2022年考博英语-东北财经大学考前模拟强化练习题70（附答案详解）

2022年考博英语-东北财经大学考前模拟强化练习题（附答案详解）1. 单选题It is a devastating prospect. Terrorist electronically break into the computers that control the water supply of a large American city, open and close valves to contaminate the water with untreated sewage or toxic chemicals, and then release it in a devastating flood. As the emergency services struggle to respond, the terrorists strike again, shutting down the telephone network and electrical power grid with just a few mouse clicks. Businesses are paralyzed, hospitals are overwhelmed and roads are gridlocked as people try to flee.This kind of scenario is invoked by doom-mongers who insist that stepping up physical security since the September 11thattacks is not enough. Road-blocks and soldiers around power stations cannot prevent digital terrorism. “Until we secure our cyber-infrastructure, a few keystrokes and an Internet connection is all one needs to disable the economy and endanger lives,” Lamar Smith, a Texas congressman, told a judiciary committee in February. He ended with his catchphrase: “A mouse can be just as dangerous as a bullet or a bomb.” Is he right?It is true that utility companies and other operators of critical infrastructure are increasingly connected to the Internet. But just because an electricity companys customers can pay their bills online, it does not necessarily follow that the companys critical control systems are vulnerable to attack. Control systems are usually kept entirely separate from other systems, for good reason. They tend to be obscure, old-fashioned systems that are incompatible with internet technology anyhow. Even authorized users require specialist knowledge to operate them. And telecoms firms, hospitals and businesses usually have contingency plans to deal with power failures or flooding.A simulation carried out in August by the United States Naval War College in conjunction with Gartner, a consultancy, concluded that an “electronic Pearl Harbor” attack on Americas critical infrastructure could indeed cause serious disruption, but would first need five years of preparation and 200 million dollars of funding. There are far simpler and less costly way to attack critical infrastructure, from hoax phone calls to truck bombs and hijacked airliners.On September 18thRichard Clarke, Americas cyber-security tsar, unveiled his long-awaited blueprint for securing critical infrastructure from digital attacks. It was a bit of a damp squib (胆怯), making no firm recommendations and proposing no new regulation or legislation. But its lily-livered approach might, in fact be the right one. When a risk has been overstated, inaction may be the best policy.It is difficult to avoid comparisons with the “millennium bug and the predictions of widespread computer chaos arising from the change of date to the year 2000. Then, as now, the alarm was sounded by technology vendors and consultants, who stood to gain from scare-mongering. But Ross Anderson, a computer scientist at Cambridge University, prefers to draw an analogy with the environmental lobby. Like eco-warriors, he observes, those in the security industrybe the vendors trying to boost sales, academics chasing grants, or politicians looking for bigger budgetshave a built-in incentive to overstate the risks.1. We learn from the first paragraph that _.2. Speaking of the doom-mongers, the author implies that _.3. In the view of Gartner consultant, _.4. “Lily-livered approach” (Paragraph 5) probably means an approach characterized by _.5. We learn from the last paragraph that _.