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Admittedly, there are several advertisements do tell the truth. In order to increase companys sales and profits, many companies choose to make advertisements honestly. Take Ford for an excellent example, company once promised all their cars installed four airbags and designed solid metal outer shell. In fact, in order to ensure drivers safety. When the accidents was happened, the four airbags will blows open automatically. However, those advertisements only take a fewer proportion in the numerous advertisements.第1页/共148页托福写作总览Integrated writing and Independent writing第2页/共148页文章结构：文章分为开头段，主体段，结尾段。主体段最好写3 段。加上开头，结尾总共5 段。 字数分配：总体字数：350-400 字。开头30+结尾15=45字。主体段平均每段100 字。第3页/共148页时间分配：总共30分钟。开头3 分钟。结尾2 分钟。中间每段7 分钟。3*7=21分钟。3+2+21=26分钟。2 分钟审题列提纲。2分钟检查。第4页/共148页开头段Introduction主体段Sub-point 1 （解释+例子+细节）Sub-point 2 （解释+例子+细节）Sub-point 3 （解释+例子+细节）结尾段Conclusion第5页/共148页第6页/共148页口号：综合写作3.5 分独立写作5分第7页/共148页口号：综合写作3.5 分独立写作5分第8页/共148页1 谋篇布局解题思路利弊分析，利弊-难以比较现象证明，今夕对比绝对词，条件，成功，幸福，政府投资第9页/共148页分类方式分类方式单一题干复合题干第10页/共148页单一题干单一题干利弊类事实类第11页/共148页讨论讨论“该不该该不该”的问题。的问题。对题干内容进行对题干内容进行假设假设，寻找如果该情，寻找如果该情况况发生后所产生的发生后所产生的好处或坏处好处或坏处，从而确，从而确定定自己的观点自己的观点。该不该买这件衣服？该不该买这件衣服？利弊类的定义第12页/共148页讨论讨论是不是是不是的问题。的问题。题干为结论性表达。需要寻找该结题干为结论性表达。需要寻找该结论在现实生活中的具体体现论在现实生活中的具体体现。然后解释现象背后的然后解释现象背后的原因原因。这件衣服是不是这件衣服是不是颜色的？颜色的？ 事实类的定义第13页/共148页老师应该帮助小明。老师应该帮助小明。老师总是帮助小明。老师总是帮助小明。利弊类与现象证明的区分第14页/共148页-该不该利弊分析该不该利弊分析老师应该帮助小明。老师应该帮助小明。-是不是找实例证明是不是找实例证明老师总是帮助小明。老师总是帮助小明。利弊类与现象证明的区分第15页/共148页Do you agree or disagree with the followingstatement? To improve the quality of education, university should spend more money on professors salary. Agree: 1. Enthusiasm2. More top professors engage in3. A guarantee for teachers lives第16页/共148页Do you agree or disagree with the followingstatement? To improve the quality of education, university should spend more money on professors salary. Disagree: 1. Less investment in equipments2. An increase in tuition fee3. Other factors are more important第17页/共148页Do you agree or disagree with the followingstatement? Many teachers assign homework to students every day. Do you think that daily homework is necessary for students? Agree: 1. Help students review the knowledge2. Foster a good habits3. Lead a correct direction第18页/共148页包含比较的题目，要进行比较。包含比较的题目，要进行比较。题目题目中通常包含：中通常包含：1.1. 比较比较2.2. 两个事务两个事务3.3. 今昔比较今昔比较包含比较的题目第19页/共148页Do you agree or disagree with the followingstatement? It is better to travel abroad than to travel domestically.Teachers now have more influence on their students than they were in the past. Parents should spend more time playing games or doing sports with their children or they should spend more time helping their children with their schoolwork. 第20页/共148页解题思路：解题思路：应先对宽泛词抽象词拆分，再进应先对宽泛词抽象词拆分，再进行利弊分析。行利弊分析。包含宽泛词抽象词的题目第21页/共148页Do you agree or disagree with the followingstatement? People should not pay for public transportation.如果不拆分Agree:1.governments duty2. save money3.第22页/共148页Do you agree or disagree with the followingstatement? People should not pay for public transportation.people:1. Consider students2.Consider adults3.Consider elders第23页/共148页Do you agree or disagree with the followingstatement? People should not pay for public transportation.Public transportation:1. Bus and subway2.Taxi3.airplane第24页/共148页Do you agree or disagree with the followingstatement? Teachers now have more influence on their students than they were in the past.teachers:1. primary school teachers2.secondary school teachers3.college school professors第25页/共148页常见对people的拆分：1.Age：primary school students secondary school students college students 2. Age: children adults elders第26页/共148页常见对people的拆分：3. Career and Position： businessmen leaders and supervisors scientists and researchers great people第27页/共148页讨论讨论是不是是不是的问题。的问题。题干为结论性表达。需要寻找该结题干为结论性表达。需要寻找该结论在现实生活中的具体体现论在现实生活中的具体体现。然后解释现象背后的然后解释现象背后的原因。原因。 事实类的定义第28页/共148页-该不该利弊分析该不该利弊分析老师应该帮助小明。老师应该帮助小明。-是不是找实例证明是不是找实例证明老师总是帮助小明。老师总是帮助小明。