2022年考博英语-中国人民大学考前模拟强化练习题37（附答案详解）

2022年考博英语-中国人民大学考前模拟强化练习题（附答案详解）1. 单选题（ ） the gift in beautiful green paper, Sarah departed for the party.问题1选项A.Having wrappedB.To wrapC.WrapD.Wrapping【答案】A【解析】这里是动词的现在分词作伴随状语，根据主句的时态可知，本句应用现在完成时。所以选项A正确。2. 单选题It has been argued that where schools become bureaucratized, they become bound up with the techniques and implementation of the managerial process, and may concentrate on concern with position and self-advancement. In so doing, they may neglect the purpose for which they were set up.Thus, they do not facilitate the development of those who are part of the school community, and tend to neglect the desires of children, parents and society at large.It is because of such criticisms that there has been an increasing influence in political rhetoric and legislation of free-market theories of organization and society. Such theories suggest that a much more market-oriented, competitive approach is required so that schools reorient themselves towards their “clients”. By so doing, it is claimed, not only do they once again address the needs of those with whom they should be primarily concerned, but such an approach also unleashes the benefits of individual responsibility, freedom of choice, and reward.Though much of this sounds attractive, it has its roots as much in an economic body of thought as in social and political theory, and this must raise the question of whether it can be viably transferred to an educational context. Indeed, if by “educational” we mean the development of all within the school community, then free-market theory may miss the mark by concentrating on only one section, “the consumers”. If teachers are seen as part of this community, then their development is just as important.If bureaucratic forms of management face the problem of explaining how their values can be objective when they are in fact the product of a particular value orientation, the forms of management derived from free-market theories, suggesting an openness to the adoption of different sets of values, are subject to the charge of relativism. In other words, free-market theories, granted that they are arguing that individuals should be allowed to pursue their own ends, must explain why any set of values, including their own, is preferable to another.1.According to the author, criticism of schools arises from （ ）.2.The “school community”( Line 3, Para. 4) the author refers to would probably include （ ）.3.The transfer of free market ideas to the schools may fail because （ ） .4.According to the text, criticism of free market solutions in education arise from the fact that （ ）.5.The “charge of relativism” mentioned in the last paragraph is meant to show （ ）.问题1选项A.concerns that schools deliberately neglect studentsB.the high cost of education due to bureaucracyC.a perception of them as self-serving and bureaucraticD.a misunderstanding of schools officials问题2选项A.studentsB.students and parentsC.students, parents and teachersD.teachers and students问题3选项A.schools have no real clientsB.they concentrate only on the consumer and do not include teachersC.schools are totally different from the free marketD.they have no solid purpose in their aims问题4选项A.they do not explain why their set of values are better than othersB.their values are too subjectiveC.their values are too different from those within an educational contextD.the educational context is not a free market问题5选项A.the values are too narrow-mindedB.the values are not specific enoughC.the values are too self-servingD.the values are not strongly held【答案】第1题:C第2题:C第3题:B第4题:A第5题:C【解析】1.细节推断题。根据第一段的内容可知，有人认为，学校变得官僚化，忽视他们成立的目的。选项C符合原文。选项B中的教育成本高在文中没有提及，所以不正确。2.语义题。根据第四段的内容可知，school community包括consumers和teachers。再根据第二段的内容可知，school community还包括students和parents，也就是consumers，所以选项C正确。3.细节事实题。根据第四段倒数第二句“free-market theory may miss the mark by concentrating on only one section, “the consumers”.”自由市场理论可能只关注“消费者”这一部分而没有切中要害。而这个要害即下文提到的“teachers”, 所以选项B符合原文。4.细节推断题。根据最后一段最后一句，尽管自由市场理论认为个人应该被允许追求自己的目标，但它们必须解释为什么任何一套价值观，包括他们自己的价值观，都比另一套更可取。也就是说，自由市场理论没有解释为什么自己的价值观比别人的好。选项A符合原文。5.语义题。原文最后一段最后一句即是对“charge of relativism”的解释。由此可以看出，自由市场理论的价值观太自私，所以选项C正确。3. 单选题Financial statement is a financial report or record（ ） usually on a quarterly and annually basis which provides an individuals, an organizations, or bussinesss financial states.问题1选项A.completedB.compiledC.collatedD.contested【答案】B【解析】考查动词辨析。