问题1选项A.terrorists could plunge a large American city into chaos through electronic attackB.American people have no experience in dealing with terroristsC.the computer systems of utility companies are rather vulnerableD.the response of emergency services is far from satisfactory问题2选项A.their worries are quite reasonableB.their warnings should be taken seriouslyC.they exaggerate the threat utility companies are facingD.they are familiar with the way terrorists strike问题3选项A.terrorists may launch another “Pearl Harbor” attackB.terrorists have ample capital and time to prepare a stunning strikeC.it is very costly and time-consuming to attack critical infrastructureD.it is unlikely that terrorists would resort to electronic means to attack critical infrastructure问题4选项A.flexibilityB.boldnessC.cowardiceD.conservatism问题5选项A.the computer industry suffered heavy loss due to the “millennium bug”B.doom-mongers care more about their own interests than national securityC.computer scientists have better judgment than doom-mongersD.environmentalists are criticized for their efforts of protecting environment【答案】第1题:A第2题:C第3题:D第4题:C第5题:B【解析】第1题:【选项释义】We learn from the first paragraph that _. 我们从第一段得知_。A. terrorists could plunge a large American city into chaos through electronic attack A. 恐怖分子可以通过电子攻击使美国一座大城市陷入混乱B. American people have no experience in dealing with terrorists B. 美国人没有对付恐怖分子的经验C. the computer systems of utility companies are rather vulnerable C. 公用事业公司的计算机系统相当脆弱D. the response of emergency services is far from satisfactory D. 紧急救援部门的反应远远不能令人满意【答案】A【考查点】推理判断题【解题思路】根据题干关键词first paragraph定位到原文第1段。该段第2句提到“恐怖分子通过电子手段侵入（electronically break into the computers）控制美国一个大城市（a large American city）供水的电脑”，最后一句提到“商业瘫痪（Businesses are paralyzed），医院人满为患（hospitals are overwhelmed），人们试图逃离，道路堵塞（roads are gridlocked）。”由此可知，恐怖分子的电子攻击使美国一座大城市陷入了瘫痪，A选项“恐怖分子可以通过电子攻击使美国一座大城市陷入混乱”表述符合第一段内容。【干扰项排除】B选项“美国人没有对付恐怖分子的经验”，原文只提到了恐怖分子的一次袭击，并未提到美国人是否有相关经验，该选项属于无中生有；C选项“公用事业公司的计算机系统相当脆弱”，原文虽然是说恐怖分子攻击了供水系统的电脑（the computers that control the water supply of a large American city），但作者是为了突出恐怖袭击的恐怖，而不是公用事业公司的计算机系统脆弱。再说也不能单纯从这一个事件就推断它们的系统脆弱，该选项属于过度推理；D选项“紧急救援部门的反应远远不能令人满意”，原文第1段倒数第二句提到了“在紧急救援部门努力应对时（As the emergency services struggle to respond），恐怖分子再次发动袭击。”所以说不是紧急救援部门的反应不够及时，而是恐怖袭击太紧凑，该选项属于曲解原文。第2题:【选项释义】Speaking of the doom-mongers, the author implies that _. 提到悲观论者，作者暗示_。A. their worries are quite reasonable A. 他们的担忧非常有道理B. their warnings should be taken seriously B. 他们的警告应该被认真对待C. they exaggerate the threat utility companies are facing C. 他们夸大了公用事业公司面对的威胁D. they are familiar with the way terrorists strike D. 他们熟悉恐怖分子的袭击方式【答案】C【考查点】推理判断题【解题思路】根据题干关键词the doom-mongers定位到原文第2段。本段第一句提到“这些场景（第一段的内容）是悲观论者提出的（invoked by doom-mongers）”由上一题可知，原文第1段提到“恐怖分子可以通过电子攻击使美国一座大城市陷入混乱。”但是第2段最后一句质疑了一位悲观论者的观点“他是正确的吗？”