利弊类与现象证明的区分第29页/共148页Do you agree or disagree with the followingstatement? Advertisements make products seem better than they really are.Agree:1. conceal some drawbacks and side effects of the products. 2. celebrities endorsement makes the advertisements look like much more fascinating . 3. cutting-edge technology help perfect the products. 第30页/共148页Do you agree or disagree with the followingstatement? Participating activities in organization and clubs is as important as academic study for students.1. After-school activities give students a chance to develop skills beyond academics.2. extracurricular activities also help students learn how to apply things learned in the classroom to real life.3. extracurricular activities are the most useful for college applications.第31页/共148页应先承认合理性，再反驳绝对词。应先承认合理性，再反驳绝对词。分论点：分论点：1. 1. 诚然你有好，但绝对不是最好。诚然你有好，但绝对不是最好。2. 2. 其他比你更好。其他比你更好。3. 3. 其他比你更好其他比你更好/你也有不好你也有不好 / 无关无关 包含绝对词的题目第32页/共148页The best way to improve the quality of education is to increase teachers salary.解题策略：承认合理性，反驳绝对词。1. 诚然你有好，但绝对不是最好。2. 其他比你更好。3. 其他比你更好。/ 你也有不好/ 无关 Admittedly, teachers passion can be motivated to some extent by granting them more salary. However, is still an overstatement.To begin with, the quality of teachers plays a bigger role in students academic performance.Thirdly, updating school facilities is also advisable, such as equipping classrooms with projectors, Smart board and microphones etc.第33页/共148页复合题复合题干干因果关系类条件关系类第34页/共148页2 文章文章结构结构 5段 or 4段 开头结尾各一段，必须独立成段；Intro1body234con5Intro1body23con4第35页/共148页2 文章文章结构结构 5段 or 4段 开头结尾各一段，必须独立成段；Intro1body234con5Intro1body23con4第36页/共148页搞 定5分（满分）开头第37页/共148页Official Guide:Do not “memorize” long introductory and concluding paragraphs just to add words （废话） to your essay. Raters（考官） will not look favorably on wordy introductory and concluding paragraphs.第38页/共148页With the development of Due to the advent of high-tech eraWith the coming of the economic age模板= 自杀！第39页/共148页A pencil and a dream can take you anywhere.拿起笔，写下你的梦想，你的人生从此刻起航！It is during our darkest moments that we must focus to see the light.越是在艰难困苦的时候，我们越是要看到希望!引言= 自杀！第40页/共148页背景题目改写总观点背景是题目产生的原因; 原因不可能穷尽题目改写是靠变换位置和 换词四类开头：1. 普通 2. 因果 3. 让步（绝对词） 4. 选项第41页/共148页_背景_, naturally, many people claim that _题目改写_. From my perspective, I agree/disagree. In order to reduce air pollution and traffic jams,In order to reduce the number of private automobiles,In order to encourage more people to use public transportation, 例1：Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? People should not pay for public transportation.第一类：普通第一类：普通第42页/共148页In order to encourage more people to use public transportation, naturally, many people claim that _题目改写_. From my perspective, I agree/disagree. public transportation should be made free to its residents例1：Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? People should not pay for public transportation.第一类：普通第一类：普通第43页/共148页例1：Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? People should not pay for public transportation.In order to encourage more people to use public transportation, naturally, many people claim that public transportation should be made free to its residents. From my perspective, I agree/disagree. 第一类：普通第一类：普通第44页/共148页第一类：普通第一类：普通例2： Do you agree or disagree with the following statement: It is important for government to protect wild animals and wilderness areas for future generations.extinctionendangered animalsecosystemspecies第45页/共148页例2：It is important for government to protect wild animals and wilderness areas for future generations.The disappearance of natural resources affects every life on this planet, from the smallest parasite to the largest whales./A single disruption in the ecosystem can mean certain destruction for many species. /A study shows that there are millions of thousands of natural species are in danger of extinction. Naturally, many people claim that it is necessary for government to preserve wild animals and wilderness areas. From my perspective, I agree. 