complete完成 compiled编译的 collate核对，校对 contest竞赛，争夺。句意：财务报表是一种编译好的财务报告或记录。通常以季度或年度为单位，给个人，企业单位或商户提供财务报告。空格处所填单词为形容词做后置定语修饰report or record。答案B。4. 单选题Its apparent that the wooden bridge is not strong enough to （ ） the weight of a lorry.问题1选项A.retainB.sustainC.obtainD.maintain【答案】B【解析】形近词辨析。根据句意可知，这里指木桥承受不了卡车的重量，选项B符合句意。5. 单选题Edison tested more than one thousand materials to see if they could （ ）electric current and glow.问题1选项A.bringB.makeC.carryD.produce【答案】C【解析】动词辨析。句意：爱迪生测试了一千多种材料，看它们是否能携带电流并发光。选项C最符合语境。6. 单选题Evidence, reference, and footnotes by the thousand testify to a scrupulous researcher who does considerable justice to a full range of different theoretical and political positions.问题1选项A.trustworthyB.intelligentC.diligentD.meticulous【答案】D【解析】形容词词义辨析。scrupulous指小心谨慎的。trustworthy 可靠的，可信赖的；intelligent聪明的；diligent用功的，费尽心思的；meticulous小心翼翼的。选项D与划线部分意思最为接近。7. 单选题He wouldnt even think of wearing clothes;（ ） they make him look so old!问题1选项A.sameB.despiteC.suchD.that【答案】D【解析】用that从句表原因，所以选项D正确。8. 单选题A product is to be regarded as being （ ）when introduced into the commerce of another country at less than its normal value.问题1选项A.dischargedB.discardedC.disposedD.dumped【答案】D【解析】上下文语义。句意：一种产品以低于正常价值的价格进入另一国家的贸易时，被认为是 。根据语境可知，这里应填入与进出口货物相关的词汇。dump指倾销，符合语境，选项D正确。9. 单选题Our boss is taking everyone to the ballet tonight, and I need to make sure my new dress（ ） for the occasion.问题1选项A.has been cleanedB.should have been cleanedC.is being cleanedD.has been cleaning【答案】A【解析】句意：老板今晚要带大家去看芭蕾舞剧，我得确保我的新衣服洗干净了。根据句意可知这里应用现在完成时，首先排除选项C；选项B表示本应该洗却没有洗，不符合语境；衣服是被洗，用被动语态，所以选项A正确。10. 单选题Housewives who do not go out to work often feel they are not working to their full（ ）. 问题1选项A.capacityB.strengthC.lengthD.possibility【答案】A【解析】名词词义辨析。句意：不外出工作的家庭主妇常常觉得自己没有充分发挥自己的能力。选项A符合句意。11. 单选题Advocates of private school argue that education in one of these facilities is more valuable and（ ） than any other educational opportunity.问题1选项A.awardedB.awardingC.rewardedD.rewarding【答案】D【解析】形近词辨析。根据句意可知，填空处应填入形容词，只有选项D是形容词，所以正确。12. 单选题Today scientists have a greater understanding of genetics and its role in（ ）organisms.问题1选项A.liveB.lifeC.livingD.alive【答案】C【解析】形近词辨析。live活的，实况转播的;life生活;living活的，现存的，逼真的；alive活着的，有生气的。句意：现如今科学家们对遗传学及其在生物体中的作用有了更深入的了解。填空处修饰organisms，选项C正确且符合句意。13. 单选题Topics for composition should be （ ） to the experiences and interests of the students.问题1选项A.concernedB.dependentC.connectingD.relevant【答案】D【解析】固定搭配。选项A一般与with搭配；选项B一般与on/upon搭配；选项C可与with和to搭配，意为“与相连”；be relevant to意为“与有关的”。选项D符合语境。14. 单选题The plane found the spot and hovered close enough to （ ） that it was a car.问题1选项A.ensureB.examineC.verifyD.testify【答案】C【解析】动词词义辨析。句意：飞机发现了这个地点，并盘旋着靠近，以证实这是一辆汽车。verify指证明，证实；testify指作证。选项C更符合语境。15. 单选题问题1选项A.cerealB.serialC.seriesD.serious【答案】D【解析】形近词词义辨析。句意: 我们正生活在一个很大的化学实验中，科学家发现一些严重的后果正变得越来越明显。选项D符合句意。16. 单选题The increase in global trade means that international companies cannot afford to make costly advertising mistakes if they want to be competitive.Understanding the language and culture of target markets in foreign countries is one of the keys to successful international marketing. Too many companies, however, have jumped into foreign markets with embarrassing results.Translation mistakes are at the heart of many blunders in international advertising.General Motors, the US auto manufacturer, got a costly lesson when it introduced its Chevrolet Novato the Puerto Rican market. “Nova” is Latin for “new (star)” and means “star” in many languages, but in spoken Spanish it can sound like “nova”, meaning “it doesnt go”. Few people wanted to buy a car with that cursed meaning. When GM changed the name to Caribe, sales “picked up” dramatically.Marketing blunders have also been made by food and beverage companies. One American food companys friendly “Jolly Green Giant” (for advertising vegetables) became something quite different when it was translated into Arabic as “Intimidating Green Ogre”.When translated into German, Pepsis popular slogan, “Come Alive with Pepsi” came out implying “Come Alive from the Grave”. No wonder customers in Germany didnt rush out to buy Pepsi.Successful international marketing doesnt stop with good translationsother aspects of culture must be researched and understood if marketers are to avoid blunders.When marketers do not understand and appreciate the values, tastes, geography, climate, superstitions, religion, or economy of a culture, they fail to capture their target