第3段第2句提到“但是，仅仅因为电力公司的客户可以在线支付账单，并不一定意味着（it does not necessarily）该公司的关键控制系统容易受到攻击（are vulnerable to attack）。”由此可知，作者认为悲观论者的观点夸大了公共事业公司系统的脆弱程度，C选项“他们夸大了公用事业公司面对的威胁”符合原文。【干扰项排除】A选项“他们的担忧非常有道理”，与原文作者观点相反，作者认为他们的担忧存在夸大因素，不会认为“他们的担忧非常有道理”，该选项属于曲解原文；B选项“他们的警告应该被认真对待”，与原文作者观点相反，作者认为他们的担忧存在夸大因素，他们的警告也是过分担忧，该选项属于曲解原文；D选项“他们熟悉恐怖分子的袭击方式”，原文并未提及，该选项属于无中生有。第3题:【选项释义】In the view of Gartner consultant, _. 高德纳咨询公司（Gartner）认为_。A. terrorists may launch another “Pearl Harbor” attack A. 恐怖分子可能会发动另一次“珍珠港”袭击B. terrorists have ample capital and time to prepare a stunning strike B. 恐怖分子有充足的资金和时间来准备一次惊人的袭击C. it is very costly and time-consuming to attack critical infrastructure C. 攻击关键基础设施是非常昂贵和耗时的D. it is unlikely that terrorists would resort to electronic means to attack critical infrastructure D. 恐怖分子不太可能诉诸电子手段袭击关键基础设施【答案】D【考查点】推理判断题【解题思路】根据题干关键词Gartner consultant定位到原文第4段，本段提到了高德纳咨询公司和美国海军战争学院做的一个模拟得出的结论，“对美国关键基础设施的电子珍珠港攻击（an electronic Pearl Harbor attack）确实会造成严重破坏，但首先需要五年的时间准备和2亿美元的资金（five years of preparation and 200 million dollars of funding）。”由此可知，该公司认为采用电子手段袭击美国的关键基础设施是昂贵且耗时的。本段最后一句提到“攻击关键基础设施有更简单、成本更低的（far simpler and less costly way）方法，从恶作剧电话到卡车炸弹和劫持飞机。”由此可知，该公司认为恐怖分子会选择其他更简单、成本更低的方式，而非电子手段。因此，D选项“恐怖分子不太可能诉诸电子手段袭击关键基础设施”符合原文。【干扰项排除】A选项“恐怖分子可能会发动另一次珍珠港袭击”，原文提到“珍珠港”袭击只是把恐怖分子对关键基础设施的电子手段攻击比喻成“电子珍珠港袭击”，并不是说他们要再次发动“珍珠港”袭击，另外，该公司认为电子手段昂贵又耗时，恐怖分子不会采取这种方式，该选项属于偷换概念；B选项“恐怖分子有充足的资金和时间来准备一次惊人的袭击”，原文只是提到用电子手段攻击美国关键基础设施昂贵又耗时，并没有提到恐怖分子是否有“充足的资金和时间”，该选项属于偷换概念；C选项“攻击关键基础设施是非常昂贵和耗时的”，原文是说“用电子手段”攻击关键的基础设施是非常昂贵和耗时的，并不是说只要攻击关键基础设施就是非常昂贵和耗时的，更何况，第四段最后一句还提到了有更简单、成本更低的方式，该选项属于过度推理。第4题:【选项释义】“Lily-livered approach” (Paragraph 5) probably means an approach characterized by _. “_的方法”（第5段）可能指以_为特征的方法。A. flexibility A. 灵活B. boldness B. 大胆C. cowardice C. 胆怯D. conservatism D. 保守【答案】C【考查点】推理判断题【解题思路】根据题干关键词Paragraph 5和Lily-livered approach定位到原文第5段倒数第2句，该句提到“但实际上，这种_的做法可能是正确的。”由此可知，Lily-livered形容的是上文提到的某个做法。前两句提到“理查德克拉克公布了人们期待已久的保护关键基础设施免受数字攻击的蓝图”，并且给出的评价是“它（这个蓝图）有点胆怯（a damp squib），没有给出任何确定的建议，也没有提出任何新规定或法律条文。”由a damp squib推断，这种方法的特点应该是C选项“胆怯”。【干扰项排除】A选项“灵活”、B选项“大胆”、D选项“保守”，均不符合原文。第5题:【选项释义】We learn from the last paragraph that _. 我们从最后一段中可知_。A. the computer industry suffered heavy loss due to the “millennium bug” A. 由于“千年虫问题”，计算机工业遭受了巨大的损失。B. doom-mongers care more about their own interests than national security B. 比起国家安全，悲观论者更关心自己的利益C. computer scientists have better judgment than doom-mongers C. 计算机科学家的判断力比那些危言耸听者强D. environmentalists are criticized for their efforts of protecting environment D. 环保主义者因其保护环境的努力而受到批评【答案】B【考查点】推理判断题【解题思路】根据题干关键词last paragraph定位到原文最后一段。最后一段第2句提到“当时和现在一样，技术供应商和顾问们发出了警报，他们从散布恐慌中获利（stood to gain from scare-mongering）。”最后一句提到“安全行业的人无论是试图推动销售的供应商、追求拨款的学者，还是寻求更大预算的政客都有一种内在的动机去夸大风险（a built-in incentive to overstate the risks）。”由此可知，安全行业的人像当时的计算机供应商和顾问们一样，只是为了自己的利益，夸大风险，散播恐慌，并非是因为担心国家安全，B选项“比起国家安全，悲观论者更关心自己的利益”，原文中这些夸大风险的人就是作者所说的悲观论者。【干扰项排除】A选项“由于千年虫问题，计算机工业遭受了巨大的损失”，可定位到最后一段第1句，该句提到“千年虫问题把日期改到2000年”和“关于该漏洞导致大范围的计算机混乱的预测”，原文只是“预测”，并没有明确地说“计算机工业因此遭受了巨大的损失”，该选项属于过度推理；C选项“计算机科学家的判断力比那些危言耸听者强”，原文最后一段第3句提到计算机科学家“将危言耸听者与环境游说团体进行类比（draw an analogy with the environmental lobby）”，并没有对计算机科学家和那些危言耸听者的判断力进行比较，该选项属于曲解原文；D选项“环保主义者因其保护环境的努力而受到批评”，原文最后一段第3句虽然提到了“环境游说团体（the environmental lobby）”，并且提到他们是做负面的例子，但是他们遭受批评并不是因为“他们为保护环境做出的努力”，而是因为他们为了自己的利益，夸大风险（have a built-in incentive to overstate the risks）。