第46页/共148页 写作练习：People should insist on a challenging plan rather than a practical plan.A low-paid but secure job is better than a job with a high salary but easy to lose.Advertisements make the products seem better than they really are.第47页/共148页 小 结：满分开头：背景题目改写总观点第48页/共148页搞 定5分（满分）结尾第49页/共148页两种结尾：1. 对总观点的改写 2. 总结三个分论点 第50页/共148页例1： Government should focus more on preservation of environment rather than economic development. 第一类：对第一类：对总观点总观点的改写的改写 environmental problemsthe awareness of第51页/共148页例1： Do you agree or disagree with the following statement: Government should focus more on preservation of environment rather than economic development. Due to the increasing environmental problems and awareness of environmental protection, naturally, many scholars and educator claim that the government should spend more money on environment rather than the development of economy. From my perspective, I agree. 第一类：对总观点的改写第一类：对总观点的改写 第52页/共148页例1： Government should focus more on preservation of environment rather than economic development. 总观点：the government should spend more money on environment rather than the development of economy. From my perspective, I agree. 结尾： All in all,/ In a word,/ To sum up, I believe that _ should _ environment other than _.第一类：对总观点的改写第一类：对总观点的改写 第53页/共148页例1： Government should focus more on preservation of environment rather than economic development. 总观点：the government should spend more money on environment rather than the development of economy. From my perspective, I agree. 结尾： All in all, I believe that government should focus its budget on environment other than economy.第一类：对总观点的改写第一类：对总观点的改写 第54页/共148页第二类：总结三个第二类：总结三个分论点分论点 例1：Do you agree or disagree with the following statement: It is important for government to protect wild animals and wilderness areas for future generations. 开头：A single disruption in an ecosystems delicate balance can mean certain destruction for many species. Naturally, many people claim that it is necessary for government to preserve wild animals and wilderness areas. From my perspective, I agree. 第55页/共148页第二类：总结三个分论点第二类：总结三个分论点 例1：Do you agree or disagree with the following statement: It is important for government to protect wild animals and wilderness areas for future generations. To begin with, the duty of government is to guarantee the safety of every species on the planet. Additionally, increasing knowledge is another practical reason for preserving animals and natural environment. Finally, the significance of global ecosystem can never be exaggerated. 第56页/共148页第二类：总结三个分论点第二类：总结三个分论点 例1：Do you agree or disagree with the following statement: It is important for government to protect wild animals and wilderness areas for future generations. 结尾： All in all, 分论点1,2,3, it is never too late to carry this task. All in all, in order to guarantee the safety of every species, acquire comprehensive knowledge and protect global ecosystem for the next generations, it is never too late to carry this task. 第57页/共148页 小 结：满分结尾：1.对总观点进行改写2.重写三个分论点第58页/共148页3 行文框架第59页/共148页 四种解题策略1. 一边倒2. 让步3. 有例外4. 分情况讨论第60页/共148页 第一种解题策略一边倒:全部是支持面的优点/ 理由第61页/共148页Introduction Sp1: 支优/ 理由 Sp2: 支优/ 理由 Sp3: 支优/ 理由 Conclusion People now are more interested in politics than those in the past. Agree第62页/共148页People now are more interested in politics than those in the past. Equal right第63页/共148页People now are more interested in politics than those in the past. universal education第64页/共148页People now are more interested in politics than those in the past. awareness第65页/共148页People now are more interested in politics than those in the past. Sp1 To begin with, politics have been equal right for everyone, no matter what race or sexuality they are. Sp2 Additionally, universal education helps greatly reduce the illiterates and finally improve the citizens cultural literacy. Sp3 Finally, more and more people start realizing the importance of policies to them. 第66页/共148页 第二种解题策略让步:支持面的优点和反对面的缺点第67页/共148页IntroductionSp1: 支优/ 理由 Sp2: 支优/ 理由 Sp3: 反缺/ 理由 Conclusion 注意：1. 