Tuesday with Mrs. Wilson?A.Travel to London.B.See a parade and fireworks.C.Tour central Paris.D.Visit the WW battlefields.3.How long does Potty about Potter last?A.Two days.B.Four days.C.Five days.D.One week.答案1.A2.D3.APassage 5(2018课标全国,A)词数:192Welcome to Holker Hall & GardensVisitor InformationHow to Get to HolkerBy Car:Follow brown signs on A590 from J36, M6. Approximate travel times:Windermere20 minutes, Kendal25 minutes, Lancaster45 minutes, Manchester1 hour 30 minutes.By Rail:The nearest station is Cark-in-Cartmel with trains to Carnforth, Lancaster and Preston for connections to major cities & airports.Opening TimesSundayFriday(closed on Saturday)11:00 am4:00 pm, 30th March2nd November.Admission Cha
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