该选项属于曲解原文。2. 单选题I must remember _ John that the garden needs watering.问题1选项A.remindedB.remindingC.to remindD.to be reminded of【答案】C【解析】【选项释义】A. reminded 提醒（过去分词） B. reminding 提醒（现在分词）C. to remind 提醒（不定式） D. to be reminded of 被提醒（不定式）【答案】C【考查点】非谓语动词【解题思路】空格处前后语义为“我必须记得（remember）_约翰花园需要浇水”，选项的动词为“提醒”。根据语义，“提醒”的主语为“我”，应该使用主动语态；由花园需要浇水可知，这件事情还没有发生。Remember to do sth表示记得要做某事；remember doing sth表示记得做了某事。原句表达的是记得要做某事，所以应该使用Remember to do sth，C选项to remind“提醒（不定式）”符合题意。【干扰项排除】A选项reminded“提醒（过去分词）”，非谓语动词形式不符合要求；B选项reminding“提醒（现在分词）”，非谓语动词形式不符合要求；D选项to be reminded of“被提醒（不定式）”，语态不对。【句意】我必须记得提醒约翰花园需要浇水。3. 单选题The same factors push wages and prices up together, the one _ the other.问题1选项A.increasingB.reinforcingC.emphasizingD.multiplying【答案】B【解析】【选项释义】A. increasing 使增加 B. reinforcing 加强C. emphasizing 强调 D. multiplying 使大大增加【答案】B【考查点】动词辨析【解题思路】空格处前后为“一个”和“另一个”，根据前文提到“相同的因素同时推动工资和价格上涨”，根据各选项的词义推测，原句中“一个”和“另一个”指代的是推动工资和价格上涨的不同的因素，B选项reinforcing“加强”最符合原文前后语义衔接，指一个因素的推动作用使另一个因素的推动作用得到加强。【干扰项排除】A选项increasing侧重于指数量或水平的增强；C选项emphasizing“强调”，不符合原文语义衔接；D选项multiplying侧重于指数量的大量增加。【句意】相同的因素同时推动工资和价格上涨，一个因素促进另一个因素。4. 翻译题Advice is offensive, not because it lays us open to unexpected regret, or convicts us of any fault which had escaped our notice, but because it shows us that we are known to others as well as to ourselves; and 1. the officious monitor is persecuted with hatred, not because his accusation is false, but because he assumes that superiority which we are not willing to grant him, and has dared to detect what we desired to conceal.For this reason, advice is commonly ineffectual. 2. If those who follow the call of their desires, without inquiry where they are going, had deviated ignorantly from the paths of wisdom, and were rushing upon dangers unforeseen, they would readily listen to information that recalls them from their errors and catch the first alarm by which destruction or infamy is denounced. Few that wander in the wrong way mistake it for the right; they only find it more smooth and flowery, and indulge their own choice rather than approve it; therefore few are persuaded to quit it by admonition or reproof, since it impresses no new conviction, nor confers how any power or action or resistance. He that is gravely informed how soon profusion will annihilate his fortune, hears with little advantage what he knew before, and catches at the next occasion of expense, because advice has no force to suppress his vanity. 3. He that is told how certainly intemperance will hurry him to the grave, runs with his usual speed to a new course of luxury, because his reason is not invigorated, nor his appetite weakened.4. The mischief of Flattery is, not that it persuades any man that he is what he is not, but that it suppresses the influence of honest ambition, by raising an opinion that honor may be gained without the toil of merit, and the benefit of advice arises commonly, not from any new light imparted to the mind, but from the discovery which it affords, of public suffrages.As we all know our own faults, and know them commonly with many aggravation which human