market.For example, an American designer tried to introduce a new perfume into the Latin American market but the product aroused little interest. The main reason was that the camellia used in it was traditionally used for funerals in many South American countries.Having awakened to the special nature of foreign advertising, companies are becoming much more conscientious in their translations and more sensitive to cultural distinctions.The best way to prevent errors is to hire professional translators who understand the target language and its idiomatic usage, or to use a technique called “back translation” to reduce the possibility of blunders.The process used one person to translate a message into the target language and another to translate it back. Effective translators aim to capture the overall message of an advertisement because a word-for-word duplication of the original rarely conveys the intended meaning and often causes misunderstandings.In designing advertisements for other countries, messages need to be short and simple.They should also avoid jokes, since what is considered funny in one part of the world may not be so humorous in another.1.The best title of this passage might be （ ）.2.What does the word “blunder” mean in this passage?3.Which of the following statements can be used to summarize the gist from Paragraph 3 to Paragraph 6?4.We can learn from the context in Paragraph 9 that the word “camellia” most probably means （ ）.5.One way to prevent errors in advertising in different countries is to（ ）问题1选项A.Culture Is Very Important in AdvertisingB.Avoid Cultural Misunderstanding between NationsC.Overcome Cultural Shock in Different CountriesD.Advertisements Reflect Various Life Styles问题2选项A.Hesitation.B.Mistake.C.Stutter.D.Default.问题3选项A.Cultural shocks.B.Faulty translations.C.Avoid cultural oversights.D.Prevent blunders.问题4选项A.an animal used in perfume for its smellB.a piece of fabric used both in perfume and at funeralsC.a flower used in perfume for its fragrance and used for funeralsD.an ornament used in perfume and at funerals问题5选项A.fire the translators who dont know the target languageB.use the technique called “literal translation” to reduce the possibility of blundersC.avoid cultural oversights and avoid certain jokesD.explain in details when designing advertisement for other countries【答案】第1题:A第2题:B第3题:B第4题:C第5题:C【解析】1.主旨题。结合全文内容可知，本文主要是讲太多公司在没有了解国外的语言和文化情况下进行营销，付出了昂贵的代价。也就是说文化在广告中是很重要的。选项A正确。2.语义题。根据第五段第一句“Marketing blunders have also been made by food and beverage companies.”再根据后面举例的内容可以推测，这里是指犯了营销的错误。所以选项B与之意思最为相近。3.段落主旨题。根据原文可知，第三段到第六段主要是讲：翻译错误是国际广告中许多错误的核心。第三段是中心句，后面的段落是举例说明，所以选项B正确。4.语义题。根据第九段的内容，一位美国设计师试图将一种新的香水引入拉丁美洲市场，但该产品几乎没有引起人们的兴趣。主要原因是，在南美许多国家， “the camellia used in it”传统上用于葬礼。it指的是香水，那么用于香水里面的应该是制作香水的原材料。所以选项C正确。5.细节推理题。根据最后五个段落的内容可知，为了防止不同国家的广告出现错误的方法，我们需要避免文化上的疏忽，也需要避免开玩笑。选项C符合原文。17. 写作题Write an essay of about 200 words on the topic : “China Is not Ready for E-education”(E-education : a type of education conducted in the environment of the Internet with the guidance of modern educational theories). Write your essay on your Answer Sheet II.【答案】China Is not Ready for E-education18. 写作题Write an essay in no less than 200 words with the title “My Understanding of Globalization”.【答案】My Understanding of Globalization19. 单选题There is（ ） conflicting information on how much iron women need in their diet.问题1选项A.so muchB.so manyC.too fewD.a few【答案】A【解析】information是不可数名司，只有选项A后面接不可数名词。20. 单选题In his typically American open style of communication, Mr. Hayes confronted Isabeta about not looking at him. Reluctantly, she explained why. As a newcomer from Mexico, she had been taught to avoid eye contact as a mark of respect to authority figures, teachers, employers, parents. Mr. Hayes did not know this. He then informed her that most Americans interpret lack of eye contact as disrespect and deviousness. Ultimately, he convinced Isabela to try and change her habit, which she slowly did.People from many Asian, Latin American, and Caribbean cultures also avoid eye contact as a sign of respect. Many African Americans, especially from the South, observe this custom, too. A masters thesis by Samuel Avoian, a graduate student at Central Missouri State University, tells how misinterpreting eye-contact customs can have a negative impact when white football coaches recruit African American players for the teams.He reports that, when speaking, white