支持面优点的文字大于反对面缺点的文字；2. 有效反驳反对面的缺点。 第68页/共148页你是否同意：_ 应该娶凤姐？第69页/共148页你是否同意：_ 应该娶凤姐？IntroductionSp1: 支优/ 理由 Sp2: 支优/ 理由 Sp3: 反缺/ 理由 Conclusion Sp1 Sister Feng is a good wife. Sp2 Sister Feng is rich. Sp3 Admittedly, awful outside. However, plastic surgery.Sp3 Admittedly, awful outside. However, be secondary.Sp3 Admittedly, awful outside. However, safety.第70页/共148页如何进行有效反驳： 1. 合理解决（reasonable solution） 2. 次要方面（minor） 3. 转化视角（viewed from a different perspective） 第71页/共148页反驳语料： 合理解决： Admittedly, does have one or two drawbacks/ disadvantages.+适当展开. However, + 合理解决 次要方面： Admittedly, does have one or two drawbacks/ disadvantages.+适当展开. However, on balance, is a minor consideration./ seems to be secondary. 转化视角： If viewed from a different perspective, + 转化视角 第72页/共148页 第三种解题策略有例外:支持面的优点和反对面的优点第73页/共148页IntroductionSp1: 支优/ 理由 Sp2: 支优/ 理由 Sp3: 反优/ 理由 Conclusion 注意：1. 支持面优点的文字大于反对面优点的文字；2. 对反对面不进行反驳。 第74页/共148页Successful people take new things and take risks rather than the thing that they have done well.现象证明题People可以拆分如果不拆分，思路会很混乱1. 成功的人的品质就是冒险，创新2. 成功的人有资本冒险和创新3. .第75页/共148页Successful people take new things and take risks rather than the thing that they have done well.有些时候是，有些时候不是第76页/共148页Successful people take new things and take risks rather than the thing that they have done well.IntroductionSp1: 支优/ 理由 Sp2: 支优/ 理由 Sp3: 反优/ 理由 Conclusion 注意：1.支持面优点的文字大于反对面优点的文字；2.对反对面不进行反驳。 peopleBusinessmenGreat people Other fields第77页/共148页Successful people take new things and take risks rather than the thing that they have done well.IntroductionSp1: 支优/ 理由 Sp2: 支优/ 理由 Sp3: 反优/ 理由 Conclusion 注意：1.支持面优点的文字大于反对面优点的文字；2.对反对面不进行反驳。 For businessmen, the key to remain success is to keep changing and take risks.For great people, the ability to take new things and risks play an extremely important role in success.Finally, the exceptions do exist. Other fields. 第78页/共148页 第四种解题策略分情况讨论:分年龄/职业/方式/地点。第79页/共148页IntroductionSp1: 第一种情况Sp2:第二种情况Sp3:第三种情况Conclusion 注意：1. 观点的数字比例为 1: 1: 1第80页/共148页2012-09-15 Do you agree or disagree with the following statement: Teachers performance should be evaluated by students rather than by other teachers. Intro In order to improve education quality and establish well-rounded educational evaluation system, naturally, many educators and scholars claim that teachers performance should be assessed by students instead of other teachers. From my perspective, whether this method is practical or not should depend on students age. 第81页/共148页2012-09-15 Do you agree or disagree with the following statement: Teachers performance should be evaluated by students rather than by other teachers. SP1 For primary school students, it is not necessary for them to express their opinions about their teachers. SP2 For middle school and high school, some sort of evaluation system should be instituted. SP3 For college students, student evaluation system will bring long-term benefits to educational improvement. 第82页/共148页 小 结：四种解题策略1. 一边倒2. 让步3. 有例外4. 分情况讨论 第83页/共148页IntroductionSp1: 支优/ 理由 Sp2: 支优/ 理由 Sp3: 反缺/ 理由 Conclusion IntroductionSp1: 第一种情况Sp2:第二种情况Sp3:第三种情况Conclusion IntroductionSp1: 支优/ 理由 Sp2: 支优/ 理由 Sp3: 反优/ 理由 Conclusion Introduction Sp1: 支优/ 理由 Sp2: 支优/ 理由 Sp3: 支优/ 理由 Conclusion 第84页/共148页4 分论点第85页/共148页切记：mutually exclusive（互斥）分论点有交集的原因是：互为因果反例：It is easier for people to get educated today than in the past.SP1：To begin with, people have more money than those in the past.SP2：Additionally, people can afford tuition fees.SP3：At last, people have more chances to study abroad.互为因果：因为有钱 才能付得起学费 所以才能出国留学第86页/共148页解决方案：分论点要互斥拆分举例1. School and Education2. Technology and Science3. Family and Society4. Health and Environment5. Government and Awareness6. Economy and Work7. Success and Leisure第87页/共148页It is easier to maintain good health than in the past?Education-awarenessHealth- system of health and sanitationtechnologyEconomy-incomeEnvironment-environmental destruction第88页/共148页GovernmentGovernment should focus more on preservation of environment rather than economic development.