perspicacity cannot discover, there is, perhaps, no man, however hardened by impudence or dissipated by levity, sheltered by hypocrisy, or blasted by disgrace, who does not intend some time to review his conduct and to regulate the remainder of his life by the law of virtues. New temptation indeed attack him, new invitations are offered by pleasure and interest and the hour of reformation is always delayed, 5. every delay gives vice another opportunity of fortifying itself of habit; and the change of manners, though sincerely intended and rationally planned, is referred to the time when some craving passion shall be fully gratified, or some powerful allurement cease its importunity.【答案】1. 爱管闲事的监督员容易被人记恨，不是因为他的指责是错误的，而是因为他具有我们不愿意让他有的优势，并且他敢于查明我们想要隐瞒的东西。2. 有些人按照自己的意愿行事，没有人询问他们要去哪里，如果这些人不知不觉偏离了正途，正冲向不可预见的危险，他们会很乐意听取那些能让他们从错误中醒悟过来的建议，并且捕捉到让他们免于毁灭或恶行的第一声警告。3. 如果一个人被告知没有节制的生活必然会加速他走向坟墓的步伐，他还是会以他平常的速度奔向新的奢靡之路，因为他的理智没有被激发，他的胃口也没有被减弱。4. 谄媚的危害，不在于它使人相信他是他自己并不是的那种人，而在于它抑制了真实抱负的影响，因为它使人产生这样一种观点：荣誉不需要付出努力就能获得。5. 每一次拖延，都是在为缺点发展成恶习提供机会。虽然诚心改过，也有合理的计划，但是，只有在某种热切的渴望得到充分满足，或者某种强烈的诱惑停止纠缠时，改过自新的行为才能落实。5. 单选题The traditional appeal of the income tax has come from its wide acceptance as a fair tax, closely related to an individuals ability to pay. For many years the income tax provided large federal income without imposing heavy burdens on the great majority of people. By the mid-20th century, however, serious criticisms of tax loopholes were heard; concerted attempts at reform resulted only in a more complex and eroded tax base. The situation worsened in the 1970s, as rising inflation pushed people into higher tax brackets although their income were barely keeping pace with rising prices. This pressure further eroded public confidence in the fairness of the income tax; at the same time it created strong incentives to utilize tax shelters and other loopholes, as well as to conceal off-the-record income. Built-in inflation adjustments were adopted, first by a number of states and then in 1985 by the federal government.Income tax policy is inevitably controversial because it rests essentially on judgments that must be constantly reconsidered as social values change. The complex task of working out the many reductions and exclusions to be allowed from income because they either make for greater fairness among taxpayers or promote worthy social goals (such as charitable contributions) is bone of the most difficult and politically sensitive problems faced by governments.Another major area of dispute is whether wages and salaries should be taxed the same way as business profits or investment income. While some countries and a few U.S. states explicitly apply separate sets of rules to the measurement of different kinds of taxable income, others, like most U.S. state governments, seek to treat all sources of income in the same way. Even so, dissimilarities inevitably arise. Some costs of earning income are more readily deducted from business and self-employment earnings than they are from wages and salaries. Inflation, by eroding the value of capital, distorts the measurement of income from that source. Complex adjustments to the tax laws could in principle eliminate these imbalances, but most countries have preferred simpler, more arbitrary solutions.1. Most people accept income tax as a fair tax since _.2. In the 1970s, _.3. In 1985, _.4. Which of the following income may enjoy a reduced tax or exclusion?5. The majority of the US state governments _.