communicators usually look away from the listener, only periodically glancing at them. They do the opposite when listening. They are expected to look at the speaker all the time.Many African Americans communicate in an opposite way. When speaking, they tend to constantly stare at the listener; when listening, they mostly look away. Therefore, if white sports recruiters are not informed about these significant differences, they can be misled about interest and attentiveness when interviewing prospective African American ball players.In multicultural America, issues of eye contact have brought about social conflicts of two different kinds in many urban centers, non-Korean customers became angry when Korean shopkeepers did not look at them directly. The customers translated the lack of eye contact as a sign of disrespect, a habit blamed for contributing to the open confrontation taking place between some Asians and African Americans in New York, Texas, and California. Many teachers too have provided stories about classroom conflicts based on their misunderstanding Asian and Latin American children lack of eye contact as being disrespectful.On the other hand, direct eye contact has now taken on a new meaning among the younger generation and across ethnic borders. Particularly in urban centers, when one teenager looks directly at another, this is considered a provocation, sometimes called mad-dogging, and can lead to physical conflict.Mad-dogging has become the source of many campus conflicts. In one high school, it resulted in a fight between Cambodian newcomers and African-American students. The Cambodians had been staring at the other students merely to learn how Americans behave, yet the others misinterpreted the Cambodians intentions and the fight began.Mad-dogging seems to be connected with the avoidance of eye contact as a sign of respect. Thus, in the urban contemporary youth scene, if one looks directly at another, this disrespects, or “disses,” that person. Much like the archaic phrase “I demand satisfaction,” which became the overture to a duel. Mad-dogging may become a prelude to a physical encounter.At the entrances to Universal Studios “City Walk” attraction in Los Angeles, they have posted Code of Conduct signs. The second rule warns against “physically over bally threatening any person, fighting, annoying others through noisy or boisterous activities or by unnecessary staring.”1.Many African Americans from the South（ ） .2.When listening to the others, white communicators tend to（ ） .3.Many customers in American cities are angry with Korean shopkeepers because（ ） .4.Mad-dogging refers to（ ） .5.The archaic phrase, “I demand satisfaction”（ ） .问题1选项A.adopt a typically American open style of communicationB.often misinterpret the meaning of eye contactC.avoid eye contact as a sign of respectD.are taught to avoid eye contact whenever telling to the others问题2选项A.look at the speaker all the timeB.glance at the speaker periodicallyC.look away from the speakerD.stare at the speaker问题3选项A.Korean shopkeepers do not look at them directlyB.they expect a more enthusiastic reflection from the shopkeepersC.there are some social conflicts in many urban centersD.they are not informed about difference between cultures问题4选项A.a provocation from one teenager to another of a different ethnic backgroundB.physical conflict among the younger generation in urban centersC.a lack of eye contact as a sign of respectD.the source of many campus conflicts across ethnic borders in urban centers问题5选项A.was connected with the avoidance of eye contactB.often led to a fightC.was a sign of disrespectD.often resulted in some kind of misinterpretation【答案】第1题:C第2题:A第3题:A第4题:A第5题:B【解析】1.根据关键词“African Americans, from the South”定位到第二段第二句“Many African Americans, especially from the South, observe this custom, too.”这里的“custom”即上一句提到的“avoid eye contact as a sign of respect.”选项C与原文描述一致。2.根据第三段的内容可知，白人在说话时通常会把目光从听众身上移开，只是偶尔瞥一眼他们。他们在听的时候却恰恰相反，会一直看着说话者。所以选项A符合原文。3.根据第五段的第一句“In multicultural America.non-Korean customers became angry when Korean shopkeepers did not look at them directly.”可知，在美国非韩裔的顾客对韩国店主感到很生气是因为店主没有直视他们，所以选项A正确。4.这里是考查“mad-dogging”的定义。根据第六段的内容，在年轻一代和跨种族之间，直接的目光接触现在有了新的含义。当一个青少年直视另一个青少年时，这被认为是一种挑衅，有时也被称为“mad-dogging”。选项A符合原文。5.根据原文“Much like the archaic phraseI demand satisfaction, which became the overture to a duel.”“I demand satisfaction,”成为决斗的序曲。也就是说，会导致争斗。选项B正确。