解题策略： A比B花钱多。 学校/ 老师/ 政府的主要职责就是 A将会带来长久利益。 诚然B也花钱/ 也很重要，但是 没有A重要/ 花钱多/ 可以通过其他方式解决。 第89页/共148页Today VS. Past人权：妇女，黑人It is easier for people to get educated today than in the past.Agree:To begin with, with the radical updating of technology, education becomes more readily to be received.Additionally, due to the government backing and more attention at education, an increasing number of people can afford it with the help of local governments.Finally, education has been equal right for everyone, no matter what race or sexuality they are. 第90页/共148页 小 结：分论点分论点要互斥拆分举例（年龄、职业）政府、今夕对比 第91页/共148页5 文章内部展开因果，比较，例证第92页/共148页展开法：因果法，比较法，例证法。学习的时候是由 单个方法 延伸到 几个方法 一起用。而真正的写作，是根据不同的题目灵活的一起运用。第93页/共148页1. 因果法第94页/共148页其本质问自己：那有怎样？为什么呢？这就是为什么？第95页/共148页例1 证明：工业化 对 市民身体不好文章展开：工业发展需要大量氟利昂 导致臭氧空洞 人体被紫外线直射 容易得皮肤癌 市民健康受损那有怎样？第96页/共148页证明：搬去新城市 会 失去老朋友文章展开： 搬去新城市 无法与老友见面沟通变少没有共同话题 感情疏远 失去老朋友那有怎样？第97页/共148页The best way to improve education quality is to raise teachers salaries.Agree:boost teachers enthusiasm pay more attention to the lesson preparation class will be more interesting and vivid students focus more on the class increase final examination scores第98页/共148页The best way to improve education quality is to raise teachers salaries.Disagree:less money invest in equipments and facilities fewer opportunities to participate in experimentsclass will be less interesting and vivid students are less likely to focus on the class lower education quality第99页/共148页有些时候需要使用连接词：由于/ 因为：due to, owing to, thanks to, because of + 短语due to the fact that, it is because, for the reason that +句子因此：thus, therefore, as a result, finally, so 第100页/共148页People have more interest in policy than those in the past.To begin with, universal education helps greatly reduce the illiterates and finally improve the citizens cultural literacy.(TS) In the past, during the Great Depression, it is hard for people to fulfill their basic need, 那又怎样？not to _ that they can_. 那又怎样？Thus, education always belongs to _ and very few _ know about _. However, with the development of economy, 那又怎样？almost everyone can afford the _ to acquire comprehensive _ such as laws and _. 那又怎样？Therefore, an increasing number of people begin having _ and _ politics such as human rights and social mechanism. (103 words)mentionafford tuition feethe richpeoplepolicyfeeknowledgeregulationsan interest incaring about第101页/共148页其本质问自己：那有怎样？为什么呢？(通常在TS之后)这就是为什么？第102页/共148页Government should protect wilderness areas and wild animals.Finally, the significance of global ecosystem can never be exaggerated. (TS) 为什么呢？It is because trees improve the _ by trapping the _ and other _ produced by pollution. The trees would also help to prevent _ or land _ by consolidating _ and preventing _. Besides, protecting the forest 那有怎样？means that next generations will have sufficient _ and preserving the oceans and rivers那有怎样？means that more _ the offspring can use.quality of aircarbonparticlesdesertificationdegradationsoilserosiontimber supplysea food第103页/共148页其本质问自己：那有怎样？为什么呢？这就是为什么？(总结性的语言)第104页/共148页Government should focus more on preservation of environment rather than economic development.Additionally, the duty of government is to bring long-term benefits for its people. (TS) 这就是为什么这就是为什么_ government should pay more attention to the development of environment. For instance, protecting the forest means that the industry will have sufficient timber supply in the future. Preserving the sea and river means that more seafood and clean water people can use. However, without the help of government, more polluters and resource consumption industries will be built in the near future. Even though the industry will bring short-term benefits but the bad consequences will be detrimental to the next generations.That is the reason why the第105页/共148页Which following statement do you think is the best to make new friends: 1. Joining in a sport team. 2. Participating in community activities 3. traveling?Admi
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