问题1选项A.every individual enjoys public welfareB.every citizen of a country has the duty to pay taxesC.it is within their capability to pay itD.it is closely related to the individuals benefits问题2选项A.many people called for the cancellation of income taxB.many people questioned the fairness of income taxC.inflation caused many people unable to use tax sheltersD.inflation rose beyond the governments control问题3选项A.inflation was taken into account in the federal governments income tax policyB.inflation rate was brought under control and income tax rate was reducedC.a number of states made their own law against the rising inflationD.the federal government adopted higher tax brackets to help the poor问题4选项A.Off-the-record income.B.Self-employment earnings.C.Business earnings.D.Income from charitable activities.问题5选项A.use different sets of rules for various taxable incomeB.allow for a reduction for self-employment earningsC.treat business and investment income differentlyD.apply the same policy to all sources of income【答案】第1题:C第2题:B第3题:A第4题:D第5题:D【解析】第1题:【选项释义】Most people accept income tax as a fair tax since _. 大部分人都认为所得税是“公平的税”，因为_。A. every individual enjoys public welfare A. 每个人都享有公共福利B. every citizen of a country has the duty to pay taxes B. 每个国家的公民都有纳税的义务C. it is within their capability to pay it C. 在他们的支付能力范围内D. it is closely related to the individuals benefits D. 它与个人的利益密切相关【答案】C【考查点】推理判断题【解题思路】根据题干关键词a fair tax定位到原文第一段第一句，该句提到“所得税的传统吸引力来自于它被广泛接受为一种公平税收（as a fair tax），这与个人支付能力密切相关（closely related to an individuals ability to pay）。”由此可知，个人所得税之所以被认为是一种公平的税，与个人的支付能力相关。由此推断，所得税在个人的支付能力范围之内，所以人们认为它是公平的，C选项“在他们的支付能力范围内”符合原文。【干扰项排除】A选项“每个人都享有公共福利”，原文并未提及，该选项属于无中生有；B选项“每个国家的公民都有纳税的义务”，原文并未提及，该选项属于无中生有；D选项“它与个人的利益密切相关”，原文并未提及，该选项属于无中生有。第2题:【选项释义】In the 1970s, _. 在二十世纪七十年代，_。A. many people called for the cancellation of income tax A. 许多人呼吁取消所得税B. many people questioned the fairness of income tax B. 许多人质疑所得税的公平性C. inflation caused many people unable to use tax shelters C. 通货膨胀使许多人无法使用避税手段D. inflation rose beyond the governments control D. 通货膨胀超出了政府的控制【答案】B【考查点】事实细节题【解题思路】根据题干关键词In the 1970s定位到原文第一段第四句，该句提到“这种情况在20世纪70年代恶化（The situation worsened in the 1970s），因为不断上升的通货膨胀迫使人们缴纳更高的税级，尽管他们的收入几乎跟不上物价上涨的步伐。”前一句提到“到了20世纪中期，出现了对税收漏洞的严厉批评”，由此推断，“这种情况”指的是“对税收的严厉批评”。后文提到“这种压力进一步削弱了公众对所得税公平性的信心（public confidence in the fairness of the income tax）”，由此推断，20世纪70年代，由于通货膨胀，公众对税收漏洞批评的声音越来越大，并且进一步失去了对所得税公平性的信心，因此B选项“许多人质疑所得税的公平性”符合原文。【干扰项排除】A选项“许多人呼吁取消所得税”，原文虽然提到公众对税收公平性逐渐失去信心，但是没有提到要取消所得税，该选项属于过度推理；C选项“通货膨胀使许多人无法使用避税手段”，可定位到原文第一段第五句，该句提到“它（通货膨胀的压力）也产生了利用避税（tax shelters）和其他漏洞以及隐瞒非记录收入的强烈动机。”由此可知，通货膨胀正是人们采取避税手段的诱因，该选项不符合原文，属于反向干扰；D选项“通货膨胀超出了政府的控制”，可定位到原文第一段最后一句，该句提到“内置通货膨胀调整措施，起初被几个州采用，然后在1985年被联邦政府采用。”由此可知，政府在制定所得税政策时，针对通货膨胀，采取了一些调整措施，但没有证据表明通货膨胀是否超出了政府的控制，该选项属于无中生有。第3题:【选项释义】In 1985, _. 在1985年，_。A. inflation was taken into account in the federal governments income tax policy A. 联邦政府的所得税政策考虑到了通货膨胀B. inflat